THE CHESS

GENERALITIES
Chess is played between two players; each has 16.trinketsor pieces, being those of a player of light color,
white pieces, and those of their opponent in dark color, called black. The pieces move on aboard of
chesssquare of 8x8 = 64 squares, with the same colors as the pieces placed alternately, 32 light and 32 dark
dark ones, also calledsquares. Lthe pieces of each player at the beginning of the game are:
Aking
Onelady, talso popularly known as queen.
Twoalfiles
Twohorses
Twotowers
Eightpawns
Each type of piece can be moved in a different way, which will determine its power and importance in the game.
game development.
Chess is not agame of chance,but a rational game, as each player will decide the movement of their pieces in
every turn. The development of the game is so complex that not even the best players (or the most powerful computers
existing ones) may come to consider all possible combinations: although the game can only develop in a
A board with only 64 squares and 32 pieces at the start, the number of different games that can be played exceeds the number
of atoms in the universe.
The player with the white pieces begins to play, which grants thema small advantage,but essential at the higher levels of
competition, so this position is often drawn. From then on both players take turns to make a move.
of their pieces. Each player will try to obtain certain advantages in the position on the board, and capturing opposing pieces.
(gain material), although the ultimate goal is to attack the king and leave him with no escape,checkmate.
Victory can also be obtained if the opponent withdraws or runs out of time. In official championships, even if
rejects the hand of the defeated rival or the mobile phone rings during the game.
Another possible result is the tie, ortables;it occurs in any of the following cases:
By mutual agreement.
When nobody has enough pieces left to deliver checkmate.
If the same position of all the pieces on the board is repeated three times.
When a player cannot make any legal moves on their turn, but the king is not in
check, draw by stalemate.

CHESS RULES
Basic rules
Chess is a game for two players, where one player is assigned white pieces and the other black. Each player
has16 piecesAt the start of the game: a king, a queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.

The purpose of the game

The objective of the game is to capture the other player's king. The capture is never completed, but once the king is attacked and
he cannot escape from that capture, it is said that he isa checkmateand the game ends.

The beginning of the game

The game begins in the position shown below on the chessboard consisting of 64 squares in a
8x8 grid. The white pieces (the player with the lighter pieces) makes the first move. After that, each player has
a single turn to move. In fact, a player should only make one move in each turn. In other words, you do not
You can skip your turn to move.

Playing the match

A move consists of placing a piece in a different square, following themovement rulesof each piece..
A player can capture an opponent's piece by moving one of their pieces to the square where the opponent's piece is.
opponent. The opponent's piece is removed from the board and will remain out of play for the rest of the game.
Jaque
If a king is threatened with being captured, but has a chance to escape, it is called check. A king cannot
move to where it will be check, and if it is in check it must move immediately out of check - there are three
ways you should move out of check:
 Capturing the piece that has given the check
Blocking the line of attack by placing your own pieces between the piece that has given check and your king.
supposedly, a king cannot be blocked
Moving the king out of check zone
Checkmate
The main objective in chess is to checkmate your opponent's king. When a king cannot avoid being captured, it is...
he says it's checkmate and the game ends immediately.
Tables for drowning
It is said 'draw' when the player whose turn it is to move cannot make any legal move and their king is not in check. This
immediately end the game.

Time control
A normal chess clock is used to limit the duration of the game. These clocks count the time it takes for
each player makes their moves separately. The rules are very simple, if you run out of time, you lose the game, thus
that you should plan your time.

Special movements
Castling
If the necessary conditions are met, a king and a rook can move simultaneously in a castling move. The
the conditions are as follows:
The king that castles has not moved yet in the entire game.
The rook that makes castling has not moved at all in the entire game.
The king is not in check
The king moves to a square where it cannot be attacked by any enemy piece; for example, when
In rocks, there should be no piece that can be moved (diagonally, in the case of pawns) to the square.
to which the king will move. That is to say, you cannot castle to get check.
The king moves to a square where it can be attacked by an enemy piece; for example, you should not finish.
the castling with your king in check.
All the squares between the rook and the king before castling must be empty.
When castling is done, the king moves two squares towards the rook, and the rook is placed on the next square of the king.
jumping over it;
An example: the white king on square e1 and the rook on square a1 moves: the king to c1 and the rook to d1 (long castling);
the white king on square e1 and the rook on square h1 moves the king to g1 and the rook to f1 (short castling): The movement
similar for the black ones.

Take it step by step

Exclusively for pawns, and it is not mandatory. It occurs when it is on the fifth square and an opposing pawn.
abandons its starting square and ends up on the square located right next to an opposing pawn. The latter can capture it.
horizontally, to the right and left, just as it would diagonally.

Coronation, transform or enter queen

When one or more pawns manage to enter a square on the eighth rank of the opposing side, they have the right to ask for
any piece, except for another pawn; and will choose the one that suits him best, which will always be the one that best adapts to the
momentary contingencies of the game. The effect is immediate and permanent.

End of the game

Winning
The player wins the game.
that he has managed to checkmate his opponent's king.
that your opponent has surrendered.
Tables
It is said that the game is a draw when the player's king whose turn it is to move is not in check, and this player
the player cannot make any allowed move. It is then said that the player's king is 'stuck'. This ends
immediately the game.
The game is drawn if both players have agreed to it by mutual consent.
The game is drawn when any of the following endgames occur:
king against king;
king against king with only a bishop or a knight;
the king and his bishop against the king and a bishop, with the bishops on diagonals of the same color.
Losing
The game is lost by the player who has not arranged the number of moves within the allowed time, unless their
the opponent has only one remaining king, in which case the game ends in a draw.

VOLLEYBALL
GENERALITIES
Blocking
The blockade is lthe actionof the players near theredto intercept, above the upper edge of it, the
ball coming from the opposing field. Only forwards are authorized to complete a block. The
blocking is completed when the ball is touched by the blocker.
A collective block is performed by two or three players placed close to each other and is completed when one of
They touch the ball.
Lock Touch
Consecutive touches (fast and successive) can be given by one or more blockers, provided that they are
carried out during the same action.
In the block, the player can extend their hands and arms over the net, provided that their action does not interfere.
with thegameof the opponent. Therefore, it is not allowed to touch the ball beyond the net until the opponent has
executed an attack blow.

the free one

The libero must be registered on the match sheet before the game in a special line reserved for them. Their number
It must be added to the position sheet for the first set. The specific rules for the Libero player are as follows:
Clothing: The libero (or their substitute) must wear a different uniform.the colorwhat a clear contrast regarding
the other team members. The libero's uniform can havea designdifferent, but it must be numbered the same as
the other team members.
- The actionsfrom the game: a) The Libero is authorized to replace any defensive player. b) He/She is restricted.
to act as a back player and is not allowed to complete an attacking stroke from anywhere (including the
court and the free zone), if at the moment of contact the ball is completely over the top edge of the net. c)
He/she cannot remove, block, or attempt a block. A player cannot complete an attack hit from a point.
higher than the top edge of the net, if the ball comes from a high pass with fingers from the Libero located in the area of
front. The ball can be attacked freely if the Libero performs the same action from behind the front zone.
The substitution of a player for a Libero is not considered a regular replacement. Their number is unlimited, but
There must be a play between each substitution made by the Libero. The Libero can only be replaced by the player at
who he replaced.
Substitutions can only be made before the whistle for the serve: before the start of each set.
after the initial formation has been verified by the second referee, when the ball is not in play.
A substitution made after the whistle to restart the game must not be rejected, but must be subject to a
verbal warning. Any repetition of a late substitution will be penalized as game delay.
The Libero and the player he replaced can only enter or exit the playing field through the sidelines.
in front ofthe bankof their team, between the attack line and the back line.
With the prior authorization of the first referee, an injured Libero player can be replaced during the match by
any registered player who is not on the field at the time of the injury. The injured Libero player cannot
re-enter the game for the rest of the match.

c) THE AUCTION
Each game action is fundamentally carried out to progressively achieve victory; however, we could...
to say what the auction is, which constitutes the main and final action of tI give processoffensive.
The attack of a team begins at the moment of reception, continues with the lifted pass and generally
concludes with the closing. However, it must be understood that if there is no good reception and lift, even more,
perfect synchronization in the movements of a team, this action will not be possible.
The auction isa movementComplex, difficult to learn, but it must be taken into account as it is the most powerful.
attack weapon of a team, for this reason it is necessary to provide it with enoughtimeand dedication in each
training.
The shot is made after a race or impulse steps, hitting the ball at a height that exceeds the
top edge of the net, trying to direct it towards spaces or places where the opposing defense is incapacitated
to defend her.
A good attacker or striker is not just someone who jumps a lot and hits the ball hard, but rather someone who knows
to come out unscathed in difficult moments, the one who easily adapts to the passes sent to him by his teammates,
always trying to seekwith intelligence,speed and trust the best solution.
During the execution of the auction, five (5) fundamental phases can be distinguished: the race, the rejection, the jump, the
kick to the ball and the fall. The run is characterized by the fact that its execution must be done progressively and in a straight line,
taking the last step longer than the previous ones and arriving at this with the leg opposite to the arm that will strike the
ball. Immediately, the other foot is placed parallel to the first one, in order to initiate the definitive REJECTION that
allows to transform lat speedhorizontal of the race in a vertical impulse that projects the body in theairthrough
from an extension of the legs, aided by the push of the arms, from bottom to top. Once the JUMP is executed
and maintained thebalancein the air, the trunk begins ahypertensionwith a slight rotation towards the side of the arm
rematcher, starting to prepare the action that will allow to achieve theobjectivethe blow to
BALL.

