BLOCK 2(II): REFRIGERATING MACHINES

1. Imagine that you have a freezer at home that operates according to the Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools at a
speed of 850 KJ/h. The temperature of your freezer should be appropriate for preserving food.
interior, approximately -12 ºC. In your house, the ambient temperature is about 21 ºC.
Determine: a) The power that the freezer motor must have to fulfill its mission.
b) The power that the engine should have in case the efficiency were only 50% of
ideal Carnot efficiency.

Tc
850 KJ / h
Qc

Tf = -12 ºC = 273 + (-12) = 261 ºK

W
21 ºC = 273 + 21 = 294 K
Qf
Tf Carnot Refrigeration Cycle:

Tf 261 261
IDEAL 7.91
Tc T f294 261 33
Qf Qf 850KJ
IDEAL W 107.46KJ (in 1 hour)
W IDEAL 7.91
1000J1h
107.46 KJ/h 107.46 KJ/h 29.85 J/s 29.85W
1KJ3600s

50
MACHINE IDEAL 7.91 3,955
100
Qf Qf 850KJ
MACHINE W 214.92KJ (in 1 hour)
W MACHINE 3,955
1000J1h
214.92 kJ/h 214.92 kJ/h 59.70 J/s 59.70W
1KJ3600s

1
A heat pump that operates according to the Carnot cycle takes heat from the outside, which is at a
temperature of 5 ºC and introduces it into a room that is at 22 ºC, at a rate of 50000 KJ/h.
Determine: a) The power that the heat pump motor must have to meet the indicated requirements.
b) If the performance of the heat pump were 48% of the ideal Carnot efficiency, what
Should it then be the power of the engine?

Tc
50000 KJ / h
Qc

Tf = 5 ºC = 273 + 5 = 278 ºK

W
Tc = 22 ºC = 273 + 22 = 295 ºK
Qf
Tf Carnot Cycle as a Heat Pump:

Tc 295 295
IDEAL 17.35
Tc  T f295 278 17
Qc Qc 50000KJ
IDEAL W 2881.84 KJ (in 1 hour)
W IDEAL 17.35
1000J1h
2881.84 KJ/h 2881.84 KJ/h 800.51 J/s 800.51W
1KJ3600s

48
MACHINE IDEAL 17.35 8,328
100
Qc Qc 50000KJ
MACHINE W 6003.84KJ (in 1 hour)
W MACHINE 8,328
1000J1h
6003.84KJ/h 6003.84KJ/h 1667.73 J/s 1667.73W
1KJ3600s

2
3.- A car is traveling at a speed of 80 km/h, and it is desired to maintain its interior at a temperature of 20 ºC.
being the external environment at 32 ºC. For this, the car's air conditioning system must absorb
15000 kJ/h for heat transfer. What additional power must the engine develop to maintain the
air conditioner?
a) In the case of a reversible (ideal) operation of the installation.
b) And with a functioning efficiency equal to half of the ideal.

Tc
Qf = 15000 KJ / h
Qc

Tf = 20 °C = 273 + 20 = 293 K

W
Tc = 32 ºC = 273 + 32 = 305 K
Qf
Tf Carnot Refrigeration Cycle:

a)
Tf 293 293
f 24.42
Tc  T f 305 293 12
Qf Qf 15000KJ
f W 614.25KJ (in 1 hour)
W f 24.42
1000J
614.25KJ 614.25KJ 614250J 614250 W·s
1KJ
W614350W s
P 170,625W 170W
t 3600 seconds

b)
0.50
MACHINE IDEAL 24.42 12,21
100
Qf Qf 15,000 KJ
MACHINE W 1,228.67 KJ (in 1 hour)
W MACHINE 12,21
1000J 1h
1,228.67 kJ/h 1,228.67 kJ/h 341.30 J/s 341.30W
1KJ3600s

3
4.- A heat pump operates reversibly between two sources at temperatures of 7 ºC and 27 ºC, and during the cycle
they provide 2 kW·h of energy.
Determine: a) Amount of heat transferred to the hot source.
b) Amount of heat absorbed from the cold reservoir.
c) Efficiency of the pump, depending on whether it operates as a refrigeration or heating machine.

