COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS BUSINESS AREAS

OF FIELDS

1. Production 7. Marketing
2. Scheduling 8. Prepare Marketing Documents
3. Accounting 9. Marketing and Advertising
 Invoicing 10.Websites and Advertising
 Accounts Receivables 11.Customer Interaction
 Account Payable 12.CRM
 General Ledger 13.Communication
 Payroll 14.Networking
4. Inventory Management 15.Research
5. Capital Budgeting 16.Data Mining
6. Budgeting and Forecasting 17.HRM

Ref Pg No 52-59
 INTERNET

Internet is the world’s largest computer network. The word internet was
coined from the word “Inter connection and Network’’. The internet is a
network or more precisely “Inter-network” of hundreds of connecting
networks made up of different types of computers all the world that can
share messages and information with one another.it is described as the
network of networks.
 HISTORY OF INTERNET
• The history of the internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950’s
• The US Department of defence awarded contracts as early as the 1960’s for packet network systems,
including the development of the ARPANET(which would become the first network to use IP).
• In 1973, the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to
investigate techniques an d technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds.
• The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to
communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the internetting project
and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the “Internet”.
• Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the
Computer Science Network(CSNET).
• In 1982,the Internet Protocol Suite(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the
ARPANET.
• Electronic mail over ARPANET was a great success. This has given birth to the INTERNET.
• The main turning point in the history of internet was in 1991,when NSF removed restrictions and allowed
commercial traffic into internet.
• In April 1995,the US Government further relaxed control of the internet to independent government to
independent governing bodies, which taken away the restrictions for Internet access
• Ever since commercial use of internet was allowed, the growth in subscribers and traffic has been
phenomenal.
• According to Internet Society estimates, the internet now has 30 million users on 10 million computers
connected to over 24000 networks in over 100 countries. It is often said that there has been no other
technology or innovation in the modern
 Pg no 61-62
INTERNET ACCESS

Fibre Optics
Cable Modem
dsl
 INTERNET PROTOCOLS
A communication protocol allows different kinds of computers using different operating systems
to communicate with one another. It is highly essential because internet is not made up of any
single type of computer system. Instead there are great diversities found in the computers used
on the internet. The user connected on any network on the internet can communicate with others
or software located on any other network connected to the internet using common set of
protocols. An Internet Protocol is a set of standards or rules for exchanging information between
computer systems in a network. The most commonly used protocols are:
1.Transmision Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
3. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
4. Telnet
5. Gopher
6. Wide Area Information Service (WAIS)
• Transmision Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP is actually a collection of protocols that govern the way travel from one computer to another computer
across networks .A user connected on any network on the internet can communicate with people or software located
on any other network connected to the internet using this common set of protocols, the TCP/IP. Thus any computer
that speaks the language TCP/IP can talk to any internet machine .Simply this is the set of standards (Protocols) for
data transmission and error correction that allows the transfer of data from one computer to another computer over
internet.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP is the protocol or set of rules, which enables files to be transferred between computers. It is a powerful tool
which allows files to be transferred from one computer to another computer. FTP works on the client / server
principle. A client program enables the user to interact with a server in order to access information and services on
the server computer. Files that can be transferred are stored on Server computers. A client can access these files only
through a client application program. This program helps a client computer to locate required file to be transferred
and starts the process of transfer. To access other computer, user has to normally supply a login name and password
and after that he can access the computers file dictionary system and can upload (send) and download (receive) files.
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HTTP is an internet standard or set of rules that allows the exchange of information on the World Wide Web
(WWW).Hyper Text is a method of preparing and publishing text ideally suited to the computer, in which users can
select their own text. To prepare hyper text, the whole material should be divided into small segments such as single
pages of text. These small segments are called nodes. Then hyper links (also called anchors)are embedded in the text
.When the user clicks on a hyper link, the hyper text software displays a different node. The process of navigating
among the linked in this way is called ‘browsing’. a collection of nodes that are interconnected by hyper links is
called a Web.
• Telnet
Telnet is an internet protocol or set of rules that enables internet users to connect to another
computer linked to the internet. This process is also called as remote login. The user’s computer is
referred to as the local computer and the computer being connected to is referred to as remote or host
computer. Once access is established between local and host computer, local computer can give
commands so that they are executed in the host computer.
• Gopher
Gopher is a protocol linked to the internet to search, retrieve and display documents from remote
sites on the internet.It is a menu based program that helps the user to find files, programs, definitions
and other topics that the user specifies. Gopher protocol allows the user to free from the troubles of
specifying the details of host, directory and file names.
• Wide Area Information Service (WAIS)
WAIS stands for Wide Area Information Service. WAIS is a internet search tool and describes as a
protocol for computer to computer information retrieval. It is a program that permits the user to search
information worldwide based on a service of key words. WAIS has the capacity of simultaneously
searching in more than one database.