Reception
Intercept and control a ball by directing it towards another teammate in good condition to play it. The balls
lows are received with the forearms united in front at waist height and the highs with the fingers, above the
head. In other cases, more spectacular movements are needed. It is common to see the player diving flat on
the abdomen stretching the arm so that the ball bounces on the hand instead of on the ground to avoid the point.
The techniques of forearm, volley, header or hit with any part of the body are used as a last resort.
they apply different techniques for receiving the serve, to defend against various attacks or even to recover balls
badly controlled in a previous block or touch.

Placement
Normally, the second touch aims to provide a ball in optimal conditions for the third touch.
a hitter finally sends it to the opposite field. The placement is made by lifting the hands with a finger pass, the
more precise pass in volleyball. The setter has in his hand (and in his head) the responsibility of distributing to the
length of the game balls to the different strikers and in the different areas.
the shot or arrangement
The serviceThe serve allows the ball to be put into play. Its main objective lies in trying to make it difficult for the opponent.the constructiondel
attack from the opposing team or score a direct goal.
There are different types of serves, distinguished mainly by the way they are struck and their trajectory.
described by the ball.

WITH SPIN: We understand a spin serve (strong) as one to which the ball is given a rotation during its
trajectorya, productof the wrist pronation movement during the stroke. In these types of serves, the parabola of the
The ball is approximately defined, allowing the opponent to recognize the playing area relatively easily.
where the ball is sent.

FLOATING: The serves without effect also called floating ('floating'), are determined by the dry hit with the
ball, the little support of the arm to the hit and the sudden stop of the arm upon contact with it, this causes that
that the parabola and the speed described by the ball are not defined and cause sudden and unexpected drops
generating a difficult receipt to the contrary.

UNDERHAND SERVE
The feet in step position (left in front, if it's the right one) at shoulder width. The legs slightly bent.
The trunk is somewhat tilted forward. The ball is held with the left hand in front of the player. The other arm
slightly bent is located behind the body.
The movement to meet the ball begins with a short throw of the ball upwards. Next, the
The right arm moves forward in a pendulum motion, hitting the ball with the open hand on its front part.
inferior.
After making contact with the ball, all subsequent movements are ein functionto allow to the
player to enter the field and occupy the corresponding area, preparing for the execution of the next action.

Lateral throw-in
Placing the mesh sideways and facing the side line of the field. The feet in a stepping position, approximately at
shoulder width, legs slightly bent. The torso slightly leaning forward with a smalltwist
towards the arm that struck. The ball is held with the right or left hand in front and the opposite arm is pulled back
backwards. The ball is thrown slightly upwards where the right arm moves laterally from back to front
hitting the ball with an open hand.
NOTE. This last point is valid for all serves, which is why we will omit it in the other serves that we describe.

Candle Withdrawal
Positioned sideways to the mesh, the feet in a stepping manner. Right leg for lthe rightsit is placed in front
contrary to all other serves. The weight of the body rests fundamentally on the right leg.
Trunk slightly inclined forward. The ball is held with the left hand, the right hand is positioned underneath.
and behind semi-flexed. The ball is released and the right hand meets it. The contact is made with the
edge of the hand (joint of the index finger and thumb) on the bottom and outer side of the ball. At this moment the weight
the body rests completely on the leg that is in front.

DUNK FROM THE FRONT OF THE PLACE

The player positions themselves facing the net. Looking straight ahead, feet in a stance approximately shoulder-width apart.
shoulders (left foot forward). The ball is held with one hand or both. It is thrown approximately one and a half
metro above the head, moving the left arm upwards until flexibly positioning it in front of
the face, while the right arm continues its trajectory upwards and backwards, remaining semi-flexed back and up
from the head. At this moment the weight of the body leans on the back leg. The movement towards the ball begins
with an extension of the back leg, shifting the body weight from the back leg to the front leg.
When both legs are in their maximum extension moment, the hand makes contact with the ball at its part
posterior and superior producing a pronation movement of the wrist, causing the ball to spin.
Simultaneously with the strike (contact), the back leg is moved forward.

OVERHEAD FRONT PULL-UP SUSPENSION

Position facing the net
Step-shaped legs
Ball held with both hands
View ahead
- Separated from the final line of the field (3-5 m away). The ball is thrown upwards and forward with one or two
hands.
Two-handed ball launch adds moresecurityand oldercoordination, prPreferably the ball is thrown
into the field, to gain distance on the strike.
At the same time as the launch, the first step of the forward race occurs, causing a movement of
translation of the two arms, from back to front and upward. Before the body rises, it is performed similarly to the serve
tennis. After making contact with the ball, the player falls onto the court supported on both legs,
cushioning the fall with an elastic movement.

TOP SIDE STRIKE (HOOK)

Lateral position to the net (left or right shoulder 'looks' at the net). Legs apart and semi-flexed, in shape.
Shoulder-width or parallel. Ball held with one or both hands in front.
View directed at the opposing field.
The ball is thrown to a height of approximately 1 m. Above the head and in front, with a flexion and twist.
the back of the body towards the right or left side. Depending on the case. The movement of the extended arm downwards in
this moment.
The weight of the body rests on the right leg which is bent, the movement of the body towards the ball.
begin with an extension of the right leg, shifting the body's weight towards the other
leg keeping the arm extended.
The contact with the ball is made in the palm of the hand, with the arm extended. Simultaneously with the hit, flexion.
ventral of the hand joint and a forward displacement of the body is made (movements to enter
the ground).

UP FRONT FLOATING SHOT

Feet shoulder-width apart. The ball is held with the left hand, the right arm is kept
bent to the side of the trunk and the hand at head level. The gaze is directed at the opposing ground. The ball is thrown
at a low height, (more precision in the contact), little bending of the trunk, the player's hand (open and rigid) goes to the
he finds the ball and delivers a strong blow to its midpoint with little support from his arm and a brake
sudden from the same. The arm extended at the moment of contact.

Lateral Toss (Floating)

Posture and movement for preparing to make contact with the ball. The player positions themselves sideways to the net with one leg
more advanced than the other and holding the ball with both hands, the gaze is directed at the ball. Again, it takes place
an upward and forward movement accompanying the arms to the ball approximately along the axis
vertical of the body. At this moment the player strikes with the fist or the front edge of the hand and the extended arm
about the center of the ball. The sudden stop of the arm (whiplash) is also important in this serve.

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS IN THE EXECUTION OF SERVES

The launch of the ball must be as accurate as possible.
The leg that steps forward will always be the opposite of the arm that strikes, except for the serve in sailing. It must be
ensure an optimal support base for the body.
In overhead serves, the body always rests on the back leg during movements before contact.

BASIC RULES
A point is scored when the opposing team commits any of the following fouls or violations:
If the ball touches the ground inside the own field, whether the last touch corresponds to a player from the team or to
one from the opposing team.
If the ball goes out of the playing field, whether due to a failed attack on the opposing field or by an error
In trying to defend. The foul corresponds to the player and the team that last touched the ball, and it is recorded.
the opposite point. Contact with the ceiling, public, or any element of the pavilion was considered out of bounds, or the
same colleagues. The contact with the network, posts or rods on the outside of the side bands is also
out.
If the number of three allowed touches is exceeded without having passed it to the opposite field, or if the same player
touch the ball twice in succession. As an exception, in case of touch of theblock, andyour first touch no
it is counted for the lack of the four team touches nor for the individual double.
If at the moment of the serve the players are positioned incorrectly, that is, not adjusted to the
rotationcorresponding.
If the touch of the ball is incorrect and there is holding or accompaniment (doubles in this case).
If a defensive player attacks beyond the attacking line. Theliberocannot participate in any way in the
block and has restricted the attack, as has been seen.
If a player enters the opponent's field under the net interfering with the opponent's play, or if a foot
completely crosses the central line.
If the opponent is hindered by touching the net, or if they touch the top band or the top of the rods at
play the ball. Contact with the net is allowed as long as it does not interfere with the game.
A reception is made with fingers in fault (double contact).

MOVEMENTS AND BODY MOVEMENTS

Each team plays with six players who can be substituted under certain conditions. Three of the players form the line.
forward, in attacking tasks and the other three are positioned behind and act as defensive backs.
The full team can consist of a maximum of 14 players (12 plus 2 liberos), one coach, one coach.
assistanta masseury a doctorEach player is identified by a distinct number, from 1 to 20, a number that appears
both on the front and back of the shirt. One of the players will be thecaptainof the team and is identified
by a visible band beneath its numberThe liberosthey cannot be captain and they are the only ones who can and must
to wear a different outfit, usually in different colors from the rest of the team.
The rotations
When a team scores apointwill be in charge of putting the ball into play. When it is seized thetake outon the contrary,
The six players have to rotate their position on the field in a clockwise direction. This allows everyone to...
players take turns in the positions of forwards and defenders.
For the arrangement to be correct, a specific geometry is not necessary, but simply that when starting each
Point, at the serve, each forward must have at least one foot further ahead than the corresponding defender, and
within the same line, the sides at least one foot further out than the player in the central position. From that point on
At any moment, each player can move freely following the game. With these rules, the initial arrangements can
be very varied and the resulting strategies sufficiently open.
Before starting cada setthe coach delivers tothe refereesthe list of players who are going to play the set.
By analogy, the numbers one to six are used to designate the corresponding zones of the field (i.e.: zone two,
zone four, ...)

