Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │

Name: Jan Amber U. Lismoras Instructor: Prof. Dario V. Gawala

Year & Section: BSME-1B ME Technology 1

TOPICS DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION

1. Define metallurgy. Metallurgy is the science and technology of
extracting metals from ores and modifying
the extracted raw metals into a purer form.
It involves processes such as mining,
smelting, and refining to produce metals for
various applications..

2. What are the two There are two primary sources of metals ,
sources of metal? Mining ores such as Hematite (iron ore),
Bauxite (aluminum ore), Galena(lead ore),
and Gold ores are extracted directly from
the earth. The other source of metal is
through recycling metals from scrap
materials such as used tin cans, broken
down metal frames, et ., by melting them
down in a blast furnace and making new
materials from them

3. What are the 2 The two broad kinds of metal are ferrous
kinds of metal? metals and non-ferrous metals,
distinguished by their iron content. Ferrous
metals, which contain iron, are magnetic
and prone to rust, while non-ferrous metals,
lacking iron, are non-magnetic and more
resistant to corrosion.
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │

4. What are the Ferrous metals are types of metals that

example of ferrous contain a significant amount of iron, known
metal and its uses for their strength, durability, and magnetic
and function? properties. Examples are steel-an alloy of
iron and carbon widely used as a
construction materials, automotive parts,
and some household items, cast iron-
known for its high carbon content and
excellent casting properties, typically used
in cookware, pipes and fittings, and
machinery parts, stainless steel - contains
chromium for corrosion resistance, used as
kitchen utensils, medical instrument etc.,
high-carbon steel- contains a high amount
of carbon, used in tools and cutting
equipment
5. What are the Non-ferrous metals tend to be more
example of non expensive than ferrous metals but are used
ferrus metal and its for their desirable properties, including light
function or uses? weight (aluminium), high conductivity
(copper), non magnetic properties or
resistance to corrosion (zinc). Some of the
uses of non-ferrous metals
include construction, making tools,
electrical cables, vehicle engines, pipelines,
containers, and even cutlery.
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │

6. What is the ASME

and SAE The American Society of Mechanical
classification of Engineers (ASME) and the Society of
metals and its Automotive Engineers (SAE) are two
function and uses? prominent organizations that develop
standards for materials, including metals,
used in various industries. ASME provides
standards for materials used in mechanical
engineering applications, specifying
chemical composition, mechanical
properties, and testing requirements. These
standards are widely used in industries like
power generation, petrochemical, and
pressure vessels, ensuring the quality and
safety of materials used in critical
applications. For instance, ASME's material
specifications, such as SA-516 for pressure
vessel steel plates, are crucial in the
construction of boilers, tanks, and piping
systems.
On the other hand, SAE focuses on the
automotive industry, developing standards
for materials used in vehicle manufacturing.
SAE's material designations, like SAE 4130
for chromium-molybdenum steel, are used
to identify materials with specific properties
and applications. These standards are not
only limited to the automotive sector but
also extend to aerospace and industrial
equipment, where high-performance
materials are essential. By establishing
standardized material specifications and
designations, both ASME and SAE enable
industries to select and utilize materials
that meet specific requirements, thereby
ensuring the performance, safety, and
reliability of their products. Ultimately, the
standards set by ASME and SAE play a vital
role in advancing technology and innovation
in their respective fields.
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │

7. What are the The microstructure of metals refers to the

Micro structure of internal structure of metals at the
metal? microscopic level, encompassing features
such as grain structure, phase distribution,
and defects. The arrangement of crystalline
grains, for instance, can significantly impact
mechanical properties like strength and
ductility. Additionally, the presence and
distribution of different phases, such as
precipitates or inclusions, can influence
properties like corrosion resistance and
strength. Defects, including dislocations,
vacancies, or impurities, can also affect the
metal's behavior. The microstructure is
shaped by factors like composition,
processing history, and heat treatment,
which can alter the metal's properties.
Understanding the microstructure is
essential for predicting metal behavior,
optimizing properties, and developing new
materials for various applications. By
examining the microstructure, researchers
and engineers can tailor materials to meet
specific requirements, ultimately driving
innovation and improvement in fields like
aerospace, automotive, and construction.
8. What are the Metals have distinct physical properties
properties of metal? including high malleability, ductility, and
tensile strength, a characteristic lustrous
(shiny) appearance, high density, and
excellent thermal and electrical
conductivity. Chemically, they are
electropositive elements that tend to lose
electrons to form positive ions (cations)
and often form basic oxides.
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │

9. What are the Common Properties of Metals

common properties
Malleability – Metals can be hammered or rolled into
of metal and its
sheets without breaking.
function or uses? Use/Function: Useful in making foils, roofing sheets,
and car bodies.

Ductility – Metals can be stretched into wires.

Use/Function: Important for making electrical wires,
cables, and springs.

Conductivity – Metals are good conductors of heat

and electricity.
Use/Function: Used in cooking utensils, electrical
wiring, and electronic components.