Tc
W= 2 kW·h
Qc

7 ºC = 273 + 7 = 280 ºK

W
300 K
Qf
Tf

Tc 300 300
bc 15
Tc T f300 280 20
Tf 280 280
f 14
Tc T f300 280 20
Qc
c Qc c W 15 1,728 106cal 25.92 106cal 25920 kcal
W
1000W3600s
2kW h 2kW
h 7.2 106W s 7.2 106J
1 kW 1 hour
0.24 cal
7.2 106J 7.2 106J 1,728 106cal 1728 kcal
1J
Q f Qc  W 25920kcal 1728kcal 24192kcal

4
5.- A heat pump operates reversibly between two heat sources at temperatures of 5 ºC and 23 ºC, and to
2.6 kWh of energy is provided per cycle.
Calculate:
a) Amount of heat given to the hot focus.
b) Amount of heat absorbed from the cold source.
c) Efficiency of the pump depending on whether it functions as a refrigeration or heating machine.

Tc
Qc Tc = 273 + 23 = 296 K

W Tf = 273 + 5 = 278 K

Qf
Tf

Tc 296 K
bc 16.44
T T f296 K 278 K
1.000w 3.600s 1J
W 2.6Kw h 2.6Kw h 9.36 106J
1Kw 1h1w
Qc
bc Qc W 16.44 9.36 106J 153.88 106J
W
Q f Qc W 153.66 106J 9.36 106J 144.52 106J
Tf 278 K
f 15.44
Tc T f296 K 278 K

5
6.- A refrigeration machine absorbs 15,000 J/min from the cold source that is located at 23 ºC
Calculate:
a) The amount of heat transferred to the hot focus that is at 27 ºC, knowing that its efficiency is the
half of the corresponding Carnot refrigeration cycle.
b) The power of the motor that the refrigeration machine should have to fulfill its purpose.
c) The efficiency in the case that such a machine acted as a heat pump.

Tc
Qc Tc = 273 - 23 = 250 K

W Tf = 273 + 27 = 300 K

Qf
Tf
Tf 250 K f 5
f 5 maq. 2.5
Tc T f300 K 250 K 2 2
Qf 15,000J
maq. frig. 2.5 ; 2.5 Qc  37,500J 15,000J
Q c Q f Qc  15,000J
15,000J 37.500J
Qc 21,000 J (in 1 min.)
2.5
Qf f 15,000J/min
maq. frig. W 6,000J/min.
W maq. frig. 2.5
W6.000J6.000W s
P 100W
t min. 60s
Tc 300 K 300 K
b.heat 6
Tc T f300 K 250 K 50 Kelvin

Qc 21,000J
.b.calorREAL. 3.5
Q c Q f 21,000J 15,000 J

6
7.- When the external temperature is 7 ºC, a home requires 550 MJ per day to maintain its temperature.
indoors at 22 ºC. If a heat pump is used for heating, it is requested:

d) The minimum theoretical work for one hour of operation

e) The COP (coefficient of performance) of the heat pump if the performance of the actual practical cycle
the work fluid is 30% of that of Carnot and the power necessary to develop the process
under these conditions.
f) The amount of heat absorbed from the environment under real working conditions.

Room
Tc
Qc Tc = 273 + 22 = 295 ºK

W Tf = 273 + 7 = 280 K

Qf Qc = 550 MJ / day
Tf
E

Tc 295 K
19.67
bc
Tc  T f 295 K 280 K
Qc Qc550MJ/day
bc
W 27,955MJ/day
W bc
19.67
MJ MJ1day
W 27,955 27,955 1,165MJ/h
day day 24h
bc(MACHINE) bc
0.30 19.67 0.30 5.90
Qc Qc 550 106J/day
bc(MACHINE)
W 93.22 106I/day
W bc(MAQ)
5.90
J J1day1h
93.22 106 93.22 106 1078.9 J/s
day day 24h 3600s
1079w
Q f Qc  W 550MJ/day 93.22 MJ/day 456.78 MJ/day

7
8.- We have a refrigeration machine whose efficiency is half of the efficiency of the Carnot cycle. This machine
The refrigerator operates between two heat sources that are at temperatures of 200 and 350 K. Additionally, we know that the
The machine absorbs 1200 J/min from the cold source. How much heat does the machine give off to the hot source? What power should it have?
To own the machine? What would its efficiency be if the machine acted as a heat pump?