BASKETBALL GENERALITIES

With the passage of the years, the rules of basketball have undergone substantial innovations in order to provide greater
spectacularity and agility in the game. Its fundamentals, however, remain unchanged; the goal of each team,
composed of five players on the field, is to introduce the ball into the opponent's basket and prevent the other.
team gains possession of the ball or scores. The ball can be thrown, passed, hit, bounced, etc., subject to
specific restrictions

THE PLAYING FIELD

The playing field is a hard, rectangular surface, measuring 28 meters long by 15 meters wide.
wide, with a permeability of two meters, more or less, in length, and one, more or less, in width. The lighting must
to be uniform and not harmful to the players at any moment of the game. The playing field is framed by
two side lines and two back lines, separated by one meter from any obstacle and two from the spectators
In the center of the playing field, the center circle, with a radius of 1.80 meters, is drawn, where the kick-off takes place.

A central line is also drawn, equidistant and parallel to the end lines, dividing the field into two parts.
exactly the same.
Parallel to each background line, a shooting line is drawn, whose farthest edge is 5.80 meters away from
the baseline; it has a length of 3.60 meters and its midpoint is in line with the midpoints of the lines
from the back; free kicks will be taken from there.
The restricted area is a trapezoidal space limited by the baseline lines, the free throw lines, and others that originate from the
baseline, with its outer edges 3 meters from the central points of the baseline and ending at the
point where the free kick lines end. The free kick corridor is the area encompassed by the boxes
restricted, plus a semicircle with a radius of 1.80 meters that has its center point at the midpoint will have to launch the
free kicks.

GAME MATERIAL

The ball
The basketball must be, obviously, spherical, made of leather or rough skin, which facilitates the grip for the players.
Traditionally it is orange, with black lines.
Starting from the 2004-05 season, FIBA has adopted a ball with bright yellow stripes for its competitions.
about the classic orange background color, to improve the visibility of the ball for both players and
the audience.
Circumference: 68 - 73 cm.
Diameter: 23-24 cm.
600 - 800 g

The basket
The backboard of the hoop is a rectangle measuring 1.05 x 1.80 m. In the lower central part, there is a painted rectangle.
0.59m x 0.45m. The inner rectangle is used to calculate the shot, and that when the ball hits it, it goes into the
basketball. The hoop is positioned at a height of 3.05 meters and is equipped with approved nets.
PLAYERS AND COACHES
Each team is made up of ten players, one of whom assumes the role of captain. When it comes to tournaments
international, with five or more consecutive matches, each team can have 12 players. Five of them
They will be on the field and the rest on the bench, on the outside of the court, next to their coach.
Each player wears the number on the front and back of the shirt, clearly visible and ranging from
the 4th and the 15th, both inclusive. The color of the shirts of both teams will be different and, if possible, of opposite shades
(light and dark)
The coach is authorized to request one-minute timeouts (two for each 20-minute period), to make the
substitutions of players that you wish, as long as they occur during a stoppage of play and after having
requested from the table

THE MATCH
The main referee kicks off the match by throwing the ball into the air at the center circle for a jump between two players.
one from each team; the same procedure is followed to start the second half and in case of producing extra time or
overtime.
Once in possession of the ball, one of the two teams, its players will try through passes, dribbling, etc.,
take it to the opposite field and finally put it in the basket. It is marked when the ball in play goes in from the side
The basket from above remains in the net or passes through it. The basket scored in play is worth 2 points; a scored basket
in a free kick it counts for one point.
An offensive player cannot touch the ball in the restricted area while falling towards the basket and is above the level.
from the hoop, eliminating the restriction when an opposing player shoots, except when it is a dunk.
After each basket and after the execution of the second free throw, if it is successful, any opposing player to the team at
that the points are credited, will put the ball into play from any point on their own goal line, passing it to
a teammate within a maximum of 5 seconds from the moment the ball is in their hands.
The match is won by the team that scores the most points during the game time. If the score is tied
at the end of regulation time, the game continues for an additional period or overtime of 5 minutes necessary to
break the tie. This rule does not apply in certain countries (Spain, for example) or in matches of the system
of the Cup (home and away) in which a draw is allowed as long as it is not required to designate a winner.

Technical Fundamentals of Basketball

They are all those physical actions that occur in the game, which are technically limited by the 'Regulations.'
of Basketball.” These fundamentals are as follows:
Basic position (defensive).
Off-ball movements (pivoting).
Passes and reception
Dribble
One-handed launch.
Double step and launch.

BASIC POSITION AND MOVEMENTS

BASIC POSITION
defensive
It refers to that position that allows him to move quickly and easily in any direction and sense, without crossing.
the feet at no time.

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIC POSITION

Studies conducted by Slater Hammill reveal that the most suitable position for a basketball player is the following:
The feet parallel, spaced approximately shoulder-width apart. The body weight distributed evenly.
about both legs and at the same time the weight of each leg evenly distributed between the heel and the sole of each foot.
The knees flex at an angle of approximately between 90 and 120 degrees, between the calves and the thighs.
The arms semi-flexed and separated 'a hand's breadth', approximately, from the sides.
To maintain a vision, that is, to try to observe all the players, both teammates and opponents, in addition to the
trajectory of the ball.
 DISPLACEMENT
(Offensive)
In basketball, there is a great variety of offensive movements, aimed at facilitating an effective attack, and for
consequently accumulate a greater number of points than the opponent (which constitutes the objective of the game).
We can simply classify these offensive movements:
-Race.
Jumps.
Rotate or pivot.
—Stops.
—Feints or tricks.
By combining these elements with the technical fundamentals such as passing, dribbling, and shooting, we will achieve the best results.
offensive results. Now we will see each one of them:

RACE
It is the main form of movement in the game. During it, starts and stops occur with a variety of
speed and direction.

JUMPS
They occur very frequently; there are two types: with one leg and with two legs.

JUMP WITH ONE LEG

It is generally executed in motion, jumping upwards and forwards, supported by one leg; it lands or is
He falls with both legs. This fall is the continuation of the inertia from the run.

JUMPING WITH BOTH LEGS

It is generally done upwards and with the support of both legs, just like the fall. We will take as an example a
defensive rebound.

TURNS OR PIVOTS
These movements consist of keeping one foot in contact with the ground or the court surface, as a 'fixed' point or
axis, and the other swinging leg, which rotates around the previous one in different directions.

We call pivot foot the one that remains in fixed contact with the ground; it can only be lifted after passing the
ball, to dribble or to throw. You can pivot on either foot, if you fall to the ground with both feet simultaneously (after
to take or receive the ball); but if it falls to 'double tempo', that is to say, first one foot and then the other, it will be considered as a foot of
the pivot that contacts the surface of the court first.
STOPS
They are used to mark themselves, change direction, receive a pass, feint the opponent, etc. It is done in two
ways:

At double tempo: The player, during the run, receives the ball while in the air, lands on one leg, then the other, with
A certain step to control balance and initiate a new attack action.

—On both feet together: During the race, the player takes the ball in mid-air and lands on both feet at the same time to stop.
the inertia of the run; the halted fall will be on the tips of the toes, with the knees slightly bent and slightly
advanced.

AMAGOS OR FAKES
—With displacements.
Explosive starts.
Variation and changes in speed.
With pivot.
TRICKS WITH BALL
—With pivot.
With a pass.
With dribbling.
With launch.
Feints or fakes consist of two moments: the feint moment and the action moment. Example:
Aim of shot and pass.
—Amago, shot and dribble (penetration).
—Dribble and shot attempt.
—A surge of speed to one side and change of direction.
A hint of a trot and to start explosively.

RECEPTION
It is the act of taking the ball, either by a pass, which is the most common, or to take a rebound.

TECHNIQUES OF RECEPTION
Arms semi-extended, but without strong muscle contraction and directed towards the ball.
Fingers separated and slightly bent (serve as shock absorbers).
At the moment of receiving the ball, press with your fingers while simultaneously bending your arms, bringing the
ball towards the chest, getting ready to pass, dribble, or shoot.

PASSES
It consists of pushing the ball, with one or two hands, towards another teammate. It is a great means to achieve
speed in a team; the "ball arrives faster than any player." In the flight of the ball when passed, factors influence.
three aspects: pass speed, pass height, and air resistance.

