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Designation: D 2244 – 02

Standard Practice for

Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from
Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2244; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

This practice originally resulted from the consolidation of a number of separately published
methods for the instrumental evaluation of color differences. As revised in 1979, it included four color
spaces in which color-scale values could be measured by instruments, many of which were obsolete,
and the color differences calculated by ten equations for different color scales. The sections on
apparatus, calibration standards and methods, and measurement procedures served little purpose in the
light of modern color-measurement technology. The revision published in 1993 omitted these sections,
and limited the color spaces and color-difference equations considered, to the three most widely used
in the paint and related coatings industry. This revision adds two new color tolerance equations and
puts two of the color difference equations from the 1993 version in an informative annex for historical
purposes. The Hunter LH, aH, bH and FMC-2 color difference equations are no longer recommended.
This revision also changes the status of the standard from test method to practice.

1. Scope color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for
measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect
color tolerances and small color differences between opaque the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color
specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile difference and its commercial acceptability.
swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
visually alike in color, Practice D 4086 should be used to verify responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB 2. Referenced Documents
opponent-color space (1)2, CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94
tolerance units (3), the DIN99 color difference formula given 2.1 ASTM Standards:
in DIN 6176 (4), or the new CIEDE2000 color difference units D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
(5). The color differences based on Hunter LH, aH, bH Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials3
opponent-color space (6), or the Friele-MacAdam-Chickering D 4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism3
(FMC-2) color space (7), are no longer recommended for E 284 Terminology of Appearance3
industrial practice. E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller Using the CIE System3
shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test E 805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials3
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
Object-Color Evaluation3
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and 2.2 Other Standards:
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.04 on Color and
Appearance Analysis. DIN 6176 Farbmetrische, Bestimmung von Farbabständen
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally
published as D 2244 – 64 T. Last previous edition D 2244 – 93 (2000).
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
3
this standard. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
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D 2244
bei Körperfarben nach der DIN99-Formel4 values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform
3. Terminology visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has
had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E 284 are appli- uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color
cable to this practice. space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in
3.2.1 colorimetric spectrometer, n—spectrometer, one com- different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To
ponent of which is a dispersive element (such as a prism,
avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the
grating or interference filter or wedge or tunable or discrete
associated tolerances should be compared only when they are
series of monochromatic sources), that is normally capable of
obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple
producing as output colorimetric data (such as tristimulus
factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences
values and derived color coordinates or indices of appearance
or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance
attributes). Additionally, the colorimetric spectrometer may
units in another system for all colors of specimens.
also be able to report the underlying spectral data from which
the colorimetric data were derived. 5.2 For uniformity of practice, the CIE recommended in
3.2.1.1 Discussion—At one time, UV-VIS analytical spec- 1976 the use of two color metrics. The CIELAB metric, with
trophotometers were used for colorimetric measurements. To- its associated color-difference equation, has found wide accep-
day, while instruments intended for use in color measurements tance in the coatings, plastics, textiles and related industries.
share many common components, UV-VIS analytical spectro- While, it has not completely displaced the use of the Hunter
photometers are designed to optimize their use in chemometric LH, aH, bH and the FMC-2 scales, their performance versus
quantitative analysis, which requires very precise spectral experienced visual color judgements is so poor, compared to
position and very narrow bandpass and moderate baseline the newer optimized tolerance equations based on the CIELAB
stability. Colorimetric spectrometers are designed to optimize coordinates, that they can no longer be recommended. There-
their use as digital simulations of the visual colorimeter or as fore, the two older scales are included in an Annex in this
the source of spectral and colorimetric information for practice only for historical purposes. It is anticipated that in a
computer-assisted color matching systems. Digital colorimetry future revision of this practice, the Annex may be deleted as
allows more tolerance on the spectral scale and spectral well. The CIELAB metric, by itself, is also not recommended
bandwidth but demand much more stability in the radiometric in this practice for use in describing small and moderate color
scale. differences (differences with magnitude less than 5.0 DE*ab
3.2.2 color tolerance equation, n—a mathematical expres- units). The four more recently defined equations, documented
sion, derived from acceptability judgments, which distorts the here, are highly recommended for use with color-differences in
metric of color space based on the coordinates in that color the range of 0.0 to 5.0 DE*ab units.
space, of a reference color, for the purpose of single number 5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in
shade passing. each system, summation of three, vector color-difference
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color tolerance equation computes components into a single scalar value is very useful for
a pass/fail value based on which of the pair of specimens is determining whether a specimen color is within a specified
assigned the designation “standard.” Thus, inter-changing the tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in
reference and test specimens will result in a change in the production, it may be necessary to know not only the magni-
predicted level of acceptance between the specimens while the tude of the departure from standard but also the direction of
perceived difference is unchanged. A color difference equation this departure. It is possible to include information on the
quantifies distance in a color space using the metric of that direction of a small color difference by listing the three
space. Inter-changing the reference and test specimens does not instrumentally determined components of the color difference.
change either the perceived or predicted color differences. 5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental
4. Summary of Practice values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of
the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation
4.1 The differences in color between a reference and a test
obtained by using Practice D 1729. The three tolerance equa-
specimen are determined from measurements made by use of a
tions given here have been tested extensively against such data
spectral based or filter based colorimeter. Reflectance readings
for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the
from spectral instruments are converted by computations to
visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the
color-scale values according to Practice E 308, or these color-
visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves
scale values may be read directly from instruments that
misclassify a color difference with a frequency no greater than
automatically make the computations. Color-difference units
that of the most experienced visual color matcher.
are computed, from these color-scale values, and approximate
the perceived color differences between the reference and the 5.5 While color difference equations and color tolerance
test specimen. equations are routinely applied to a wide range of illuminants,
they have been derived or optimized, or both, for use under
5. Significance and Use daylight illumination. Good correlation with the visual judg-
5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus ments may not be obtained when the calculations are made
with other illuminants. Use of a tolerance equation for other
4
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany. than daylight conditions will require visual confirmation of the