Tc
Qc 350 K

W 200 K

Qf
Tf
a)
Tf 200K f 1.33
f 1.33 maq. 0.67
T T f 350K 200K 2 2
Qf 1.200J
Maq. frig. 0.67 0.67 Qc 800J 1.200J
Qc  Q f Qc 1.200J
1.200J 800J
Qc 3,000J
0.67
b)
Qf Qf 1.200J/min.
maq. frig. W 1.800J/ min.
W māq. Frig. 0.67
W 1800J1800W s
P 30W
t min. 60s
c)
Tc 350K 350K
b.heat 2.33
Tc T f 350K 200K150K
Qc 3,000J
.b.real heat. 1.67
Q c Q f 3.000J 1.200J

8
Imagine that you have a refrigerator at home that operates according to the Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools at a speed of
700 kilojoules/hour. The temperature of your refrigerator should be appropriate so that food does not thaw.
inside, approximately -10 °C. In your house the ambient temperature is about 22 °C. Determine:
a) The power that the refrigerator's motor must have to achieve that temperature.
b) The power that the refrigerator's motor should have in the case that the efficiency was
60% of the ideal Carnot efficiency.
Tc
700 KJ / h
Qc
Tf = -10 ºC = 273 + (-10) = 263 K
263 K

W
Tc = 22 ºC = 273 + 22 = 295
K
Qf
Tf Carnot Refrigeration Cycle:

a)
Tf 263 263
IDEAL 8.22
Tc  T f 295 263 32
Qf Qf 700 KJ
IDEAL W 85.17KJ (in1hour)
W IDEAL 8.22
1000J 1h
85.17kJ/h 85.17kJ/h 23.66 J/s 23.66W
1KJ3600s
b)
0.60
MACHINE IDEAL 8.22 4,93
100
Qf Qf 700KJ
MACHINE W 141.95KJ (in 1 hour)
W MACHINE 4.93
1000J 1h
141.95 kJ/h 168.57 kJ/h 39.43 J/s 39.43W
1KJ3600s

9
10. A household heat pump, electrically powered, must supply 1.5·106KJ diaries to a home
to maintain its temperature at 20°C. If the outside temperature is -5°C and the price of electricity is 0.10
€ per Kwh, determine the minimum daily heating cost.

Tc
Qf = 1.5·106KJ / day
Qc

Tf = -5 ºC = 273 +(-5) = 268

K

W
Tc = 20 ºC = 273 + 20 = 293
K
Qf
Tf Carnot Cycle as a Heat Pump:

Tc 293K 293K
IDEAL 11.72
Tc  T f 293K 268K 25K
Qc Qc 1.5 · 106KJ
IDEAL W 127.99 kJ (in 1 day)
W IDEAL 11.72
1000J 1h
P 127.99 kJ/day 1481.32 J/s 1481.32W
1KJ86.400s
1KW 0.10€
1481.32W 24h 3.56€
103 W 1 kWh

10
 A freezer operates according to the Carnot cycle, cooling at 400KJ/hour. The temperature of the freezer must be
from -20ºC indoors, while the outdoor environment is 5ºC. Find:
a) Power that the freezer motor must have to fulfill its purpose
b) Power that the freezer motor should have if its real efficiency were 70% of the ideal efficiency
Carnot.
c) Economic cost that it would entail to keep the freezer running for 8 hours under the conditions of
section b) if the price of the Kwh is 0.14 euros.

Tc=5ºC + 273 = 278ºK

Tf = -20ºC + 273 = 253ºK

a)
Qf Tf 253 253
IDEAL 10,12
W Tc T f 278 253 25
Qf Qc 400KJ
IDEAL W 39,535KJ (in 1 hour)
W IDEAL 10,12
1000J 1 hour
39,535KJ/h 2881.84 kJ/h 10.98 J/s 10.98W
1KJ3600s
b)
mf IDEAL 0,7 10,12 0,7 7,084
Q Qf 400KJ
mf W 56,46KJ(in1hour)
W mf 7,084
1000J 1h
56,46KJ/h 56,46KJ/h 15,68J/s 15,68W
1KJ3600s
1Kw 0.14 euros
c)15, 68w 8h 0.0175euros.
10 3 W 1 kWh