TYPES OF PASSES
The players must get used to making various types of passes in order to deceive the opponent. Among them
we describe the most common ones:

CHEST PASS
It is used at a distance of 3 meters; it is the one that gives the best results of all, therefore the most common, and constitutes the
base of all the passes. The ball is held at chest height, the elbows slightly away from the trunk, the fingers
comfortably separated over the ball, with the thumbs pointing at each other. From there, it is slightly taken...
the ball moves 'forward and down, backward and up' together with a step forward and simultaneously the arms extend
upper extremities in the direction of the pass, thus propelling the ball with the wrists and fingers. The pass must be
directed between the hips and shoulders of the receiver

Pass with both hands over the head

It is used for oscillating distances between 3 and 6 meters; it is generally used by tall players to pass to the pivot.
The position of the legs, hands, and fingers on the ball is the same as the chest pass, but it is not brought to the chest, instead
behind and on top of the head and from there the respective impulse is given; moving forward is not necessarily taken, but
Yes, the movement should continue, staying on tiptoes. The fingers and wrists work the same as the pass.
chest.

passes with one hand

(Baseball)
They are long passes that range between 6 and 12 meters. There are occasions from basket to basket (almost 24 meters), with the former being more usual.
baseball. The baseball pass is often used to initiate a quick attack. The ball is not placed at the chest but
behind and above the head and from there the respective impulse is applied; it is not necessary to take a step forward, but
yes, the movement should continue, standing on tiptoes. The fingers and wrists work just like the pass of
chest.
 There is a variety for these passes. The so-called pitch pass consists of the same technique as any of the passes.
previously explained, but against the ground and towards the recipient. These bounce passes will be made close to the
receiver's feet, that is to say, very close to the receiver's picks and with force. They are often used against player teams
tall and of little speed.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PASS AND RECEPTION

Generally, the pass reaches the receiver between the waist and the shoulders.
One must have a good judgment of the pass, indicating precision, speed, type of pass, opportunity of it; everything.
this is provided by constant and intense practice.
Secure the ball before passing it.
Maintain a peripheral vision, encompassing teammates, opponents, the field, and the ball.
Learn to deceive the opponent by 'faking' them; use different fakes and passes.
When passing the ball to a teammate who is running, it should be directed in front of that teammate, depending on the
speed that it brings, so that this speed is not altered.
When you receive the pass, look for it ahead so that you don't give the opponent a chance for possible interceptions.
Do not panic when passing the ball; losing the ball due to bad passes causes a drop in the team's morale and therefore
General and possibility of a basket in reverse, subtracting the two points we could score.
With good passes, we have the opportunity for better positions for shots or launches; many times it is so valuable.
an effective pass like a converted basket, because it is really the pass that creates the shooting situation.

DRIBBLE
It is the only action that allows a player to move from one place to another with the ball ^ It consists of bouncing the ball.
against the court floor, waiting for the rebound at hip height; he will always push off with his hand
(fingertips), with flexion and extension of wrist, elbow, and fingers/ Although the height of the dribble, just like the
speed varies according to the situation of the match or action to be performed, the technique used always
it is the same in all cases.

DRIBBLING TECHNIQUES
Place the hand on the top of the ball, "the tips" of the fingers—this will be the only part that should touch it—
that is, the hand is in the shape of a 'cup' or 'flat plate'.
Then a back-and-forth motion is printed, synchronized by the extension of the elbow, wrist, and fingers, in the
action of pushing the ball against the ground; this action is repeated when the ball bounces off the ground and heads in its phase
ascending.
The dribble is performed at hip height (generally).
Depending on the speed of the player who is dribbling, the ball is 'bounced' against the floor:
In a vertical line, with a stationary player.
In a diagonal line or inclined forward with a player running forward.
Support the pikes evenly with semi-flexed knees.
Try to have a peripheral vision of the entire field.
The arm of the hand that is not being used in the dribble hangs freely at the side, but with a slight bend at the level of
the hip.

RECOMMENDATIONS IN DRIBBLING
The hands and fingers 'caress' the ball, they do not hit it.
To start learning dribbling, one should begin with the non-preferred or non-dominant hand.
In the game, all types of dribbling must be used with both hands.
Do not dribble near the sidelines or in the corners.
Excessive dribbling is negative for teamwork.
Every player must know how to perform it and with both hands.

PROPER ONE-HANDED RELEASE GRIP

Small space between the ball and the palms of the hands.
The doll must be folded while holding the ball in hand, before throwing it away.
The ball will rest on the 'pads' of the fingers for the grip to be appropriate.
4) Pressure points for a proper take;
only the "pads" of the fingers should touch the ball.

LAUNCHES
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING THE LAUNCHES
Use various types of launches.
Throw with the confidence of scoring.
The more trust, the better.
-Do not 'force' the shot; do it with stability and balance.
The closer you are to the basket, the greater the possibility of success.
Try to throw as technically as possible.
Who has a better view of the rebound is the shooter, for this reason, he must go in search of his rebound.
Use the board correctly, especially on the sides.
Focus before launching
Select the focus point and be consistent in it.
Do not rush to throw; do it calmly and at the right time.
In one-handed throws, use the free arm as a balancing factor.
The free kick launch is very important in the outcome of the matches; practice it.
They launch from comfortable positions, with a good support base and body balance.
Do not touch the ball with the palm of your hand, but with the tips of your fingers at the moment of throwing.
Coordinate the respective flexions and extensions of legs, elbows, wrists, fingers, etc.

DOUBLE STEP TO DOUBLE JUMP

It is executed by making a double jump forward, landing first on the foot corresponding to the hand of
launch, and then onto the other foot; with this last step, a jump will be made upwards and slightly forward, just like
that the launch is on a platter.

TRAY LAUNCH
(After the double step)
It is a shot that is made in movements and at distances very close to the hoop. It is performed with one foot supported on the
floor of the court, which provides the necessary impulse to jump as close as possible to the basket; the other leg remains
bent forward. The throwing hand will be the opposite of the pushing leg.

HAND THROW
It is used when making trays at high speed. This way of releasing the ball allows for a smoother throw.

PUSHED LAUNCH
It is used when extra strength is needed to control the ball after retrieving a rebound or a shot under the basket.
Note: For layup shots, it is advisable to use the backboard and the proper wrist rotation so that the ball
I took the necessary "punch".

DOUBLE STEP TECHNIQUES

He takes the ball for the double step at the moment he is advancing his leg (right on the right side and
vice versa) to take the first step or leap.

The ball is taken to the side, as far away as possible from the defender.
The second step is performed with the other leg, which comes from behind; this step must be a the closest jump
possible to the hoop or board.
If it is necessary to give some spin to the ball (flick) at the moment of releasing it.
The board should be used properly.
Having a clear point of focus
BASKETBALL POSITIONS
The three basketball positions usually employed in basketball teams are the guard teams.
afterward, and the center. More specifically, they can be classified into five positions: point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward,
and the center. Basketball rules do not require them, and in informal games they are sometimes not used. They are grouped into two
conceptual units: the offensive and defensive.

The shipbuilder
The protector of the point
The setter, also known as the '1', is usually the best ball handler and passer on the team. The setter is a
equivalent position to that of a playmaking midfielder in football, an organism in volleyball, a quarterback
field in American football, or a center in ice hockey, where they are often responsible for directing plays
the theater and passing the ball. This gives the player a role similar to that of a captain, as a good point of efficiency increase
of the protective equipment and generally have a high number of assists. Some of the typical playmakers in
The last years of the NBA include Derek Fisher for the Los Angeles Lakers, Derrick Rose from the Chicago Bulls.
Jason Kidd for the Dallas Mavericks, Steve Nash for the Phoenix Suns. Other examples include Chauncey Billups,
Russell Westbrook, Rajon Rondo, Chris Paul, Stephen Curry, Deron Williams, and Jeremy Lin. Some examples of the
previous players in league history are Magic Johnson, Bob Cousy, and John Stockton. The point guard is usually the player
smaller in his / her squad. At the NBA level, most point guards are 6 feet (1.83 m) to 6 feet 4
inches (1.93 m). In Europe, the height of the shipbuilders ranges from 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) to 6 feet 4
inches (1.93 m), with some exceptions.
Notable exceptions include Earvin 'Magic' Johnson (retired) from the Lakers, who was the tallest in the NBA.
forward in playing the position, at 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m). Penny Hardaway and Shaun Livingston, both at 6 feet
7 inches (2.01 m), also held the position. In comparison, the shortest are the players Nate Robinson to the
5 feet and 9 inches (1.75 m) Muggsy Bogues to 5 feet and 3 inches (1.60 m) and Earl Boykins to 5 feet and 5 inches
(1.65 m) Also Spud Webb less 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) who played with the Hawks.