2
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D 2244
level of metamerism as per Practice D 4086. following modified formula is used for values of Y/Yn equal to
or less than 0.008856.

S D
6. Description of Color-Difference and Color-Tolerance Y Y
Equations L* 5 903.3 Y , Yn , 0.008856 (8)
n
6.1 CIE 1931 and 1964 Color Spaces—The daylight colors
6.2.3 In calculating a* and b*, values of X/Xn, Y/Yn, Z/Zn
of opaque specimens are represented by points in a space
less than 0.008856, may still be included if the normal
formed by three rectangular axes representing the lightness
equations are replaced by the following modified equations for
scale Y and chromaticity scales x and y, where:
calculations of a* and b*:

F S D S DG
X
x5X1Y1Z (1) X Y
a* 5 500 · f X 2 f Y (9)
n n

F S D S DG
Y
y5X1Y1Z (2) Y Z
b* 5 200 · f Y 2 f Z (10)
n n
where X, Y, and Z are tristimulus values for either the 1931
CIE standard observer (2° observer) or the 1964 CIE standard where:

S D S D
observer (10° observer) and standard illuminant D65, or other X X
1
X
3
phase of daylight. These scales do not provide a perceptually f X 5 X if Xn $ 0.008856 (11)
n n

S D S D
uniform color space. Consequently, color differences are sel-
X X 16 X
dom if ever computed directly from differences in x, y, and Y. f X 5 7.787 · X 1 116
n n
if Xn , 0.008856 (12)
6.2 CIE 1976 L* a* b* Uniform Color Space and Color-

S D S D
1
Difference Equation (1, 8)—This is an approximately uniform Y Y 3 Y
color space based on nonlinear expansion of the tristimulus f Y 5 Y if Y n $ 0.008856 (13)
n n

S D S D
values and taking differences to produce three opponent axes Y Y 16 Y
that approximate the percepts of lightness-darkness, redness- f Y 5 7.787 · Y 1 116 if Yn , 0.008856 (14)
n n
greenness and yellowness-blueness. It is produced by plotting
S D S D
1
in rectangular coordinates the quantities L*, a*, b*, calculated Z Z 3 Z
f Z 5 Z if Zn $ 0.008856 (15)
as follows: n n

S D
Y
L* 5 116 · Y
1
3
2 16 (3)
S D
Z
n
S DZ
n
16
f Z 5 7.787 · Z 1 116 if
Z
Zn , 0.008856 (16)
n
6.2.4 The magnitude, DE*ab, gives no indication of the
FS D S D G
1 1
X 3
Y 3 character of the difference since it does not indicate the relative
a* 5 500 · Xn 2 Yn (4) quantity and direction of hue, chroma, and lightness differ-

FS D S D G
1 1 ences.
3 3
Y Z 6.2.5 The direction of the color difference is described by
b* 5 200 · 2 (5)
Yn Zn the magnitude and algebraic signs of the components DL*,
X Y Z Da*, and Db*:
Xn, Yn, Zn $ 0.008856 (6)
DL* 5 L*B 2 L* S (17)
The tristimulus values Xn, Yn, Zn define the color of the Da* 5 a*B 2 a*S (18)
nominally white object-color stimulus. Usually, the white Db* 5 b*B 2 b*S (19)
object-color stimulus is given by the spectral radiant power of
one of the CIE standard illuminants, for example, C, D65 or where L*S, a*S, and b*S refer to the reference or standard,
another phase of daylight, reflected into the observer’s eye by and L*B, a*B, and b*B refer to the test specimen or batch. The
the perfect reflecting diffuser. Under these conditions, Xn, Yn, signs of the components DL*, Da*, and Db* have the following
Zn are the tristimulus values of the standard illuminant with Yn approximate meanings (9):
equal to 100. 1 DL* 5 lighter (20)
6.2.1 The total color-difference DE*ab between two colors 2DL* 5 darker (21)
each given in terms of L*, a*, b* is calculated as follows:
1 Da* 5 redder ~less green! (22)
DE*ab 5 =~DL*! 2 1 ~Da*!2 1 ~Db*! 2 (7) 2Da* 5 greener ~less red! (23)
NOTE 1—The color space defined above is called the CIE 1976 L* a * 1 Db* 5 yellow ~less blue! (24)
b* space and the color-difference equation the CIE 1976 L* a* b*
2Db* 5 bluer ~less yellow! (25)
color-difference formula. The abbreviation CIELAB (with all letters
capitalized) is recommended. 6.2.6 For judging the direction of the color difference
6.2.2 The CIE 1976 (L* a* b*) metric fails to converge to between two colors, it is useful to calculate their CIE 1976
zero appropriately when one or more of the ratios X/Xn, Y/Yn, metric hue angles hab and CIE 1976 metric chroma C*ab as
and Z/Zn is less than 0.008856. In calculating L*, values of Y/Yn follows:
less than 0.008856 may still be utilized if the normal formula
is used for values of Y/Yn greater than 0.008856, and the S D
b*
hab 5 tan2 1 a* (26)