Luster (Shininess) – Metals have a shiny surface

when polished.
Use/Function: Ideal for jewelry, coins, and decorative
materials.

Strength and Hardness – Many metals are strong

and hard.
Use/Function: Essential for construction materials,
tools, and machinery.

Sonority – Metals produce a ringing sound when

struck.
Use/Function: Used in bells, musical instruments,
and gongs.

High Melting and Boiling Points – Metals generally

require high temperature to melt.
Use/Function: Suitable for making cooking pots,
industrial equipment, and engines.

Density and Weight – Metals are usually dense and

heavy.
Use/Function: Useful in building structures,
shipbuilding, and vehicles.
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │

10. Who is the There isn't a single "founder" of metallurgy,

founder of as its origins are ancient and dispersed,
metallurgy? with the first evidence of copper smelting
appearing in the Vinča culture of Europe
around 7,000 years ago. However, Georgius
Agricola (1494–1555) is often called
the "father of metallurgy" for his
comprehensive 16th-century book, De re
metallica, which documented mining and
metal extraction processes and helped
establish metallurgy as a scientific
discipline.

11. What are the There are several kinds of metallurgy, each
kinds of metallurgy with its own specific focus and
and its uses or applications:
function 1. Extractive Metallurgy
Extractive metallurgy involves the extraction
of metals from ores and minerals. This
process includes mining, crushing, grinding,
and separating the metal from the ore.
2. Physical Metallurgy
Physical metallurgy focuses on the physical
properties and behavior of metals, including
their structure, properties, and performance.
This branch of metallurgy is concerned with
understanding the relationships between
the microstructure, properties, and
processing of metals.
3. Process Metallurgy
Process metallurgy involves the
development and optimization of industrial
processes for extracting, refining, and
shaping metals. This includes processes
like smelting, refining, and casting.
4. Mechanical Metallurgy
Mechanical metallurgy deals with the
behavior of metals under mechanical
stress, including their strength, ductility, and
toughness. This branch of metallurgy is
essential for designing and optimizing
metal components for various applications.
5. Chemical Metallurgy
Chemical metallurgy involves the chemical
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │
reactions and processes used in extracting
and refining metals. This includes
hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and
electrometallurgy.

The uses of metallurgy are diverse and

widespread, including:
- *Aerospace*: Lightweight, high-strength
metals like aluminum and titanium are used
in aircraft and spacecraft.
- *Automotive*: Steel, aluminum, and other
metals are used in vehicle manufacturing
for body panels, engine components, and
other parts.
- *Construction*: Metals like steel and
aluminum are used in building frames,
roofing, and other structural components.
- *Energy*: Metals like copper and steel are
used in power generation and transmission
infrastructure.
- *Medical*: Metals like titanium and
stainless steel are used in medical implants
and surgical instruments.

SYNTHESIS:

My understanding of metallurgy is that it is the backbone of modern industry, and it's all about
working with metals. Metallurgy involves extracting metals from ores and minerals, and then
refining them into a purer form. We get metals from two main sources: mining ores directly from
the earth or recycling metals from scrap materials.

There are two main types of metals: ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron, which
makes them magnetic and prone to rust. Examples include steel, cast iron, and stainless steel.
These metals are super strong and durable, which is why they're often used in construction,
automotive parts, and even medical instruments. On the other hand, non-ferrous metals don't
contain iron, so they're non-magnetic and more resistant to corrosion. Metals like aluminum,
copper, and zinc - these are used in everything from electrical wiring to aerospace engineering.

Now, when it comes to classifying metals, organizations like the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) play a crucial role. They develop
 Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CPG North Avenue, Pob. II, 6330, Bohol, Philippines
College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial
Design Balance │ Integrity │ Stewardship │
standards for materials used in various industries, ensuring that metals meet specific
requirements for safety, performance, and reliability. For instance, ASME standards are widely
used in power generation, petrochemical, and pressure vessel industries, while SAE standards are
key in the automotive and aerospace sectors.

The microstructure of metals is what makes them versatile. This includes features like grain
structure, phase distribution, and defects, all of which can significantly impact a metal's properties.
Understanding this microstructure is essential for predicting how metals will behave under
different conditions and for developing new materials that meet specific needs.

Metals are malleable, ductile, and have high tensile strength, which means they can be shaped,
stretched, and used in structural applications without breaking. They're also great conductors of
heat and electricity, which is why you'll find them in everything from cooking pots to electronic
components.

There are different branches of metallurgy, each focusing on specific aspects of metal production
and application. Extractive metallurgy is all about getting metals out of ores and minerals.
Physical metallurgy looks at the physical properties and behavior of metals. Process metallurgy
involves developing and optimizing industrial processes for metal production. Mechanical
metallurgy deals with how metals behave under stress, and chemical metallurgy involves the
chemical reactions used in metal extraction and refining.

The applications of metallurgy are vast. From aerospace and automotive to construction, energy,
and medical devices, metals play a critical role in modern technology. Whether it's building
stronger, lighter aircraft or developing more efficient power transmission systems, metallurgy is at
the heart of innovation.