The protector that throws

The shooting guard, also known as the '2', is generally the best shooter on the team, and is usually able to score.
constantly long-range shots (20 feet or more). In addition to being able to shoot the ball, guards tend to
to have good ball-handling skills and the ability to drive the ball to the net, often creating their own
Shots after dribbling. A versatile guard should have good passing skills, allowing them to take on responsibilities.
the guard. Typical NBA shooting guards range from 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) to 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m). Typical of
The guards of Europe are 6 feet 2.5 inches (1.89 m) to 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) tall. However, there are
exceptions. For example, Allen Iverson, who played as a shooting guard, is only 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and therefore is
often requires to play as a point guard. Examples of this position are Michael Jordan, Ray Allen, Reggie Miller.
Dwyane Wade, Manu Ginóbili, Monta Ellis, Joe Johnson and Kobe Bryant.
Attack zone (forward and toward the center)

Small forward
The small forward, also known as the '3', is usually shorter, faster, and thinner than the wings.
forwards and centers. Therefore, in the NBA, small forwards range from 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) to 6 feet 9 inches.
inches (2.11 m). Small European height ranges start from 6 feet and 6 inches (1.98 m) to 6 feet 8
inches (2.03 m). The small forward position is considered to be perhaps the most versatile of the basketball positions.
the main five, due to the nature of their role, which is sometimes similar to that of a power, and at other times resembles
more to the role of a shooting guard. The small forward and shooting guard positions are usually interchangeable.
Aleros have a variety of weapons, such as speed and strength within. A common thread among all types of
Aleros is the ability to 'get to the line' and draw fouls aggressively while trying to set up theater productions.
layups, or layups. Therefore, lack of exact shooting is a common technique for small forwards, many of the
which score a large part of their points from the free throw line. Forwards must be able to do a little bit of everything
on the court, they generally perform roles such as swingmen as well as point forwards and the
defensive specialists. Examples include LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Paul Pierce, Kevin Durant, and Rudy.
Larry Bird and Scottie Pippen are examples of former players in league history for this position.
 Power forward
direct power (basketball)
Also known as the "4" position and abbreviated as "PF", the power forward plays a role similar to that of the center.
in the 'post' or 'low blocks'. In the offense, they can 'rise up', (who plays with their back to the basket), or the
creation of mid-range jump shots. In defense, they play under the basket in a zone defense or against
the power to oppose advancing in the defense of man to man. [1] typical of the NBA, the power forwards 6 feet and 8
inches (2.03 m) to 7 feet 0 inches (2.13 m the power eaves) in height, and Europeans are 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m) to
6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall, although somewhat forward power, just like 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m),
Charles Barkley has compensated for the lack of height with greater exceptional strength and longer arms. The forwards
The most famous power forwards of all time include Bob Pettit, Tim Duncan, Víctor Thiry also known as
Boris Diaw, Karl Malone, Dennis Rodman, and Kevin Garnett. Examples of today's power forwards include
Garnett, Duncan, Amar'e Stoudemire, Pau Gasol, Blake Griffin, Dirk Nowitzki, and Chris Bosh. The power forwards with
a three-point/long shot game is quite rare, playing what is known as the European style of basketball. Dirk
Nowitzki, Kevin Love, Ryan Anderson, and Rashard Lewis specialize in this area.

Center of
The center, also known as the '5' or the 'pivot', usually plays near the baseline, close to the basket.
(known as the "low block" or the "low post"). The tallest player is more likely to be assigned to the
The center position, with typical NBA centers being around 7 feet (2.13 m) tall, although Chuck Hayes meets this.
this role at 6 feet and 6 inches (1.98 m), and NBA Hall of Famer Wes Unseld fulfilled this role, while
It is 6 feet and 7 inches (2.01 m). Few are much taller, such as 7 feet and 6 inches (2.29 m), Yao Ming. Centers
Europeans tend to be more than 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall, but very few are taller than 7 feet 0 inches.
(2.13 m). The center generally scores "in low, in the paint" (near the basket, in the key), but some,
how Mehmet Okur and Zydrunas Ilgauskas can be good perimeter shooters, which can make for a good rebound and
the ability to score near the basket, as well as rebounding, contested shots, and setting up
of screens in theater performances.
The position of the Center has traditionally been considered as one of, if not the most important positions.
Players like Hakeem Olajuwon, Patrick Ewing, Shaquille O'Neal, Yao Ming, and Dwight Howard were chosen.
all of them with first overall selections due to the scarcity of 'franchise centers.' The scope of the position
has gone from being relatively slower but much taller much more 'back to the basket' players like Shaquille O'Neal
to the players who are usually classified as power forwards, but can dominate the situation with their prowess
athleticism, defensive skills, or the ability to create imbalance to shoot from the high post. This has been due to the
lack of players who possess the combination of great skill, ideal height, and durability. This has been accompanied by
the development of more fast-paced and athletic basketball games; 'Run and Gun' offenses from coaches like Mike
D'Antoni to play in a less traditional call center and more up and down the court style.

MAIN RULES OF BASKETBALL:

Rule 1, the game: Basketball is played by two teams of 5 players each. The main objective is to score.
the ball, in the opposing hoop, also managing to prevent the opposing team from scoring. The ball can be passed,
thrown, slapped, rolled or dropped in any direction within the restrictions of the relevant articles of the
rules. The winner is the team that manages to score the most balls in the opposing hoop in order to achieve
highest number of points.
Rule 2, the playing field: It must be a rectangular, flat, hard surface, and free of obstacles. It must measure 28 meters.
15 meters in length by 15 meters in width (for official competitions), while for training or simply playing, it should
must have at least 26 meters in length and 14 meters in width. The height of the nearest obstacle must be 7 meters.
The surface must be well lit, evenly and suitably. These lights should not damage the players' vision.
While the lines on the field must all be the same color. Rule 3, equipment: The ball must be spherical and
in an orange color approved with eight sectors in a traditional shape and black joints.
It should weigh no less than 567 g and no more than 650 g. Each team must provide a technical team. There must be a
visible marker for all attendees at the match, both players and fans. Rule 4, referees: Must
there will be one official referee and one assistant, who will be assisted by the table officials. The ball can be live or
dead depending on the situation. Live ball: During a jump ball, the ball is legally tapped. Dead ball:
when a goal is scored after a free kick, or while the referee blows his whistle when the ball is in play. It occurs a
jump ball, when the referee tosses the ball between two opposing players upwards. A basket is worth 1 point
If a free throw is scored, it counts for 2 points if scored from a shooting zone. It counts for 3 points if scored from the three-point area. When a score is made,
but if the shot is not valid, a throw-in must be performed. Keep in mind that these are just some of the many rules that
Basketball is paramount.

INDOOR SOCCER
Fundamentals
Player arrangement
Goalkeeper: The goalkeeper is the player whose main objective is to prevent the ball from entering their goal during the game.
match. If it is played in any category lower than youth, its rules change. In this case, if it is lower than youth the
Goal kicks cannot cross the halfway line; this would be a foul.

Sweeper or Libero: Player who is positioned in front of the goalkeeper as the base of the three players in attack and the last.
defensive field player. This player is usually the one who moves the game a lot, and he is one of the players,
after the goalkeeper, who must organize the team.

Alas: Players who position themselves on the flanks. They must go up and down continuously and always look for support from their teammates.
companions.

Pivot: Player of the team closest to the opposing goal, who performs offensive functions of receiving and playing the ball to.
the backs of the goal, either to turn and shoot or pass to their teammates; and defensive, such as integrating the first
defensive line against the opponent. This player must be in constant motion, looking for any gap to offer themselves to a
pass.

The futsal court.

1) The Pass: It is the action of delivering the ball to another player with the greatest possible accuracy. They can be
short, medium or long, depending on the distance. According to their trajectory, they will be ascending, descending,
parabolic, or at ground level; and according to their direction, they will vary in depth, lateral, delayed and in
diagonal.
2) Dribbling: It is a basic gesture and essential for acquiring good technique, as it is the
basis for mastering passing, dribbling, and shooting. It is necessary to control the contact surface with the
ball, the softness of the touch, the pressure and the balance of the whole body to achieve the maximum
effectiveness.
3) The Dribble: It is used to get past one or more opponents while maintaining ball control. The dribble
He can perform without a previous bluff, with a sudden change of pace to unbalance the defender and get past him.
without having time to react, or with a previous feint, in which the player who is in possession
4) Shot on goal: Refers to the action of striking the ball with any of the contact surfaces.
allowed, towards the goal and for the purpose of scoring a goal.

It can be thrown in different ways: Point: It is used to throw with maximum power or to make vaselines. Inside:
It is used to adjust the ball more to the place you want it to go, so that the shot does not go as fast as when you shoot from
Tip. Instep: It is done with the front part of the foot. Heel: It is used to surprise the goalkeeper. It should be shot to
close distances, because if you pull from a far distance it is difficult to reach. Head: It is generally done when the
The ball approaches a height at which contact with the foot or leg is not possible.

5) The Reception: It is an action that is widely used during a match, with the aim of receiving the ball.
to control it and put it at their service to develop a subsequent action under good conditions. The
stop reception is one in which the ball is fully controlled with the feet, losing
the speed component but increasing precision in the subsequent handling of the sphere;
reception in semi-arid, to get the ball to lose part of its initial value; the reception of
damping, to control airborne balls with a descending trajectory, and it is produced a
damping of the acceleration with which the ball arrives. Ball control can be at ground level
floor, either with the inner side of the boot, or with the sole of the foot, with the tip facing up and fitting in
ball between the floor and the ground. In high balls, you must manage to bring the ball to the ground with
possibilities of being played properly.
6) The Fakes: They are used to deceive opponents whether in shooting, passing, or dribbling. They are often used
use the defenses.
 7) The dribble or feint: It is the action of avoiding an opponent's entry and maintaining possession of the ball.
There are several types of dribbling or feinting, such as protection (the act of putting the body between the ball and the opponent...
ball and the opponent), the cut (changing the ball from one leg to another feigning the pass or shot on goal),
the rake (changing direction of the ball with the sole of the foot), the bicycle (passing the feet)
alternately above the moving ball or position) among others.

Transport balls in pairs using different parts of the body without holding hands: forehead, chest, back, hip.
Cross inverted banks on the support of a rod like a seesaw.
Quadrupedias: while it is not a purely gymnastic element, the factor of general dynamic coordination does play a role.
implicit makes its inclusion highly advisable as an additional element of control of one's own body. We can
create several motor situations based on body position (supine or prone) or the direction of movement
(forward or backward).
Vaults: the vaults in gymnastics are linked to the horse or the pony, we have some very simple resources.
own children. The jump to the rope, and its development through traditional games becomes a very
motivator (Entire, the bulb, the San Andrés butt, Pitote...)