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D 2244

C*ab 5 =~a*!2 1 ~b*!2 (27)

Differences in hue angle °hab between the test specimen and
reference can be correlated with differences in their visually
perceived hue, except for very dark colors (10). Differences in
chroma D°C*ab([C*ab]batch − [C*ab]standard) can similarly be
correlated with differences in visually perceived chroma.
6.2.7 For judging the relative contributions of differences in
lightness, chroma, and hue to the total color difference between
two colors, it is useful to calculate the CIE 1976 metric hue
difference °DH*ab between them as follows:
DH*ab 5 =~DE* ab! 2 2 ~DL*! 2 2 ~DC* ab! 2 (28)
where DE*ab is calculated as in 6.2.1 and DC*ab is calculated
as in 6.2.6; then the equation
DE*ab 5 =~DL*! 2 1 ~DC*ab! 2 1 ~DH*ab! 2 (29)
contains terms showing the relative contributions of light-
ness differenceD L*, chroma difference DC*ab, and hue differ-
ence D°H*ab to the total color differenceD E*ab. This method
of computing a metric hue difference loses the information
about the sign of the hue difference (positive or negative) and FIG. 1 CMC Ellipse Distribution in the CIELAB (a*, b*) Plane
can be unstable for pairs of colors near the neutral axis. An mildly textured, values intermediate between (1:1) and (2:1)
alternative method has been proposed (18) that corrects both can be used, with the value (1.3:1) being reported most
problems: frequently. The parameter cf is a commercial factor (19), used
a*S · b*B 2 a*B · b*S to adjust the total volume of the tolerance region so that
DH*ab 5 (30) accept/reject decisions can be made on the basis of a unit value
=0.5 · ~ C* ab,B · C*ab,S 1 a*B · a*S 1 b*B · b*S
of the tolerance. The color dependent functions are defined as:
6.3 CMC Color Tolerance Equation—The Colour Measure-
ment Committee of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 0.040975 · L*
SL 5 for L* $ 16 (32)
undertook a task to improve upon the results of the JPC79 ~1 1 0.01765 · L*!8
tolerance equation (2) developed at J & P Coates thread SL 5 0.511, for L*, 16
company in the United Kingdom. It was a combination of the 0.0638 · C*
SC 5 1 0.638
CIELAB equation and local optimization based on the position ~1 1 0.0131 · C*!
of the standard used to derive the FMC-2 equation. It was SH 5 SC ~T · f 1 1 2f!
based on the more intuitive perceptual variables of lightness, where,

H D
chroma and hue instead of the lightness, redness/greenness and
~C*!4 1
yellowness/blueness of the older equation. It is intended to be f5
used as a single-number shade-passing equation. There should ~C*!4 1 1900 2
not be a need to break the equation down into perceptual T 5 0.56 1 ?0.2 cos ~h 1 168°!?, if 164° , h , 345°
components—the CIELAB components of the model do that else,
already. Fig. 1 (16) shows the CIELAB chromaticness plane T 5 0.36 1 ?0.4 cos ~h 1 35°!?
(a*,b*) with a large number of CMC ellipsoids plotted on that
plane. The figure clearly shows the change in area of the All angles are given in degrees but will generally need to be
ellipses with increases in CIELAB metric chroma C*ab and converted to radians for processing on a digital computer.
with respect to changes in CIELAB metric hue angle h*ab. The 6.4 CIE94 Color Tolerance Equation (3)—The develop-
CMC components and single number tolerances are computed ment of this color tolerance equation was prompted by the
as follows: success of the CMC tolerance equation. It was derived prima-
DECMC ~l : c! 5 cf · ŒS D S D S D
DL*
l · SL
2 DC*
1 c·S
c
2
1
DH*
SH
2
(31)
rily from visual observations of automotive paints on steel
panels. Like, the CMC equation, it is based on the CIELAB
color metric and uses the position of the standard in CIELAB
The parameters (l, c) are to compensate for systematic bias
color space to derive a set of analytical functions that modify
or parametric effects such as texture and sample separation.
the spacing of the CIELAB space in the region around the
The most common values are (2:1) for textiles and plastics that
standard. Its weighting functions are much simpler than those
are molded to simulate a woven material, implying that
of the CMC equation. CIE94 tolerances are computed as
lightness differences carry half the importance of chroma and
follows:
hue differences (17). The values (1:1), often assumed to

FS D S D S D G
1
represent a just perceptible difference, should be applied to DL* 2 DC* 2 DH* 2
2
materials that require very critical tolerances or have glossy DE*94 5 kv kLSL 1 k S 1 k S (33)
C C H H
surfaces. For specimens that are matte, randomly rough, or

