ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM
Case Study
Roll No : 25313, 25314, 25315
INTRODUCTION
What is an Operating System ?
An Operating System (OS) is a system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides services for computer programs. It acts as an interface between the
user and the hardware, allowing users to interact with the device without needing to
understand complex machine code.
What is an Android Operating System ?
Android is an open-source mobile operating system primarily designed for touchscreen
mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It is based on the Linux kernel and developed
by Google. It offers a user-friendly interface and supports a vast ecosystem of apps via the
Google Play Store.
IMPORTANCE AND POPULARITY IN THE MARKET
Android is the most widely used mobile OS globally.
It powers billions of devices, from smartphones and tablets to smart TVs, watches, and
even cars.
Due to its open-source nature, it is adopted by many device manufacturers (OEMs),
making it accessible in both budget and premium segment.
Key Statistics:
Android holds approximately 70% of the global smartphone OS market share.
Over 3 billion active Android devices globally.
Millions of apps are available on the Google Play Store, serving a wide range of user
needs.
HISTORY OF ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM
The concept behind Android emerged in the early 2000s when Android Inc. sought to
develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras. However, the company quickly
pivoted to the smartphone market. In 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., recognizing its
potential to compete with established mobile platforms. After years of development, Android
1.0 was released in 2008 on the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1), marking the beginning of a
revolutionary journey in mobile computing.
Since then, Android has evolved significantly, with each version introducing innovative
features like multitasking, voice assistance, better UI design, and security improvements. Its
development is overseen by the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), making it a
collaborative effort involving Google, developers, and OEMs globally.
IMPORTANCE AND POPULARITY IN THE MARKET
Android is the most widely used mobile OS globally.
It powers billions of devices, from smartphones and tablets to smart TVs, watches, and
even cars.
Due to its open-source nature, it is adopted by many device manufacturers (OEMs),
making it accessible in both budget and premium segment.
Key Statistics:
Android holds approximately 70% of the global smartphone OS market share.
Over 3 billion active Android devices globally.
Millions of apps are available on the Google Play Store, serving a wide range of user
needs.
FEATURES OF ANDROID OPERATING
1. Open-Source Nature:
• Android is maintained under the Android Open Source Project (AOSP).
• Developers and OEMs can modify the OS to suit their requirements.
2. Multitasking:
• Users can run multiple applications simultaneously.
• Recent apps button allows quick switching between active apps.
3. Customization:
• Users can change wallpapers, widgets, launchers, themes, and even ROMs.
• Offers a more personalized experience than most other OS.
4. Notification System:
• Real-time notifications for messages, emails, app updates, and more.
• Actionable notifications (reply, delete, etc.) directly from the notification panel.
5. Google Integration:
• Tight integration with Google services: Gmail, Maps, Drive, Google Assistant, YouTube, etc.
• Syncing across multiple devices using a single Google account.
6. App Ecosystem:
• Access to the Google Play Store with millions of apps across various categories.
• Encourages both free and paid app development.
7. Device Versatility:
• Android runs on smartphones, tablets, smart TVs (Android TV), smartwatches (Wear OS),
cars (Android Auto), and IoT devices.
8. Multiple Language Support:
• Supports hundreds of global and regional languages, enhancing accessibility.
9. File Management System:
• Built-in file manager allows users to browse, move, delete, and share files easily.
10. Voice Assistant:
• Google Assistant offers voice-activated commands, smart replies, and voice search.
11. Split Screen Mode:
• Enables users to use two apps side-by-side, improving productivity.
12. Dark Mode:
• Reduces eye strain and conserves battery by applying a dark theme to the UI.
13. Battery Optimization:
• Includes adaptive battery features and power-saving modes.
14. Biometric Authentication:
• Supports fingerprint, facial recognition, and other secure login methods.
15. Nearby Share:
• Easily share files with nearby Android devices without internet.
16. Digital Wellbeing Tools:
• Track screen time, set app limits, and focus modes to promote healthy usage.
17. Accessibility Features:
• Screen readers, magnification gestures, and captions for users with disabilities.
18. Secure Folder & App Lock:
• Offers private storage and app locking features for privacy.
19. Regular Security Updates:
• Monthly patches from Google and OEMs to address vulnerabilities.
20. Developer Friendly:
• Tools like Android Studio, Kotlin support, and testing frameworks make development easy
and efficient.