INDOOR SOCCER RULES

The objective of each team is to get the ball into the opponent's goal and prevent the other team from scoring.
Ball control and score a goal according to the rules of the game.
The playing field must be a rectangular, smooth, and hard surface, without obstacles.
The dimensions of the playing field are 40X20 meters.
The area and penalty line is situated 6 meters away.
The penalty spot is located 10 meters from the goal line.

The Ball: It will be spherical with an outer surface made of leather, rubber, or synthetic material.
It will have a circumference between 61 and 63 centimeters and its weight will range between 410 and 430 grams.

The match will have 2 halves of 20 minutes each, with a 10-minute break between them. The goals, not subject to
To the ground, they will be made up of two vertical posts of 2 meters connected by a horizontal crossbeam 3 meters long.

-Both in shooting at the goal and in passing to a teammate, depending on the desired effect, the strike is used with:
The instep (power, speed and precision).
The interior of the foot (safety and precision).
The exterior (divergent trajectory).
Pointer (power, but there is little precision)

The choice of field for the kickoff will be determined by a coin toss. The game will start with a ball kick.
standing in the center of the field, facing the opposite field. All players must be positioned on their own
field.

1. The throw-in will be done with the hands. For the throw-in, facing the court and with the feet
perpendicular to the sideline from the place where the ball left.
The corner kick will be taken from the nearest corner to the goal line from which the ball went out.
3. It will be launched from the penalty spot (6 meters away), and all players, except the goalkeeper and the kicker
They must be positioned at a minimum distance of 5 meters behind the ball.
4. The goalkeeper must remain under the goal, without moving their feet, until the batán is in play (until
that it gets hit.
A goal is scored when the ball has completely crossed the goal line between the posts and underneath the crossbar.
crossbar. When a team is sanctioned with more than five accumulated fouls, the next foul will be punished
with a free kick from the penalty spot located 10 meters away.
Each team has 12 players.
The match must start with 5 or 4 field players; if a team is left with 3 due to expulsion.
Players, the referees must suspend the match.
8. An indefinite number of changes can be made.
9. You can touch, hit, or throw with any part of the body except with the hands.
 10. We are allowed to touch the ball as many times as we want, to pass it, throw it, or strike it.
11. It is not allowed: To touch or control the ball with the hands or arms (only the goalkeeper within his area).
12. You can play with one more outfield player who replaces the goalkeeper.

Technical faults are considered:

To kick or try to kick an opponent.
To trip an opponent.
Jumping or jumping on an opponent.
Dangerously load onto an opponent.
To hold back an opponent or prevent them from playing the ball.
Push an opponent with the hands or arms.
Hit or throw the ball with the hand or arm separated from the body (except for the goalkeeper within their area).

Thefutsalit is a sport that requires a lot of effort, physical endurance, and continuous movement, due to the
the need for players to constantly change positions. It differs from thefootballwhat is played in 11 against
11 on a natural grass field based on the size of the ball, goal, and field as a playing type. Both at the time of
Attacking as well as defending is important for the ball to move quickly from one side of the court to the other so that the opponent
it cannot be done with him. The movement of the footballers is favored by a suitable type of dand footwearwhat do they allow
slip on the hard track.

The playing field is between 38 and42 meterslong and between 20 and25 metersof width; although according to the regulation of the
FIFA states that the minimum size of the field can be 25 meters long by 16 meters wide. This is shorter and
narrow that thefootball. Ethe field is made by man (on soil), unlike regular soccer. The game is divided into
two halves of 20 minutes each. Players who break the rules may receive yellow or red cards. The
the surface of the playing field can be made of wood or synthetic grass (never concrete or dirt).
It is played between twoteamsof herenco playerseach one (one is the goalkeeper), in an indoor stadium, with a duration of
match of two halves of 20 minutes each and the break is 10 minutes.
Whoever scores more goals in the opposing goal will be the winner of the match; if it ends in the same number of goals, the result
It will be either a tie or an agreement; the competition will have some modality for tiebreaking.
The dimensions of the indoor soccer field are 38 or 42 meters long by 18 or 25 meters wide.
The ball must be spherical, made of leather or another suitable material, and the circumference must be between 58 and 62 cm.

BASIC TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF KICKINGBALL

The Technical Elements of Kickingball consist of a series of techniques, which are well executed by the
players for their better development in the game.
These are divided into two parts:
1. Defensive Technical Elements.
2. Offensive Technical Elements.
The Defensive Technical Elements are as follows:
The Fildeo.
The Displacement.
The Shot.
The Launch.
The Offensive Technical Elements are the following:
The Pateo.
The Corrido to the Bases.
The Sweeping or Sliding to the Bases.

DEFENSIVE TECHNICAL ELEMENTS:

They understand the techniques executed by the players when they are on the defensive.
The defensive players are those who are positioned in each of the positions on the field and who have
with the goal of preventing the opposing team from scoring runs.
Defensive Technical Elements:
The Fildeo.
The Displacement.
 The Shot.
The Launch.

How do you play Kickingball?

The game will take place between 2 teams, each containing 10 players. One team will be on the Playing Field.
while the other will be consuming its kicking turn. The team that kicks is called 'Offensive' and the team that
It is on the Playground called 'Defense'.
The defensive players will be positioned within the Playing Field in 'defined positions', in which one of
she will have the ball in her hands and will send it rolling on the ground to each of the Offensive Players,
who will consume their kicking turn one by one in a pre-established order. They will kick the ball towards the Field of
They will play and run to reach first base and the following ones, as long as they can, until they manage to go around and score.
races; while the Defenders, on their side, will do their best to "Eliminate" the offensive player who kicked.
the ball. To eliminate it, they must touch it with the ball, or touch the base they are heading to before it touches it.
First, either catch the ball in the air before it touches the ground.
When the Defense manages to eliminate 3 players from the Offense, they finish their kicking turn, and now the roles are
They exchange: "The team that was kicking will have to defend and the one that was defending will have to kick." And so on.
successively.
The action of the game occurs when one team tries to score runs while the other tries to prevent this by getting 3 of
their players.

THE TECHNIQUE IN KICKBALL

TECHNIQUE
The technique in kicking ball is the execution of precise movements that allow effective control in handling the
ball at the moment of kicking, catching, throwing, or launching; as well as any action or movement that a player can perform
for the development of your game such as running, moving or sliding.

INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE TECHNIQUE

The Individual Technique in Kickingball is specific to each player executed individually; and the Technique
Collective is the union of all and each of the Individual Techniques of each player executed together for the
better action of the team in the development of a game.
The techniques of Kickingball are acquired when perfect mastery of handling the ball with the hands is achieved, the
arms and feet on flat vertical surfaces. As it is a team sport, the more technique the
individual players will benefit the team more, as there will be greater coordination, better synchronization and
greater precision in all the plays.
The fielding and kicking of the ball, considered as catching and striking it, consciously with the hands,
arms and legs are undoubtedly the most basic technical elements of Kickingball. It may happen that some
The Kickingball player does not master the ball pitching or sliding into the bases well, this player has
defects, but if he doesn’t know how to kick or field a ball properly, we can say that he doesn’t know how to play Kickingball.
This material presents the basic technical elements of Kickingball, executed in the most common actions.
inhabitants in this sport.

BASIC TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF KICKINGBALL

The Technical Elements of Kickingball are comprised of a series of techniques, which are well executed by the
players for their better development in the game.
These are divided into two parts:
1. Defensive Technical Elements.
2. Offensive Technical Elements.
The Defensive Technical Elements are as follows:
The Fildeo.
The Displacement.
The Shot.
The Launch.
The Offensive Technical Elements are as follows:
The Pateo.
The Ballad to the Bases.
 The Sweeping or Sliding to the Bases.

DEFENSIVE TECHNICAL ELEMENTS:

They understand the techniques executed by the players when being on the defensive.
Defensive players are those who are positioned in each of the positions on the field, and who have
The goal is to prevent the opposing team from scoring in runs.
Defensive Technical Elements:
The Fildeo.
The Displacement.
The Shot.
The Launch.

THE FILDEO
Fielding is the action of a defensive player securely taking possession of the ball during its travel, whether it is from
air or on the ground regardless of whether the ball is inside or outside the field of play.
To establish the validity of the catch, the defensive player must hold the ball for some time in order to prove
that has total control of it and that letting go of the ball is done voluntarily and intentionally.
To achieve good fielding, every player when executing any of the different Fielding Techniques, must 'Bag the
Ball,” which consists of securing the catch of the ball, whether it is from a grounder, line drive, or pop-up, managing to control it.
to then make the following moves that correspond.
All fielding must start from a Basic Defensive Position, which is described below:

BASIC DEFENSIVE POSITION:

The Basic Defensive Position will allow the player to develop and execute a better and more effective defensive technique.
The position is as follows:
The legs parallel and separated at shoulder height.
The knees semi-flexed.
The trunk bent slightly forward.
The arms in front of the body with the elbows extended.
Palms of the hands facing forward.
The gaze fixed on the ball.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILDEOS:
The threads can be classified as follows:
Fields of Rollers.
Line Files: Low Lines and High Lines.
High Fildeos.