4
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D 2244
Unlike many previous color difference equation, CIE94
comes with a well defined set of conditions under which the
f
Hue angle hef 5 arctan e SD
equation will provide optimum results and departures from this
set of conditions will cause the agreement between the visually Step 2
evaluated color-difference and the computed color-difference
~loge~1 1 0.045 G!!
to be significantly poorer. Those conditions are given in Table Chroma C99 5 (36)
~0.045 kCHkE!
1. The parameters kL, kC, kH, are the parametric factors that can
180
Hue angle h99 5 hef p

TABLE 1 Basis Conditions for CIE94 Tolerance Equation Redness a99 5 C99 cos ~hef!
Attribute Requirement Yellowness b99 5 C99 sin ~hef!
Illumination D65 source Lightness L99 5 105.509 @loge ~1 1 0.0158 L*!# kE
Specimen Illuminance 1000 lx
Observer Normal color vision
Background Uniform neutral gray L* = 50
Viewing Mode Object
Step 3
DE99 5 =~DL99!2 1 ~Da99!2 1 ~Db99!2
Sample Size >4° subtended visual angle
Sample Separation Minimum possible
(37)
Size of Color Differences 0 to 5 CIELAB units or
Sample Structure Visually homogenous
DE99 5 =~DL99!2 1 ~DC99!2 1 ~DH99!2
with,
DC99 5 C99,B 2C99,S
be used to compensate for texture and other specimen presen- ~a99,S · b99,B 2 a99,B · b99,S!
tation effects while kV is used to adjust the size of the tolerance DH99 5
=0.5 · ~C99,B · C99,S 1 a99,B · a99,S 1 b99,B · b99,S!
volume for industrial bias. The parameters SL, SC, SH are used
to perform the local distortion of CIELAB color space, again
based on the position of the standard specimen in that space. Where subscripts S refers to the product standard and
The are computed using the following equations: subscript B refers to the current product batch or test sample.
Default parameters are: kE = kCH = 1, kE (1 : kCH).
SL 5 1 (34)
For textiles the following equivalence relations holds: To
SC 5 1 1 0.045 · C*
obtain an equivalent computed difference to a CMC (l = 2,
SH 5 1 1 0.015 · C* c = 1) difference, use the parameters: 2 (1 : 0.5), which indicate
6.5 DIN99 Color Difference Equation—The publication in that kE = 2 and, kCH = 0.5.
1996 of the paper by Rohner and Rich (4) prompted the 6.6 CIEDE2000 Color Difference Equation (5)—The devel-
German standards institute (DIN) to further develop and opment of this color difference equation grew out of the
standardize a modified version as a new color difference research being performed to try to determine which of the two
formula that globally models color space using logarithms of color tolerances equations, CMC or CIE94, was the better
the CIELAB coordinates rather than the linear and hyperbolic formula. In the process, the researchers came to the conclusion
functions of CMC and CIE94. The equations derived and that neither formula was truly optimum. Therefore the CIE set
documented in standard DIN 6176 provides an axes rotation up a new technical committee, TC 1-47, Hue & Lightness
and the logarithmic expansion of the new axes to match that of Dependant Correction to Industrial Colour Difference Equa-
the spacing of the CIE94 color tolerance formula without the tions, to recommend a new equation that addresses the short-
need to make the specimen identified as standard the source of comings in both color tolerance equations. One of the major
the distortion of distances in the CIELAB color space. Also, as weaknesses of the color tolerance equations was using the
neither the tristimulus values XYZ nor the CIELAB axes a*, position of the reference color in CIELAB color space for
b* are perceptual variables while the axes L*, C* and h*ab are computing the local distortion of CIELAB color space. When
correlates of the perceptions of lightness, chroma and hue, it the identifications of the two specimens are reversed (calling
seemed appropriate to scale the differences or distances in the original test specimen the reference and the original
color space following the Weber-Fechner law of perception. reference now the test specimen) the computation results in a
This resulted in a formula which is easy to use and has different computed color difference. This is contrary to what is
equivalent performance to CMC or CIE94. It also eliminates observed. Visually, there is no change in the magnitude of the
the annoying reference-color based distortion of CIELAB. difference between the specimens simply by switching roles.
Thus computed color differences are based only on the Euclid- By using the position of the arithmetic average color between
ean distance in the DIN99 space. The procedures for comput- the two specimens to compute the local distortions to CIELAB
ing the DIN99 formula are: color space, the roles of the two specimens may be switched
Step 1 without changing the magnitude of the computed color-
Redness e 5 cos ~16°! a* 1 sin ~16°! b* (35) difference, in full agreement with the visual assessments. The
report from CIE TC 1-47 has shown that CIEDE2000 out-
Yellowness f 520.7~2sin ~16°! a* 1 cos ~16°! b*!
performs both CMC and CIE94 across a wide array of
Chroma G 5 ~e2 1 f2!0.5 specimens. The CIEDE2000 color differences are computed

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D 2244
from the following equations: uniquely for each pair of colors. Thus the equation is highly
L8 5 L* a8 5 ~1 1 G! · a* b8 5 b* (38) optimized for pairwise comparison of a product standard to a
production test specimen but not for statistical process control.
C8 5 =a8 5 b82 2

SD
b8 7. Test Specimens
h8 5 arctan a8
7.1 This practice does not cover specimen preparation