ANDROID VS OTHER OPERATING SYSTEM
CRITERIA ANDROID OS iOS(APPLE) HARMONY
Source Model Open-source Closed-source Hybrid
Device Variety High Low Medium
Customization Extensive Limited Moderate
App Store Google play store Apple App Store App Gallery
Sideloading Apps Yes (apk) No Yes
Update Speed Slow Fast Fast
User Interface Highly custom Uniform and clean EMUI-based
Security Good Very strict Growing
Price Range Budget Premium Mid-flagship
User Base 3+ Billion 1.5+ Billion Growing in China
Why People Prefer Android Over Other Operating Systems:
Android is more accessible due to its availability across all budget ranges.
It allows for deep customization, which is not possible in other OS like iOS or KaiOS.
Availability of multiple app stores and APK sideloading supports a wider choice of apps.
Greater device variety from many brands offers more options based on user preference.
Google services integration offers convenience and ecosystem support across platforms.
Android supports innovation in hardware features (e.g., foldable phones, fast charging,
in-display fingerprint).
Developers and enthusiasts prefer Android for its open-source and flexible development
environment.
ANDROID SECURITY
Android Security refers to the comprehensive set of technologies, practices, and frameworks
implemented to protect Android devices, apps, data, and users from potential threats. Given
its open-source nature and widespread usage across billions of devices globally, security has
always been a critical focus for Android’s development. Google has implemented a multi-
layered security model that starts at the hardware level and extends through the operating
system, app environment, and cloud-based services. Core components include app
sandboxing, Google Play Protect (which scans billions of apps daily), monthly security
patches, secure boot, and data encryption. In recent years, Android has introduced biometric
authentication (fingerprint, face unlock), granular permission controls, and on-device AI-
based threat detection. These security features aim to protect user data, prevent malware,
and ensure device integrity while still allowing the flexibility and openness that Android is
known for.
1. App Permissions & Sandboxing
Definition:
Each app runs in its own sandboxed environment and must request permissions for accessing
sensitive data (camera, location, contacts).
Impacts:
Protects user data from unauthorized access.
Limits malicious apps' ability to harm the system.
Command (Developer Tip):
Use AndroidManifest.xml to declare permissions and runtime permission checks for
dangerous permissions (Android 6.0+).
Example:
A weather app must ask permission to access location at runtime.
2. Google Play Protect
Definition:
A built-in malware protection tool that scans apps from the Play Store and device.
Impacts:
Identifies and removes harmful apps.
Offers real-time protection and alerts.
Example:
Play Protect warns if an app tries to access user data without permission.
3. Monthly Security Patches
Definition:
Google releases monthly patches to fix discovered vulnerabilities in Android.
Impacts:
Reduces the window of opportunity for attackers.
Keeps devices safer, especially in enterprise environments.
Example:
A patch may fix a flaw that lets attackers bypass lock screen security.
4. Encryption & Biometric Authentication
Definition:
Encryption scrambles data so unauthorized users can't read it.
Biometrics like fingerprint or face recognition authenticate users.
Impacts:
Enhances device privacy.
Prevents unauthorized access to sensitive data.
Example:
Android uses File-based Encryption (FBE) and Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to
safeguard biometric data.
5. Common Vulnerabilities & Google’s Solutions
Definition:
Typical threats include root exploits, phishing apps, spyware, and permission abuse.
Google’s Response:
Android Security Rewards Program.
Google Play Protect + SafetyNet.
Regular platform updates and vetting of apps on Play Store.
Example:
Stage fright vulnerability led to major security reforms and monthly patching.
ANDROID ECOSYSTEM
The Android Ecosystem is a vast, interconnected network of devices, services, developers,
manufacturers, and users that revolve around the Android Operating System. Far beyond just
smartphones, this ecosystem encompasses tablets, smart TVs (Android TV), wearables (Wear
OS), automobiles (Android Auto), and Internet of Things (IoT) devices powered by Android
Things. It thrives on collaboration between Google and hundreds of Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) like Samsung, Xiaomi, OnePlus, Oppo, and many others. Additionally,
app developers contribute through millions of apps hosted on the Google Play Store, offering
diverse functionalities and enhancing user experience. The Android Ecosystem also benefits
from tight integration with Google services—such as Gmail, Google Assistant, Maps, Drive,
and YouTube—creating a seamless digital environment. Its flexibility, scalability, and global
reach have positioned Android as the backbone of digital transformation across industries
and demographics.
1. Range of Supported Devices
Definition:
Android powers a variety of hardware including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, cars
(Android Auto), and wearables (Wear OS).
Impacts:
High market reach and flexibility.
Common platform for developers across form factors.
Example:
Apps can be developed to work seamlessly on both phones and Android TV.
2. OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)
Definition:
Companies like Samsung, Xiaomi, Oppo, OnePlus use Android as the base OS and customize it
for their hardware.
Impacts:
Boost innovation through hardware/software integration.
Offer users multiple choices.
Example:
Samsung uses Android with One UI and adds exclusive features like DeX.
3. Custom Skins
Definition:
OEMs add custom layers/UI over stock Android — e.g., MIUI (Xiaomi), One UI (Samsung),
OxygenOS (OnePlus).
Impacts:
Enhanced features & brand identity.
Can lead to performance issues or update delays.
Example:
MIUI includes advanced privacy features and a theme store, but may delay Android version
updates.
4. Role of Google Mobile Services (GMS)
Definition:
A suite of proprietary apps and APIs (Google Maps, Play Store, Gmail, YouTube) provided by
Google.
Impacts:
Central to the Android experience for most users.
Ensures app compatibility and access to Google ecosystem.
Example:
GMS allows third-party apps to integrate Google Maps API easily.
Introduction to Challenges and Criticism of Android OS
While Android is the world’s most popular mobile operating system, it is not without its
challenges and criticisms. Due to its open-source nature, wide adoption across a diverse
range of devices, and reliance on third-party manufacturers, Android faces unique hurdles in
maintaining consistency, performance, and security. Issues such as device fragmentation,
delayed software updates, bloatware from OEMs, and varying levels of app quality have
sparked ongoing debate among users, developers, and tech experts. Additionally, concerns
around privacy, malware vulnerability, and the lack of centralized control compared to closed
systems like iOS have also drawn criticism. Despite Google's continuous efforts to address
these problems through security updates, optimization, and developer tools, Android must
constantly evolve to overcome these challenges and meet the demands of a rapidly changing
digital landscape.
Challenges Faced by Operating Systems
1. Security Threats – Constant exposure to malware, spyware, and unauthorized access
requires robust and evolving security mechanisms.
2. Fragmentation – Especially in Android, a wide variety of devices and OS versions create
inconsistency in performance, updates, and compatibility.|
3. Hardware Compatibility – Ensuring the OS works smoothly across diverse hardware
configurations is complex and often leads to bugs or performance gaps.
4. Software Bugs and Glitches – Regular updates may introduce bugs, impacting usability or
causing app crashes and instability.
5. Resource Management – Efficiently managing CPU, memory, and battery life is critical,
especially for mobile and embedded systems.
6. User Privacy Concerns – Balancing personalization features with user privacy and data
protection is a growing challenge.
7. Timely Updates – Delivering frequent and consistent updates, especially on devices not
directly controlled by the OS developer (e.g., OEMs using Android), is difficult.
8. Application Compatibility – New OS versions can break app functionality, requiring
developers to constantly adapt their software.
9. Vendor Modifications – OEMs often heavily modify the OS (e.g., Android skins), which can
slow down performance and delay updates.
10. Scalability Across Devices – Adapting the OS to function optimally across phones,
tablets, TVs, cars, and wearables without losing performance or usability is a major
technical hurdle.
1. Fragmentation & Update Delays
Definition:
Due to multiple OEMs and custom UIs, not all devices receive timely Android updates.
Impacts:
Security vulnerabilities stay unpatched.
Developers face compatibility issues.
Example:
A 2-year-old budget phone may still run Android 11 while Android 14 is the latest.
2. Security Concerns
Definition:
Open ecosystem and app sideloading increase the risk of malware and data theft.
Impacts:
Low-trust third-party apps can compromise device security.
Users often unaware of risks.
Example:
Malicious APKs from outside the Play Store can steal user credentials.
3. Bloatware & OEM Customizations
Definition:
Pre-installed apps (often non-removable) added by OEMs or carriers.
Impacts:
Consume storage and RAM.
Affect performance and battery.
Example:
Budget devices come with 10–20 preloaded apps from third parties.
4. Play Store App Quality Control
Definition:
Despite efforts, low-quality, fake, or malicious apps sometimes bypass Google’s checks.
Impacts:
User trust is affected.
Potential for data leaks or scams.
Example:
Fake loan apps or phishing apps that mimic popular services.