11
 12. When the outside temperature is 8ºC, a house requires 600MJ per day to maintain its temperature.
interior at 22ºC. If a heat pump is used for heating, determine:
a) The minimum theoretical work for one hour of operation.
b) The efficiency of the pump if it were 25% of that of Carnot and the power required for the process to
carried out under these conditions.
c) The amount of heat absorbed from the environment under actual working conditions

Tc = 273 + 22 = 295 K

Tf = 273 + 8 = 281 K

a)
Tc 295 K
bc(ideal ) 21.07
Tc T f295 K 281 K
Qc Qc600MJ/day
bc(ideal ) W 28,476MJ/day
W bc 21.07
MJ MJ1day
W 28,476 28,476 1,186MJ/h
day day24h
b)
bc(machine) bc 0.25 21.07 0.25 5,27
Qc Qc 600MJ/day6 108J/day
bc(machine) W 1.14 108J/day
W bc(machine) 5,27 5,27
J J1day1h
1,14 108 1.14 108 1319.44 J/s 1319.44w
day day24h3600s

c)Qc Qf W Qf Qc W 6.108per day 1,14.108J/day 4,86.108Good day.

12
 13.- A heat pump is used to keep the area of a heated pool at 27 º when the temperature
The exterior temperature is -3 ºC. To operate, the pool needs a heat supply of 216·10.6In twelve hours of
operation. Calculate:
a) Actual efficiency of the pump, if it is 40% of the ideal.
b) Pump power under real operating conditions
c) The heat absorbed from the environment during the twelve hours of operation

Tc=27ºC+273=300K

Tf = -3°C = -3 + 273 = 270°C

a)
Q c Tc 300 300
IDEAL
1 0.
W T c T f
3 0 0 2 7 0 30
bc IDEAL
0, 4 0 1 0 0, 4 0 4.
b)
Q c Q 2 1 6 1 0 J6 6
bc
W c
54 10 J(e n 1 2 h o r a s)
W bc 4
6 J 1h
54 10 1 2 5 0 J/s 1250W
1 2h3 6 0 0s

c) Qc Q W
f
Q QfW c216.106J 54.106J 162.106J. (in the 12 hours of operation).

13
14. Imagine you have a refrigerator at home that operates according to Carnot's refrigeration cycle and cools at a rate of
700 kJ/h. The temperature of your refrigerator must be appropriate so that the food inside does not thaw.
interior, approximately -10 °C. In your house, the ambient temperature is about 28 °C.
a) What power of the motor should your fridge have to achieve this temperature?
b) If the efficiency of your refrigerator were 60% of the ideal Carnot efficiency, what should it be?
So, the power of the engine?
Tc
Qf = 700 KJ / h
Qc
Tf = -10 ºC = 273 + (-10) = 263 K
263 K

W
Tc = 28 ºC = 273 + 28 = 301
K
Qf
Tf Carnot Refrigeration Cycle:

a)
Tf 263 263
IDEAL 6.92
Tc  T f301 263 38
Qf Qf 700KJ
IDEAL W 101.14 KJ (in 1 hour)
W IDEAL 6.92
1000J 1 hour
101.14 KJ/h 101.14 kJ/h 28.09 J/s 28.09W
1KJ3600s
b)
0.60
MACHINE IDEAL 6.92 4.15
100
Qf Qf 700KJ
MACHINE W 168.57KJ(in1hour)
W MACHINE 4.15
1000J 1 hour
168.57 kJ/h 168.57 kJ/h 46.82 J/s 46.82W
1KJ3600s

14
15. A small freezer operates according to a Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools to a
speed of 700 kJ/h. The temperature of the refrigerator must be appropriate so that it does not
thaw the food inside, approximately -10 C. Assuming that the
the ambient temperature of the room where the freezer is located is 28 C
determine:
a) The efficiency of the machine and the power that the engine must have to maintain that
temperature.
b) The heat transferred to the atmosphere.
c) The engine power if the actual efficiency were 60% of the Carnot cycle efficiency.