FILLING ROLLS:
The "Rolatas" are those balls that describe their trajectory on the ground or bouncing on the playing field.
To achieve an effective fielding of these types of balls, defensive players must 'Pocket the Ball' once
executed the 'Rolata Fildeo Technique'. It is recommended that every defender always adopts the Basic Position.
Defensive, as it will allow you to easily execute any movement on the playing field.
moment of dribbling the ball.

ROLATA ROLLING TECHNIQUE:

Legs parallelly separated at shoulder height.
The knees semi-flexed.
The trunk slightly bent forward.
Arms in front of the body.
The forearms parallel to each other at a distance no less than 5 cm and no more than 8 cm.
The extended elbows.
The palms of the hands facing forward.
The fingers extended and together side by side in each hand; touching the ground or at a distance that
It will depend on the height of the rollback.
 The gaze fixed on the ball at the moment of kicking.
The Ball is Wrapped: Once the ball rolls over the palms of the hands, when it reaches the arms, they bend.
immediately the elbows, closing the forearms bringing the ball to the chest and securing it with the fingers
and the hands gripping it tightly to complete the catch.
For this type of kicking, one must take into account the direction of the ball and the strength of the kick, in order to execute it properly.
good technique or the correct movements to make a good fielding.

LINE VIDEOS:
The "Lines" are those balls that describe their trajectory in a straight line, at a height that is referenced from the
knees to the heads of the defenders.
There are two types of Lines: Low Lines and High Lines.
The Low Lines are those that have a height referenced from the knees to the chest of the Defenders. And the
High Lines are those that have a height referenced to the heads of the Defenders.
The Line Filling Technique generally focuses on Low Lines as it is the most common filling. In the case of
In the High Lines, there is another type of technique called the 'Double Contact Technique' which allows for the precision of this field.
To achieve effective fielding of this type of balls, the defending players must 'Pocket the Ball' once
executed the 'Line Filleting Technique' or the 'Double Contact Technique' (depending on the type of Line). It is recommended that
Every defender should always adopt the Basic Defensive Position, as it will allow them to execute with ease.
any movement on the field when fielding the ball.

LINE FOLDING TECHNIQUE (LOW LINES):

The legs are parallel and shoulder-width apart.
The knees semi-flexed.
The trunk slightly bent forward.
The arms in front of the body.
The forearms parallel to each other at a distance no less than 5 cm and no more than 8 cm.
The extended elbows.
The palms of the hands facing forward.
The fingers extended and together, side by side, on each hand.
The gaze fixed on the ball at the moment of the kick.
The Ball is Embolized: Once the ball hits the arms or forearms, they immediately flex.
elbows, closing the forearms bringing the ball toward the chest and securing it with the fingers and hands
holding it tightly in order to complete the catch.

DOUBLE CONTACT TECHNIQUE (HIGH LINES):

The Double Contact Technique is used to fillet the High Lines.
The Double Contact Technique is as follows:
The legs parallelly separated at shoulder height.
The knees semi-flexed.
The trunk slightly bent forward.
The arms in front of the body.
The elbows semi-flexed at 90 degrees, with the forearm inclined perpendicularly with respect to the
arm
The palms of the hands facing forward and at head height.
The fingers extended, spread apart and slightly leaning forward.
The gaze fixed on the ball at the moment of kicking.
The first contact with the ball will be made with the fingertips directing it upwards and making it take very
short height.
The second contact will be to wrap the ball: Once the ball falls into the arms or forearms, they are flexed.
immediately the elbows, closing the forearms bringing the ball towards the chest and securing it with the
fingers and hands squeezing it tightly to complete the catch.
For this type of kick, one must keep in mind the direction of the ball and the strength of the kick in order to execute it.
good technique or the correct movements to perform a good fielding.
It is also important that when hitting any Line, the body and arms must always be facing the ball.
NEVER from the side. The ball must always be approached from the front.
ELEVATED FILDEOS:
The "Elevated" are those balls that leave the air projecting upwards reaching a maximum height for
then begin to descend describing a path as a parabola.
To achieve effective fielding of this type of balls, the defensive players must 'Bag the Ball' once
executed the 'High Fly Fielding Technique'. It is recommended that every defender always adopt the Basic Position
Defensive, as it will allow you to easily execute any movement on the playing field.
moment to dribble the ball.

TECHNIQUE OF HIGH LIFTING FILM:

The legs parallel and separated at shoulder height.
The knees semi-flexed.
The trunk perpendicular to the ground or slightly bent forward (this will depend on the descent of the ball).
The arms in front of the body.
The forearms parallel to each other at a distance no less than 5 cm and no greater than 8 cm.
The elbows semi-flexed.
The palms of the hands facing the body with a semi-flexion of the wrist.
The fingers extended and together, side by side, on each hand.
The gaze fixed on the ball at the moment of its descent.
The Ball is Pocketed: Once the ball falls into the arms or forearms, they are immediately flexed
elbows, closing the forearms bringing the ball to the chest and securing it with the fingers and hands
squeezing it tightly to complete the catch. Additionally, a "damping" movement is performed,
it consists, at the moment the ball falls and is brought to the chest, of a slight semi-flexion movement and
semi-extension of the knees, in the 'Spring' style; in this way, the force can be effectively resisted.
the one given by the descent of the ball.

THE DISPLACEMENT
The Displacement is the movement that a defensive player makes to move to another area of the playing field.
in order to perform a specific play with the ball.
Movements begin to be made from the Defensive Basic Position.
To perform defensive movements, one must have a clear understanding of the ball's location and its intensity.
In order to make the movements accurately and precisely. Several factors must be taken into account, including
those that stand out: the location in relation to the patio and its strength.
When the kicks are aimed directly at the defenders, they only have to worry about the strength of the kick itself, so that it does not
they surpass them in air patrols, and for their secure control on the ground.
Movements can be made forward, diagonally forward, backward, diagonally backward and
lateral.

THE SHOT
The pass is a defensive action that consists of sending the ball to a teammate, propelling it with the hand, the fingers, the
doll and the arm.
TYPES OF SHOTS:
Shots can be of two types, and these are further divided into various techniques:
One-handed shots:
Shot over the arm.
Shot to the side of the arm.
Shot under the arm.
Shots with both hands:
Shot over the head.
Chest shot.
Shot below the waist.

SHOOT ABOVE THE ARM:

The shot over the arm is the most used by defensive players, especially those who play in the Field.
Exterior, because this is one of the strongest ways to throw the ball.
TECHNIQUE OF SHOOTING OVER THE ARM:
The player starts in the Basic Defensive Position.
When catching the ball, it is placed in the shooting hand (in the right hand if the player is right-handed or in the left hand if she is left-handed).
left (if it is left-handed) to prepare it.
Then the ball is taken over the arm about 20 to 30 cm back, performing a flexion of the elbow.
The opposite leg is advanced to the shooting arm.
The elbow of the arm opposite to the shooting arm must be extended. This arm should be directed at the player who
She will receive the shot. Likewise, the gaze must be directed at that player.
The ball is thrown with full extension of the elbow and with a combined impulse from the hand, wrist, fingers, and shoulder.
You must keep your wrist directed and firm towards the player who will receive the shot.
The tilt of the trunk will depend on the force used by the defender when executing the shot.

SHOOT FROM THE SIDE OF THE ARM:

The shot from the side of the arm is used by some defenders as a resource to send the ball to other players with
speed at short distances.

TECHNIQUE OF SIDE ARM SHOOTING (considering if the movement is performed without

displacement or without taking steps:
The player starts in the Basic Defensive Position.
Upon catching the ball, it is placed in the shooting hand (in the right hand if the player is right-handed or in the left hand if the player is left-handed).
left if it is left-handed) to prepare it.
The ball is taken back with the throwing hand and arm along the side of the body.
The supporting leg must be the same used to make the shot, meaning that if the defender takes the shot with
the right arm the supporting leg must be the same.
The gaze should be directed at the player who will receive the shot.
Then the shot is taken, passing the arm in front of the body to immediately release the ball.
You must keep the wrist directed and firm towards the player who will receive the shot.

SHOT UNDER THE ARM:

The underarm throw is commonly used by players in the Inner Field (generally by the Short Field,
the pitcher and the second baseman) when the hits are not powerful, as when catching the ball, they make the throw in
combination with the move towards the player who will receive it.

UNDERARM THROW TECHNIQUE:

The player starts in the Basic Defensive Position.
When the ball is kicked, the defender moves quickly to field it.
When taking the ball, it is placed in the shooting hand (in the right hand if the player is right-handed or in the left hand if the player is left-handed)
left if it is left-handed) to prepare it.
The gaze should be directed at the player who will receive the shot.
He carries the ball under his arm with his elbow extended; swinging it backwards.
Then, while moving towards the player who will receive the shot, the ball is sent with a backward swing.
toward the front, extending the elbow and wrist in the direction of that player.

SHOOTING OVER THE HEAD:

The shot over the head is made by the defenders at sporadic but precise moments; especially when
An attempt is made to corner a runner to eliminate her before she returns to her base or conquers the next base.