G 5 0.5 · S Œ 12
C* 7
C* 1 257 7 D techniques. Unless otherwise specified or agreed, prepare
specimens in accordance with appropriate test methods and
practices.
where C* is the arithmetric mean of the CIELAB C* values for the pair
of specimens (standard and batch). 8. Procedure
DL8 5 L8B 2 L8S
8.1 Select appropriate geometric conditions for color mea-
DC8 5 C8B 2 C8S surement in accordance with Practice E 805.
a8S · b8B 2 a8B · b8S 8.2 Operate the instrument in accordance with the manufac-
DH8 5
=0.5 · ~C8S · C8B 1 a8S · a8B 1 b8S · b8B! turer’s instructions and the procedures given in Practice

S D S D S D
DL8 2 DC8 2 DH8 2 E 1164.
DE002 5 K · S 1 K ·S 1 K ·S 8.3 When a colorimetric spectrometer is used, obtain the

S D
L L C C H H
DC8 · DH8 reflectance values of the reference specimen and test speci-
1 RT · K · S · K · S mens, in turn, at a sufficient number of wavelength intervals to
C C L H
permit accurate calculation of CIE tristimulus values. See
DE00 5 =DE002
Practice E 308.
8.4 Measure at least three portions of each specimen surface
The specimen or industry dependent parameters are KL, KC, to obtain an indication of uniformity. Record the location
KH and the color space dependent parameters are SL, SC, SH and where these measurements were made on the specimen.
RT. The three S terms operate on the, assumed orthogonal,
CIELAB coordinates and the RT term computes a rotation of 9. Calculation
the color difference volume in the blue and purple-blue regions 9.1 Calculate color-scale values L*, a*, b*, and local
of the CIELAB diagram. The four color space terms are tolerance weights (SL, SC, SH) if not obtained automatically.
computed as follows: 9.2 Calculate color differences DE*ab,D ECMC and their
0.015 · ~L8 2 50!2 components, or DE94, DE99, or DE00, if not obtained automati-
SL 5 1 1 (39) cally, as described in 6.2-6.6, respectively.
=20 1 ~L8 2 50!2
SC 5 1 1 0.045 · C8 10. Report
SH 5 1 1 0.015 · C8 · T 10.1 Report the following information:
10.1.1 Total color difference DECMC, or DE94, DE99, or DE00
RT 5 –sin ~2· Du! · RC

Œ
of each test specimen from its reference.
C87 10.1.2 For CIELAB color differences, L*, a*, b* for the
RC 5 2 ·
C8 1 257
7
reference, DL*, Da*, Db* and if desired Dhab, DC*ab, and

SF GD
2 DH*ab for each specimen.
~h8 2 275°!
Du 5 30 · exp 2 25
10.1.3 For other color tolerance or color difference metrics,
only the CIELAB coordinates should be reported as the local
T 5 1 2 0.17 · cos ~h8 2 30°! 1 0.24 · cos ~2h8! 1 0.32 · cos ~3h8 1 6°! distortions do not necessarily provide continuous, visually
2 0.20· cos ~4h8 2 63°! correlated parameters.
10.1.4 For non-uniform specimens, range of color-
While not obvious from this listing, all displayed angles are difference magnitudes obtained for different areas of the
assumed to be given in degrees, includingDu and thus must specimens.
generally be converted into radians for trigonometric analysis 10.1.5 Description or identification of the method of prepar-
on digital computers. ing the specimens.
6.6.1 Using the arithmetic average of the CIELAB color 10.1.6 Identification of the instrument used, by the manu-
coordinates of the reference and test specimens to compute the facturer’s name and model number, and the color-scale system
local distortion of CIELAB color space introduces a new used.
problem. Current color tolerance difference equations which
base the distortion of CIELAB space on the position of the 11. Precision and Bias
standard allows a user to predefine the acceptance volume. This 11.1 Since the precision and bias of a test method cannot be
is convenient for certain textile sorting applications and for separated from the effect of the specimens and materials and
graphical quality control charting. Such a predetermination is since this practice does not address the issues related to the
not possible with CIEDE2000. Nor is it possible or reasonable preparation and presentation of specimens, no definitive state-
to plot groups of colors in terms of the modified space ment about precision and bias can be made. The next section,
coordinates, L*,a8, b* since the meaning of a8 is determined uses data from a commercial collaborative testing program to

6
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

D 2244
illustrate precision for one material. Because of the many 11.2.1 Reproducibility—Based on the between-laboratory
trigonometric functions and power functions involved in com- standard deviations, two color-difference results, obtained by
puting the color space parameters, all computations should be operators in different laboratories measuring opaque, matte
carried out in IEEE floating point format to greatest number of paint on sealed white paper stock should be considered suspect
bits of precision available on the computational system, usually if they differ by more than the values shown in column R* of
known as double precision. Table 2.
11.2 The Collaborative Testing Services Color and Color 11.3 Precision—Based on the within-laboratory standard
Difference Collaborative Reference Program (13) has sur- deviations, the precision of color-difference measurements,
veyed the precision of color and color-difference measure- summarized in Table 2, was equivalent to the precision of
ments by sending out pairs of painted chips exhibiting small measured values of color as reported in the literature (14,15)
color differences on a quarterly basis since 1971. In a typical and is thus likely to be representative of the precision obtain-
recent survey (Report No. 111, February, 2000), 118 instru- able for all production materials.
ments were involved. Table 2 gives the mean color differences
and their standard deviations for the groups of instruments 12. Keywords
considered separately in the intercomparison, together with the 12.1 color; color difference; color metrics; color spaces;
conditions of analysis and measurement. color tolerances
TABLE 2 Bias of Calculated Color Differences Determined for Various Conditions of Measurement and Analysis
Measurement Conditions DE No. of Mean Standard
R*A
Geometry Illuminant Observer Equation Instruments DE Deviation

