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## Orthogonal Signal Space
- Signals can be viewed as vectors within an **orthogonal vector
space**, a mathematical framework that enables structured analysis.
- In this space, **inner products** allow signals to be decomposed
into simpler, orthogonal components—functions that span the entire
space.
- This perspective forms the foundation for signal representation and
manipulation in both time and frequency domains.
---
## Fourier Basis Functions
- The **Fourier basis functions**—sines and cosines—are inherently
**mutually orthogonal**, making them ideal for representing complex
signals.
- These functions serve as the fundamental building blocks for
periodic signals, enabling their decomposition into frequency
components.
- This orthogonality simplifies analysis and supports efficient signal
reconstruction.
---
## Trigonometric Continuous-Time Fourier Series (CTFS)
- Any periodic continuous-time signal can be expressed as a weighted
sum of trigonometric functions:
$$
x(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} C_n e^{j n \omega_0 t}
$$
where \( C_n \) are the **Fourier coefficients** and \( \omega_0 \)
is the **fundamental frequency**.
- These coefficients are computed using **integration over one
period**, capturing the signal’s frequency content.
- This representation is central to understanding how signals behave
in the frequency domain.
---
## ⚡ Exponential Fourier Series
- The **exponential form** of the Fourier series offers a compact and
algebraically convenient way to represent periodic signals:
$$
x(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty c_n e^{j n \omega_0 t}
$$
where \( c_n \) are **complex-valued coefficients**.
- This formulation is particularly useful for mathematical operations
such as differentiation, convolution, and system analysis.
---
## Key Properties of Fourier Series
- The Fourier series exhibits several important properties:
- **Linearity:** Superposition applies directly to the series.
- **Time-Shifting:** Shifting a signal affects the phase of its
coefficients.
- **Symmetry:** Even and odd signals yield specific patterns in
their Fourier coefficients.
- **Convergence:** The series converges to the original signal under
certain conditions, with implications for both theory and practice.
---
## Existence and Practical Applications
- A Fourier series representation exists if the signal satisfies
**Dirichlet conditions**:
- It must be **absolutely integrable** over a period.
- It should have a **finite number of discontinuities** and extrema.
- Applications include:
- **Signal synthesis**: Constructing signals from frequency
components.
- **Signal analysis**: Understanding behavior and structure in the
frequency domain.