Tc273 + 28 ºC = 301 K
Tf = 273 - 10 °C = 263 K
Qf= 700 kJ/h

a)

The efficiency of an ideal refrigeration machine is:

Qf Tf 263K
6.92
W Tc Tf301K 263K

Qf700kJ/h
W 101.14 kJ/h
6.92

This is the work done by the engine per unit of time, that is, the power,
expressed in watts is worth:

kJ103J 1h
P 101.14 28.09W
h 1 kJ is equal to 3600 s

b)

The heat released to the atmosphere is:

Qc Qf W

And the efficiency of the refrigeration machine:

Qf
W
15
So:
kJ
700
Qf kJ h kJ
Qc Qf W Qc Qf 700  801.14
h 6.92 h

c)

In that case:

real ideal 0.60 4.15

And therefore:

Qf 700 kJ/h
W 168.56 kJ/h
real 4.15

What expressed in watts is worth:

kJ103J 1h
P 168.56 46.82W
h 1 kJ 3600 s

Which is logically greater than in the ideal case to compensate for the losses.

16
16. It is desired to air condition a warehouse to 25 C using a 2.5 kW heat pump. If
the outside temperature is 5 And the pump operates according to a reversible Carnot cycle,
determine
a) Efficiency of the heat pump.
b) Heat transferred to the hot focus during one hour, expressed in kJ.
c) Heat absorbed from the cold source over one hour, expressed in kJ.

Tc= 273 + 25 °C = 298 K

Tf273 +5 ºC = 278 K
P = 2.5 kW = 2.5 kJ/s

a)

Qc Qc Tc 298K
14.9
W Qc Qf Tc Tf298K 278K

b)

kJ kJ
Qc W 14.9 2.5 37.25
s
kJ
Qc 37.25 3600 seconds 134100 kJ 1.34 105kJ
s

c)

kJ kJ kJ
Qf Qc W 37.25 2.5 34.75
s s s
kJ kJ kJ
Qf 34.75 3600 seconds 125100 1.25 105
s s s

17
A refrigerant circulates at low temperature through the walls of a compartment.
Freezer at -7 ºC. The temperature of the surrounding air is 18 ºC. The heat transfer from
The refrigerant freezer is 27.8 kW and the power to produce the refrigeration cycle is
of 8.35 kW. It is requested:
a) The coefficient of operation of the actual refrigerator, that is, its real efficiency.
b) The maximum efficiency that a refrigerator could have operating between the same
temperatures.
c) The heat delivered to the kitchen air where the refrigerator is located, for one hour
of operation, in KJ.

Tc273 + 18 ºC = 291 K
Tf273 - 7 °C = 266 K
Qf27.8 kW = 27.8 kJ/s
8.35 kW = 8.35 kJ/s

QF 27.8 kW
3.33
W 8.35kW

b)
QF Qf Tf 266K
Carnot 10.64
W Qc Qf Tc Tf291K 266K

c)
Qc Qf W 27.8kW 8.35 kW 36.15kW

In one hour of operation

kJ
Qc 36.15 3600 seconds 130140 kJ 1.30 105kJ
s

18
18.A refrigerator develops a cycle that absorbs heat from a freezer at a rate of 1.92
.108J diaries, when the indoor temperature is -5 ºC and the outdoor temperature is 22 ºC.
a) Determine the efficiency of the machine.
b) Calculate the minimum power required to operate the refrigerator.

Data:
Qf 1,92.108J
t 1 day 86400 seconds
Tf 5 °C 273 268
Tc 22ºC 273 295 K

Tf 268
IDEAL 9.92
Tc T f 295 268
Then the efficiency of the machine is 9.92
b)
From the expression of efficiency, we solve for the value of W:
Qf Qf 1,92.108J
IDEAL W 1,93.107J
W IDEAL 9.92
With this data, we calculate the power, knowing that it is a daily task:
W1,93.107J
P 223.4 W
t 86400 seconds

19
19. A refrigeration machine is used to cool in a wastewater treatment facility.
a liquid tank. The machine operates between 1ºC and 45ºC. Its efficiency is half that of
Carnot. If in one hour it extracts 34,000 calories from the tank, determine the mechanical work.
consumed by the machine during that time (express the result in joules).

Data:

34000 cal/h
Tf = 1 ºC = 273 + 1 = 274 K
Tc = 45ºC = 273 + 45 = 318 K

Tf 274
Carnot 6.22
Tc T f318 274
As the machine's performance is half that of a Carnot operating between the same
temperatures, then:
system
a carnot 0.50 3.11
Therefore:
Qf Qf 34,000 cal/h cal4,18J J
f W 10,919.71 45,644.38
W system 3.11 h1cal h

20