45°/0° D65 1964 CIELAB 54 1.05 0.07 0.21

45°/0° D65 1964 CMC(2:1) 54 0.55 0.03 0.09
SphereB D65 1964 CIELAB 282 1.00 0.06 0.18
SphereB D65 1964 CMC(2:1) 282 0.53 0.03 0.09
A
R* is the approximate inter-laboratory precision = 3.0 3 standard deviation.
B
Specular component included for integrating-sphere measurements.

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. COLOR SPACES AND COLOR DIFFERENCE METRICS NO LONGER RECOMMENDED BUT STILL IN USE

A1.1 Hunter LH, aH, bH Color Space and Color-Difference MacAdam chromaticity-difference values (12). It is produced
Equation (6)—This approximately uniform color space is by a linear transformation of CIE 1931 tristimulus values X, Y,
produced by plotting in rectangular coordinates the quantities Z into tristimulus values P, Q, S as follows:
LH, aH, bH calculated as follows: P 5 0.742X 1 0.382Y 2 0.098Z (A1.5)
1
LH 5 10~Y!2 (A1.1) Q 5 20.48X 1 1.37Y 1 0.1276Z (A1.6)
1 S 5 0.686Z (A1.7)
aH 5 17.5~1.02X 2 Y!/~Y!2 (A1.2)

bH 5 7.0~Y 2 0.847Z!/~Y!2
1
(A1.3)
Approximate lightness difference DLFMC-2 and chromatic
differencesD C (“yellow-blue”) and C3(“red-green”) are calcu-
lated as follows:
where X, Y, and Z are tristimulus values for the CIE 1931
standard observer and standard illuminant C. The total differ- DLFMC22 5 0.279K2~PDP 1 QDQ!/aD (A1.8)
ence DEH between two colors each given in terms of LH, aH, bH 2
DC1 5 K1S~PDP 1 QDQ!/bd 2 K1°S/b (A1.9)
is calculated as follows: DC3 5 K1~QDP 2 PDQ!/aD (A1.10)
1
DEH 5 @~DLH!2 1 ~DaH!2 1 ~DbH!2#2 (A1.4) where:
a2 = 17.3 3 10-6(P2+ Q2)/[1 + 2.73P2Q2/(P4+ Q4)],
The magnitude and direction of the color difference are b2 = 3.098 3 10-4(S2+ 0.2015Y2)
described by considerations similar to those found in 6.2.4 and D = (P2+ Q2) ⁄ ,
12

6.2.5, respectively. K1 = 0.55669 + 0.049434Y − 0.82575·10-3Y2+ 0.79172 3

10-5Y3− 0.30087·10-7Y4, and
A1.2 Friele-MacAdam-Chickering Color Space and Color- K2 = 0.17548 + 0.027556Y − 0.57262·10-3Y2+ 0.63893 3
Difference Equation (7,11)—This color space is more nearly 10-5Y3− 0.26731·10-7Y4.
perceptually uniform than the CIE 1931 space in terms of the

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 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

D 2244
The correlation between DLFMC-2 and perceived lightness, The total difference DEFMC-2 between two colors is calcu-
between DC1 and perceived yellowness-blueness, and be- lated as follows:
tweenD C3 and perceived redness-greenness, are not well 1
established and should not be used unless confirmed by visual DEFMC22 5 @~DLFMC22!2 1 ~DC1!2 1 ~DC3!2#2 (A1.11)
observations.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR COLOR TOLERANCES EQUATION

