Osmosis
Colloids
Enzymes
Metabolism (Respiration & Photosynthesis)
Water relation
• Water is the major constituents of plant protoplasm
• Water is the solvent for dissolving minerals and help in
movement of minerals from soil to plant and within plants
cells in a tissue or organs.
• Water is the medium of metabolic reaction and cellular
activities
• Water act as vital reactant in various metabolic reactions
• In photosynthesis, water is the source of hydrogen which is
incorporated into organic compounds.
• It is the main factor for cell turgidity which maintains their
form and structure.
• It is the metabolic end product of respiration.
• Water involve in many physiological processes such as
transpiration, opening and closing of stomata and opening
and closing of flowers.
Diffusion
• Diffusion is movement of molecules , ions or particles
from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration till equilibrium.
• The diffusion of particles of one substance is
independent of the diffusion of other substances
• Factors affecting diffusion
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Concentration gradient
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water
molecules from a hypotonic solution to a
hypertonic solution through a semi-permeable
membrane
Types of membrane ?
What is the origin of osmotic potential?
What is the importance of osmosis to the
plant ?
• Osmosis takes place from hypotonic (of low
conc ) to hypertonic (of high conc ) soltion
• Determination of Osmosis through thistle
funnel
Water potential
• Osmosis depends on movement of solvent molecule
(water ) So water potential play the key role affecting
osmosis.
• Water potential is the free energy of per mole of water.
• Components of water potential
Ψw = Ψp + Ψs + Ψm
Where
Ψp pressure potential
Ψs osmotic potential
Ψm matric potential
The relation between wp components and relative cell volume
• It is the system which consist of two phases
dispersion medium (dominant ) and dispersed
phase
• Dispersed phase are not single atoms but are
aggregating particles (micelles)
Preparation of a colloidal system
Condensation methods Dispersion methods
A) Double decomposition A) Grinding
As2O3 + H2S B) Peptization
As2S3+ 3H2O C) Emulsification
B) Hydrolysis
Fe Cl3 + 3 H2O
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H Cl
Types of colloidal systems
Lyophobic Lyophilic
e.g. Clay in water e.g. Starch in water
Stability of colloidal systems is due to
• Similar electric charge
• Presence of water film
Colloidal properties of protoplasm
Filterability
Colloids can pass through ordinary filter paper
But can not pass through ultrafilters
Dialysis : Separation of colloids from crystalloids
through semipermeable membrane
Precipitation
• Addition of electrolytes
• Salting out
Adsorption
It is a surface attraction force
• Mechanical adsorption : MB-charcoal
• Chemical adsorption : iodine-starch
• Electric adsorption : MB-filter paper
Tyndall phenomenon
• Appearance of the pass of light beams through colloidal system
• When a beam of light passes through a colloid, the colloidal
particles present in the solution do not allow the beam to
completely pass through. The light collides with the colloidal
particles and is scattered (it deviates from its normal trajectory,
which is a straight line). This scattering makes the path of the light
beam visible
Brownian movement
• Continuous movement of cytoplasm due to
continuous repulsion and collisions
Electric properties
Electric double layer
Isoelectric point
it is pH value at which
the particles lose their
charges and precipitate
Imbibition
• It is an intermolecular attraction between solid and liquid
• affected by environmental factors such as temperature
and pH .
• Depends on the nature and amount of dry matters
• Application : germination of seeds
Enzymes
• Biocatalyst : catalyze biological reactions
inside the cell
Properties of enzymes
*they are protein in nature
* they have high specificity
*they have high turnover number
(N substrate/E/min.)
* It decrease the activation energy of reaction
E + S E-S complex E +P
Enzyme Structure
simple conjugated
Apoprotein Conjugated portion
coenzyme Prosthetic group
Classes of enzymes
according to type of reaction
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
Nomenclature of enzymes
Old nomenclature Recent nomenclature
Scientist name generic nomenclature
systemic nomenclature
Descriptive name
EC nomenclature
EC nomenclature
• Each enzyme has four-digit number
• The first : class of the enzyme
• The second : Subclass of the enzyme
describe the target action
• The third : Sub sub class of the enzyme
describe the mechanism
• The fourth : the product formed
Oxidoreductase
)Catechol oxidase(
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Water content
Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Enzyme concentration
• Substrate concentration
* Km constant
Inhibitors
Non-Competetive inhibitors Competetive inhibitors
Respiration
Types of respiration
Presence of oxygen
aerobic bacterial
Abesence of oxygen
anaerobic fermentation
Equation of aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H2O + 38 ATP
Equation of bacterial respiration
2NH3 + 3O2 2H2O + E + 2HNO2
2HNO2 + O2 E + 2HNO3
2H2S + O2 2H2O + E + 2S
S +2H2O + 3O2 E + 2H2SO4
Equation of anaerobic respiration
C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 8ATP
Glycolysis
Formation of acetyl coA
Kerbs cycle
Electron transport chain
Energy output
38 ATP
Glycolysis 8 ATP
Kerbs cycle 30 ATP
GTP / ATP ---------- 1
FADH2 ---------- 2 ATP
NADH + H ------------ 3 ATP
Factors affecting respiration
1.Temperature
Oxygen concentration
CO2 concentration
Water content
Respiratory substrate
Carbohydrate Lipids Organic acids protein
RQ = Volume of evolved CO2
Volume of consumed Oxgen
