CH203: Heat and Mass Transfer

January 02 to April 29, 2025, 11:00-11:50 AM, Location: M1

General instructions: There are marks for applicable equations, numbers with proper units, and
applicable assumptions. Please mention them.

Question 1
Researcher prepared a sheet for insulation purpose with therma conductivity of k = 0.029 W/m⋅K.
He measured temperature difference 12°C across 25 mm thick sheet.
a) State the applicable assumptions. (1 mark)
b) What is the heat flux through a 3 m x 3 m sheet? (3 marks)
c) What is the rate of heat transfer through the sheet? (3 marks)
d) What is the thermal resistance of the sheet due to conduction? (3 marks)
Question 2
A one-dimensional sheet is exposed to convection and radiation at x = 0. The ambient and
surrounding temperatures are T∞ = 20°C and Tsur = 40°C, respectively. The convection heat
transfer coefficient is h = 20 W/m2⋅K, and the absorptivity of the exposed surface is α = 0.78.
Assume the exposed sheet surface is gray, and the surroundings are large.
a) Determine the convective and radiative heat fluxes to the wall at x = 0 if the wall surface
temperature is Ts = 24°C. (6 marks)
b) Determine the direction of convective heat transfer and net radiation. (2 marks)
c) Determine the net heat flux to the wall. (2 marks)
Question 3
The heat flux that is applied to one face of a sheet is q″ = 20 W/m2. The opposite face is exposed
to gas at temperature 30°C, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2⋅K. The surface
temperature of the sheet exposed to gas is 50°C.
a) Do steady-state conditions exist? Justify with calculations. (4 marks)
b) Is the temperature of the wall increasing or decreasing with time? (2 marks)
Question 4
A hostel at an Institute, built several years ago, has exterior walls constructed of Ls = 30-mm-thick
sheathing with a thermal conductivity of ks = 0.1 W/m⋅K. To reduce heat losses in the winter, the
Institute decides to encapsulate the entire hostel by applying an Li = 30-mm-thick layer of
insulation characterized by ki = 0.029 W/m⋅K to the exterior of the original sheathing. The
insulation is, in turn, covered with an Lg = 5-mm-thick architectural glass with kg = 1.4 W/m⋅K. The
inner and outer convection heat transfer coefficients are hi = 5 W/m2⋅K and ho = 30 W/m2⋅K,
respectively. The interior and exterior air temperatures are T∞,i = 22°C and T∞,o = 0°C, respectively.
a) Draw the equivalent electrical circuits (aka. thermal resistance network) of the original wall
and the full retrofitted wall indicating relevant temperatures and resistances. (3 marks)
b) Determine the heat flux through the original and retrofitted walls. (6 marks)
 CH203: Heat and Mass Transfer
January 02 to April 29, 2025, 11:00-11:50 AM, Location: M1
Assigned: 08/02/2025 Due: 20/02/2025, 4:00 PM (to TA)
Assignment 1 (Total marks:100)

Question 5
Consider a plane composite wall that is composed of two materials of thermal conductivities kA
= 0.09 W/m⋅K and kB = 0.03 W/m ⋅ K and thicknesses LA = 8 mm and LB = 16 mm. The contact
resistance at the interface between the two materials is known to be 0.30 m2⋅K/W. Material A
adjoins a fluid at 200°C for which h = 10 W/m2⋅K, and material B adjoins a fluid at 40°C for
which h = 20 W/m2⋅K. Hint: Use the concept of resistances in series.
a) What is the rate of heat transfer through a wall that is 2 m high and 2.5 m wide? (5
marks)
b) Determine the outer temperature (T∞) on both sides of the walls, surface temperatures of
A (both sides), and surface temperatures of B (both sides). (10 marks)

Question 6

The heat transfer coefficient for air owing over a sphere is to be determined by observing the
temperature-time history of a sphere fabricated from pure copper. The sphere, which is 30 mm in
diameter, is at 60 oC before it is inserted into an airstream having a temperature of 27 oC. A
thermocouple on the outer surface of the sphere indicates 50 oC 80 s after the sphere is inserted
into the airstream. Hint: Apply the Lumped Capacitance Method.

a) Calculate the heat transfer coefficient assuming the sphere behaves as a spacewise
isothermal object (7 marks)
b) Justify that the sphere behaves as a spacewise isothermal object (3 marks)
Question 7

Steel shafts of 0.25-m diameter are heat treated in a gas-fired furnace whose gases are at 1400
K and provide a convection coefficient of 90 W/m2 K. If the shafts enter the furnace at 298 K, how
long must they remain in the furnace to achieve a centerline temperature of 800 K? (10 marks)
Properties: Steel, 𝑇̅ = 0.5(800 + 298) = 550 𝐾 ρ= 7832 kg/m3, k= 51.2 W/mK, cp= 541 J/Kg K,
α= 1.21 × 10−5 m2/s. Apply the Lumped Capacitance Method.

Question 8
Experimental results for heat transfer over a at plate with an extremely rough surface were
found to be correlated by an expression of the form
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.04 𝑅𝑒𝑥0.9 𝑃𝑟1/3
where 𝑁𝑢𝑥 is the local value of the Nusselt number at a position x measured from the leading
edge of the plate. Obtain an expression for the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient ̅̅̅
ℎ𝑥
to the local coefficient hx. (10 marks)
Hint: ̅̅̅
ℎ𝑥 can be calculated by integrating hx over entire length x.
 CH203: Heat and Mass Transfer
January 02 to April 29, 2025, 11:00-11:50 AM, Location: M1
Assigned: 08/02/2025 Due: 20/02/2025, 4:00 PM (to TA)
Assignment 1 (Total marks:100)

Question 9
Experimental measurements of the convection heat transfer coefficient for a square bar in cross
flow (see Figure) yielded the following values:
̅̅̅
ℎ1 = 50 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 when 𝑉1 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
̅̅̅
ℎ2 = 40 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 when 𝑉2 = 15 𝑚/𝑠

Assume that the functional form of the Nusselt number is:

Question 10

Common practice in chemical processing plants is to clad pipe insulation with a durable, thick
aluminum foil. The functions of the foil are to confine the batt insulation and to reduce heat transfer
by radiation to the surroundings. Because of the presence of chlorine (at chlorine or seaside
plants), the aluminum foil surface, which is initially bright, becomes etched with time. Typically,
the emissivity might change from 0.12 at installation to 0.36 with extended service. For a 300-
mm-diameter foil-covered pipe whose surface temperature is 90°C, what will be the % difference
in heat loss from the pipe in quiescent air due to degradation of the foil finish? Ambient air is at
25°C. Consider radiation too. (10 marks)

1/6 2
0.387 𝑅𝑎𝐷
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = { 0.06 + } for 105< RaD < 1012
⌈1+ (0.559/ 𝑃𝑟) 9/16 8/27
⌉