Color Coordinate STD-1 BAT-1 STD-2 BAT-2 STD-3 BAT-3 STD-4 BAT-4 STD-5 BAT-5
X 19.4100 19.5525 22.4800 22.5833 28.9950 28.7704 4.1400 4.4129 4.9600 4.6651
Y 28.4100 28.6400 31.6000 31.3700 29.5800 29.7400 8.5400 8.5100 3.7200 3.8100
Z 11.5766 10.5791 38.4800 36.7901 35.7500 35.6045 8.0300 8.6453 19.5900 17.7848
L* 60.2574 60.4626 63.0109 62.8187 61.2901 61.4292 35.0831 35.0232 22.7233 23.0331
a* -34.0099 -34.1751 -31.0961 -29.7946 3.7196 2.2480 -44.1164 -40.0716 20.0904 14.9730
b* 36.2677 39.4387 -5.8663 -4.0864 -5.3901 -4.9620 3.7933 1.5901 -46.6940 -42.5619
C* 49.7194 52.1857 31.6447 30.0735 6.5490 5.4474 44.2792 40.1031 50.8326 45.1188
hab* 133.160 130.910 190.683 187.810 304.609 294.373 175.086 177.728 293.280 289.382
SLCMC 1.1965 1.2224 1.2064 0.8878 0.6646
SCCMC 2.5589 2.0653 1.0228 2.4259 2.5848
f 0.9998 0.9991 0.7014 0.9998 0.9999
T 0.7515 0.7599 0.6369 0.7513 0.5991
SHCMC 1.9231 1.5700 0.7623 1.8229 1.5487
DL 0.2052 -0.1922 0.1391 -0.0599 0.3098
DC 2.4663 -1.5712 -1.1016 -4.1761 -5.7138
DH -1.9999 -1.5472 -1.0657 1.9430 -3.2580
DE*ab 3.1819 2.2134 1.5390 4.6063 6.5847
DECMC(1:1) 1.4282 1.2549 1.7684 2.0258 3.0870
DECMC(2:1) 1.4205 1.2474 1.7656 2.0250 3.0604
SL94 1.0000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
SC94 3.23737 2.42401 1.29470 2.99256 3.28747
SH94 1.74579 1.47467 1.09824 1.66419 1.76249
DE94 1.3910 1.2481 1.2980 1.8204 2.5561
e -22.6983 -21.9832 -31.5095 -29.7677 2.09015 0.79346 -41.3637 -38.0826 6.44406 2.66348
f 30.9657 33.1313 2.05161 2.99825 -4.34462 -3.77258 11.0634 8.80059 -35.2962 -31.5285
G 38.3939 39.7611 31.5762 29.9184 4.82125 3.85513 42.8177 39.0863 35.8796 31.6408
hef 126.242 123.565 176.275 174.249 295.692 281.878 165.026 166.988 280.347 274.829
kE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
kCH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C99 22.2993 22.7950 19.6478 18.9522 4.36339 3.55497 23.8646 22.5517 21.3579 19.6745
h99 2.20334 2.15662 3.07657 3.04121 5.16080 4.91969 2.88024 2.91449 4.89297 4.79667
a99 -13.1833 -12.6029 -19.6063 -18.8568 1.89166 0.73168 -23.0542 -21.9726 3.83592 1.65617
b99 17.9850 18.9941 1.27658 1.89928 -3.93203 -3.47886 6.16626 5.07769 -21.0106 -19.6046
L99 70.5738 70.7489 72.8994 72.7388 71.4521 71.5698 46.5330 46.4688 32.3670 32.7463
DE99(Lab) 1.1772 0.98756 1.25091 1.53592 2.62143
DC99 0.49568 -0.69558 -0.80842 -1.31296 -1.68341
DH99 -1.05329 -0.68237 -0.94729 0.79439 -1.97335
DL99 0.17512 -0.16065 0.11774 -0.06425 0.37933
DE99(LCH) 1.1772 0.98756 1.25091 1.53592 2.62143
L*ave 60.3600 62.9148 61.3597 35.0532 22.8782
C*ave 50.9525 30.8591 5.9982 42.1911 47.9757
G 0.0017 0.0490 0.4966 0.0063 0.0026
a8 -34.0678 -34.2333 -32.6195 -31.2542 5.5669 3.3643 -44.3939 -40.3237 20.1424 15.0118
C8 49.7590 52.2238 33.1428 31.5202 7.7488 5.9950 44.5557 40.3550 50.8532 45.1317
h8 133.21 130.96 190.20 187.45 315.92 304.14 175.12 177.74 293.33 289.43
C8ave 50.9914 32.3315 6.8719 42.4554 47.9924
h8ave 132.084 188.822 310.031 176.429 291.381
D L* 0.2052 -0.1922 0.1391 -0.0599 0.3098
DC8 2.4648 -1.6226 -1.7538 -4.2007 -5.7215
DH ’ -2.0018 -1.5490 -1.3995 1.9430 -3.2653
SL 1.1427 1.1831 1.1586 1.2148 1.4014
SC 3.2946 2.4549 1.3092 2.9105 3.1597
SH 1.9951 1.4560 1.0717 1.6476 1.2617
RC 1.9932 1.8527 0.0218 1.9759 1.9897
Du 0.0000 0.0002 4.2110 0.0000 19.5282

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 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