ANDROID ARCHITECTURE
The Android architecture refers to the layered structure of components that make up the
Android operating system. It is designed to provide a flexible, secure, and performance-
optimized environment for mobile devices. The architecture follows a modular approach,
divided into four key layers: Linux Kernel, Native Libraries & Android Runtime (ART),
Application Framework, and the Applications Layer. At the base, the Linux Kernel serves as a
bridge between hardware and software, handling low-level tasks like memory, power, and
device management. Above it, native C/C++ libraries and ART provide core functionalities and
app execution support. The Application Framework offers APIs that developers use to build
powerful, responsive apps, while the topmost Applications Layer includes all system and
user-installed apps. This layered structure allows Android to maintain scalability across
device types, encourage customization by OEMs, and support a rich ecosystem of apps and
services. Its modularity also ensures security and flexibility, making Android suitable for a
wide range of smart devices—from phones to TVs, wearables, and beyond
🔹 1. Linux Kernel Layer
At the base of the Android architecture lies the Linux Kernel, which acts as a bridge
between the hardware and software components.
It handles all the low-level functionalities of the device such as process management,
memory management, power management, and device drivers.
Android uses a modified version of the Linux kernel to support features specific to mobile
devices, such as wake locks and low memory killer.
It enables communication between hardware (CPU, camera, display, etc.) and upper
software layers.
Though users and developers rarely interact directly with this layer, it is vital for device
stability and performance.
🔹 2. Native Libraries and Android Runtime (ART)
Above the Linux kernel lies a set of native libraries written in C and C++.
These libraries include essential components such as:
WebKit for rendering web content
SQLite for database support
OpenGL and Skia for 2D/3D graphics
SSL for internet security
These libraries are accessed via the Android Application Framework and are critical to
application performance.
Android Runtime (ART):
Replaces the older Dalvik Virtual Machine to run applications more efficiently.
Uses Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation to improve execution speed, reduce power
consumption, and enhance memory usage.
Each Android app runs in its own process with its own instance of ART, adding a security
layer by isolating apps from one another.
🔹 3. Application Framework Layer
This is the layer where Android developers directly interact while building apps.
It provides a structured API environment that gives access to high-level services required
to create applications.
Components of this layer include:
Activity Manager – Manages the lifecycle of apps and activity stacks.
Window Manager – Controls window behavior and UI rendering.
Package Manager – Keeps track of installed apps.
Content Providers – Facilitates data sharing between apps.
Location Manager, Notification Manager, Resource Manager, and others to manage
user interface, input, and device-specific resources.
By using these APIs, developers can control hardware features, interact with the system,
and manage app behavior.
🔹 4. Applications Layer
This is the topmost layer where users interact with their device.
It includes both pre-installed system apps (like Phone, Contacts, Messages) and user-
installed apps (like Instagram, WhatsApp, etc.).
Each application runs in its own sandboxed environment to ensure that apps do not
directly interfere with one another, enhancing security and stability.
Developers build apps using the Android SDK, and users access them through launchers
and widgets.
FUTURE OF ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM
Key Drivers Shaping the Future of Android OS
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
Android is rapidly integrating AI and ML to deliver hyper-personalized, smarter, and more
adaptive user experiences. Features like Google Assistant, predictive text, and real-time
language translation are now standard.
Developers are leveraging ML Kit and advanced SDKs to implement image labeling, face
detection, and context-aware applications, enhancing both accessibility and
performance.
AI-driven personalization is expected to deepen, with on-device AI processing improving
privacy and speed.
2. 5G and Enhanced Connectivity
The proliferation of 5G networks is enabling richer, more immersive mobile experiences,
including high-quality video streaming, cloud gaming, AR/VR, and real-time collaboration
tools.
Android’s architecture is evolving to support these data-intensive applications,
positioning itself as a hub for IoT and smart devices.
3. Foldable and Multi-Screen Devices
Android is leading in supporting innovative form factors such as foldable smartphones
and dual-screen devices. Updates to the OS now offer better multi-window support and
adaptive layouts, allowing developers to create dynamic, flexible user interfaces.
4. Privacy and Security
With growing user concerns, Android has introduced Scoped Storage, Permissions
Manager, Privacy Dashboard, and anti-scammer safeguards. These features provide users
with granular control over their data and enhance compliance with global privacy
regulations.
Advanced Protection Mode and automatic hiding of sensitive notifications are part of the
latest releases.
5. Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and Cloud Integration
Android’s support for PWAs enables users to install lightweight, web-based apps directly
from browsers, reducing development costs and improving offline functionality.
Cloud services and edge computing are being leveraged for real-time data processing
and smarter IoT applications.
6. Integration with Wearables and IoT
Android Wear OS is expanding, offering advanced health monitoring, fitness tracking, and
seamless device synchronization. The ecosystem is set to grow with the integration of
more sensors and real-time health applications.