D 2244

Color Coordinate STD-1 BAT-1 STD-2 BAT-2 STD-3 BAT-3 STD-4 BAT-4 STD-5 BAT-5
RT 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0032 0.0000 -1.2537
T 1.3010 0.9402 0.6952 1.0168 0.3636
DE00 1.2644 1.2630 1.8731 1.8645 2.0373
Color Coordinate STD-6 BAT-6 STD-7 BAT-7 STD-8 BAT-8 STD-9 BAT-9 STD-10 BAT-10
X 15.6000 15.9148 73.0000 73.9351 73.9950 69.1762 0.7040 0.6139 0.2200 0.0933
Y 9.2500 9.1500 78.0500 78.8200 78.3200 73.4000 0.7500 0.6500 0.2300 0.1000
Z 5.0200 4.3872 81.8000 84.5156 85.3060 79.7130 0.9720 0.8510 0.3250 0.1453
L* 36.4612 36.2715 90.8027 91.1528 90.9257 88.6381 6.7747 5.8714 2.0776 0.9033
a* 47.8580 50.5065 -2.0831 -1.6435 -0.5406 -0.8985 -0.2908 -0.0985 0.0795 -0.0636
b* 18.3852 21.2231 1.4410 0.0447 -0.9208 -0.7239 -2.4247 -2.2286 -1.1350 -0.5514
C* 51.2680 54.7844 2.5329 1.6441 1.0677 1.1538 2.4421 2.2308 1.1378 0.5550
hab* 21.0148 22.7924 145.326 178.441 239.583 218.857 263.160 267.469 274.004 263.419
SL 1.4295 1.4303 0.5110 0.5110 0.9090
SC 0.7944 0.7052 0.7890 0.7095 2.5947
f 0.1456 0.0261 0.1356 0.0297 0.9999
T 0.7600 0.6949 0.6246 0.5878 0.5836
SH 0.7666 0.6996 0.7488 0.7008 1.5144
DL 0.3501 -2.2876 -0.9033 -1.1743 -0.1897
DC -0.8888 0.0861 -0.2117 -0.5828 3.5164
DH 1.1631 -0.3993 0.1766 -0.1444 1.6441
DE*ab 3.8864 1.5051 2.3238 0.9444 1.3189
DECMC(1:1) 1.9009 1.7026 1.8034 2.4491 1.7490
DECMC(2:1) 1.8890 0.9901 0.9533 1.4274 1.7396
SL94 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
SC94 3.30706 1.11398 1.04805 1.10989 1.05120
SH94 1.76902 1.03799 1.01602 1.03663 1.01707
DE94 1.4249 1.4194 2.3226 0.9388 1.3063
e 51.0729 54.4010 -1.60532 -1.56759 -0.77341 -1.06323 -0.94785 -0.70772 -0.23643 -0.21163
f 3.13861 4.53729 1.37149 0.34716 -0.51529 -0.31376 -1.57548 -1.48059 -0.77907 -0.35911
G 51.1692 54.5899 2.11140 1.60557 0.92934 1.10855 1.83863 1.64104 0.81415 0.41684
hef 3.51660 4.76770 139.491 167.513 213.674 196.441 238.968 244.452 253.118 239.488
kE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
kCH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C99 26.5492 27.5616 2.01703 1.55022 0.91044 1.08179 1.76652 1.58328 0.79959 0.41297
h99 0.06138 0.08321 2.43458 2.92365 3.72931 3.42855 4.17078 4.26650 4.41774 4.17986
a99 26.4992 27.4662 -1.53356 -1.51355 -0.75767 -1.03756 -0.91067 -0.68281 -0.2322 -0.20967
b99 1.62847 2.29081 1.31019 0.33520 -0.5048 -0.30618 -1.51369 -1.42847 -0.76514 -0.35579
L99 48.0009 47. 8000 93.8837 94.1231 93.9679 92.3911 10.7292 9.36013 3.40777 1.49518
DE99(Lab) 1.18914 1.00416 1.61372 1.39052 1.95603
DC99 1.01234 -0.46681 0.17135 -0.18325 -0.38662
DH99 0.59066 0.85621 -0.29736 0.16002 -0.13638
DL99 -0.20088 0.23942 -1.5768 -1.36907 -1.91259
DE99 1.18914 1.00416 1.61372 1.39052 1.95603
L*ave 36.3664 90.9778 89.7819 6.3230 1.4904
C*ave 53.0262 2.0885 1.1108 2.3362 0.8464
G 0.0013 0.4999 0.5000 0.4999 0.5000
a8 47.9197 50.5717 -3.1244 -2.4651 -0.8108 -1.3477 -0.4362 -0.1461 0.1192 -0.0931
C8 51.3256 54.8444 3.4407 2.4655 1.2269 1.5298 2.4637 2.2330 1.1412 0.5593
h8 20.99 22.77 155.24 178.96 228.63 208.24 259.80 266.25 275.99 260.42
C8ave 53.0850 2.9531 1.3784 2.3483 0.8503
h8ave 21.8781 167.101 218.436 263.025 268.207
D L* -0.1897 0.3501 -2.2876 -0.9033 -1.1743
DC8 3.5189 -0.9751 0.3029 -0.2306 -0.5820
DH8 1.6444 1.1972 -0.4850 0.2638 -0.2165
SL 1.1943 1.6110 1.5930 1.6517 1.7246
SC 3.3888 1.1329 1.0620 1.1057 1.0383
SH 1.7357 1.0511 1.0288 1.0336 1.0099
RC 1.9949 0.0011 0.0001 0.0005 0.0000
Du 0.0000 0.0000 0.1794 23.8495 27.8649
RT 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0004 0.0000
T 0.9239 1.1546 1.3916 0.9549 0.7787
DE00 1.4146 1.4440 1.5381 0.6386 0.9076

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Publication No. 15 (E-1.3.1) 1971, Colorimetry (incorporated into CIE (3) Commission Internationale de l’Èclairage, Technical Report 116,
Publication No. 15.2 (TC-1.3) 1986, Colorimetry, 2nd ed.), Bureau Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation, Central Bureau of the CIE,
Central de la CIE, Paris, 1978. (Available from CIE Publications, c/o Vienna, 1995. (Available from CIE Publications, c/o TLA Lighting
TLA Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 Pond Street, Salem, MA 01970.) Consultants, Inc., 7 Pond Street, Salem, MA 01970.)
(2) Clark, F. J. J., McDonald, R., and Rigg, B., “Modification to the JPC (4) Rohner, E., und Rich, Danny C., “Eine angenähert gleichförmige

9
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

D 2244
Metrik für industrielle Farbtoleranzen von Körberfarben,” Die Farbe, (12) MacAdam, D. L., “Specification of Small Chromaticity Differences,”
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