TECHNIQUE OF OVERHEAD SHOT:

The player starts in the Basic Defensive Position.
When catching the ball, it is held with both hands.
The defender approaches the runner to corner her, holding the ball with both hands in front of her body.
Once decided to shoot, she takes the ball with both hands above her head about 20 or 30 cm back.
performing a bend of the elbows.
The gaze should be directed at the player who will receive the shot.
 Advancing one of his legs, he will execute the shot with full extension of the elbow and with a combined thrust with the
hands, wrists, fingers and shoulders, towards the player who will receive the ball.
The tilt of the trunk will depend on the strength of the shot.

CHEST STRIKE:
The chest shot is used by the defenders of the Internal Field to make very fast and precise plays towards the
bases.

CHEST SHOT TECHNIQUE:

The player starts in the Basic Defensive Position.
When catching the ball, it is held with both hands.
Direct your gaze to the player to whom you will send the shot.
With or without movement, place the ball with both hands at chest height.
To make the shot, advance one of your legs.
Then he will quickly perform the shot with full extension (outwards) of the elbow, with impulse combined with the
dolls, hands, fingers, and shoulders directed towards the player who will receive the ball.

SHOOTING BELOW THE WAIST:

The shot below the waist is used by some defenders, generally those in the Internal Field, as a resource.
to send the ball to other players very quickly over very short distances. (For example: from Short Field to the
Receiver)

TECHNIQUE OF LOW-GAUGE SHOOTING:

The player starts in the Basic Defensive Position.
When catching the ball, it is held with both hands.
Immediately direct your gaze to the player to whom you will send the shot.
The ball is carried below the waist with both hands with the elbow extended.
Then, the ball is quickly sent with a balance from below to the front, with the elbows extended and the
dolls in the direction of the defender who will receive the shot.

THE LAUNCH
The pitch is the action executed by the pitcher, which consists of sending the ball to the catcher.
roll on the ground, with the aim of causing failure or hindering the action of the Kicker.
It is important for the Launcher to comply with the 'Basic Throwing Technique' for the shipment to be considered.
as legal, otherwise it will be declared as ILLEGAL.

BASIC THROWING TECHNIQUE:

The Basic Launching Technique is as follows:
The Thrower must be within the Throwing Circle.
Once decided to perform the launch, you must position yourself on the Launch Pad making contact with
both feet with this.
Your whole body must be facing the Home Plate, with your shoulders in a straight line with First and Third Base.
Next, you need to do a 'Ball Presentation'. This Presentation consists of holding the ball with
both hands in front of his body, pausing in front of the Kicker. This pause must not be less than a
second is greater than ten seconds.
The throw begins when the Pitcher removes one of their hands from the ball, taking it back and then
passing it by the side of his body, under his shoulder; taking a maximum of two steps to make the
send to Home Plate.

CLASSIFICATION OF LAUNCHES:
The throws can be classified according to their speed: Fast and Slow; and according to their trajectory: in Straight and in
Curves.

QUICK LAUNCHES:
Quick launches are all those shipments that, after leaving the hand of the Launcher, develop a
good speed on their trajectory toward Home Plate, which creates some difficulty for the batters when it comes to
make good contact with the ball. With this type of kick, the kickers must have developed good reflexes.
with a reaction speed so fast that they can make good contact with the ball at the moment
I need.

SLOW LAUNCHES:
The slow launches are all those shipments that, after leaving the hands of the Launcher, do not develop.
no type of speed, on the contrary, it decreases throughout its trajectory to the Home Plate, which allows
giving the kickers a better chance to make good contact with the ball. With this type of throw the
Kickers must have a bit of patience if they want to have a good execution of the kick.

TYPES OF LAUNCHES:
It can be said that in kickingball there are 2 types of fundamental pitches that are defined according to their
trajectory which are: the Straight Line and the Curve.

THROWS IN A STRAIGHT LINE:

The straight throw is one in which the ball does not describe any change in direction caused by the thrower.
his movements from the moment he leaves his hand until he reaches Home Plate, this means that it remains a
straight trajectory (without any kind of variants). It could be said that this is a throw with less difficulty for
to kick.

CURVED THROW:
The curved throw is one in which the ball describes a trajectory from outside to inside or from inside to outside.
outside with respect to the Home Plate. This pitch is made in order to get the batter out of rhythm or leave them off balance.
turning kicker or forcing her to kick from the side of the field that is most advantageous to the defense.
The inside and outside shipments can be launched quickly or slowly, the only difference between them is the
the pass of the ball with respect to the Home Plate and the speed of the pitch. It is said that a pitch is inside when the
the ball goes past the side of the Home Plate that is closer to the hitter and the pitch is outside when the ball goes by the
the side of the Home Plate furthest from the batter.

OFFENSIVE TECHNICAL ELEMENTS:

They understand the techniques executed by the players at the moment of being on the offensive.
The offensive players include kickers and runners, whose goal is to reach the
the greatest number of bases possible and achieve to score runs.
The Offensive Technical Elements are as follows:
The Pateo.
The Ballad to the Bases.
The Sweeping or Sliding to the Bases.

The kick
The kick is the action of striking the ball with the foot or leg, with the aim of directing it onto the playing field. The
We can classify patios according to height, direction, and impact.

PASTE MACHINE:
The kicker is an offensive player who occupies a corresponding position in the team's lineup and takes
her position in the Batting Box. The objective of the Batter is to become a runner and reach as many as possible
bases that are possible and manage to score runs.

LOCATION IN THE KICKING BOX:

The kicker must be positioned behind the Home Plate, in the center of the Pitcher's Box.

BASIC KICKING POSITION:

The support foot and leg are positioned ahead of the kicking foot (if right-footed, the support foot and leg will be the
left leg and if it is left-handed, the supporting foot and leg will be the right leg.
Semi-Flexed Knees.
Trunk Semi-Flexed Forward.
Fixed gaze on the Pitcher without losing sight of the Ball.
TYPES OF KICKS:
There are four types of innings which are:
Pateos de Rolata.
Line Yard.
Elevated Patios.
Touch Patios.

ROLLING PAVEMENTS:
They are all those kicks that roll or bounce on the playing field, without taking into account their strength or their
address.

TECHNIQUE FOR THIS TYPE OF KICKING:

It starts from the Basic Kicking Position.
Take one or two steps of momentum.
When positioning the support foot, the kicking leg is delayed by bending the knee and flexing the ankle.
The ball is struck with the instep of the foot with knee extension.
The movement of the leg should be from down to the front, without lifting it too much.
The trunk should lean forward, keeping the supporting foot firm.

LINE PATIOS:
They are all those air kicks that are projected in a straight line and take little height, in this case, the height of the ball goes
referenced from the knees to the heads of the players.

TECHNIQUE FOR THIS TYPE OF KICKING:

It starts from the Basic Kicking Position.
Take one or two steps of impulse.
When positioning the supporting foot, the kicking leg is pulled back by bending the knee and flexing the ankle.
The ball is struck in the center with the instep of the foot and with knee extension.
The leg movement should be from back to front, lifting it a little.
The trunk leans slightly backward, keeping the support foot firm.

ELEVATED PLATFORMS:
They are all those patios that are projected upwards, that is, those that reach a height until they reach a point.
maximum to then start descending describing a parabola in its path.

TECHNIQUE FOR THIS TYPE OF KICKING:

It starts from the Basic Kicking Position.
One or two steps of momentum are taken.
When positioning the support foot, the kicking leg is pulled back by bending the knee and with ankle flexion.
The ball is hit with the instep of the foot and with the extension of the knee, bringing the foot underneath the ball.
(between the floor and the ball).
The movement of the leg should be from bottom to top, raising it to the knee approximately.
The trunk should lean backward, keeping the support foot firm.

TOUCH PATIOS:
They are all those kicks that come out weakly rolling or bouncing on the playing field. Many balls even,
"They sleep" on the playing field when being weakly kicked.

TECHNIQUE FOR THIS TYPE OF KICKING:

It starts from the Basic Kicking Position.
The Pateadora is located in the Pateo Zone.
To strike the ball, the kicker will only place their foot to make it bounce off; and at the moment
from the rebound, she will withdraw her foot.
The trunk should lean forward, keeping the supporting foot firm.
THE BALLAD TO THE BASES
RACE:
It is the action of an offensive player, which consists of moving quickly, with the intention of reaching one or
more bases without being eliminated.
RUNNER:

She is an offensive player, who is at one of the bases trying to advance to another base.
The goal of the runner will be to advance all the bases that are possible and score runs. For this to be possible, it
You should pay attention to the game strategy that your coach implements regarding the play that will be made afterwards.
that the ball be kicked.

VISUALIZATION OF THE COACHES' SIGNALS

FIRST BASE COACH:

The First Base Coach will be responsible for giving instructions to the First Base Runner, while she is occupying
the same. In addition, she will direct the Kicker-Runner and she must be attentive to the signs and indications of the
first base coach, who will inform him whether he can advance to second base.
THIRD BASE COACH:
The Third Base Coach will be responsible for giving instructions to the Runners at Second and Third Base. Additionally,
When the First Base Runner crosses the halfway line between bases (between First and Second Base) she must look
to the Third Base coach to indicate whether he should continue to Third Base or stop at Second Base.

SWEEPING OR SLIDING TO THE BASES

The sweep to a base is one of the techniques most used by runners to achieve reaching a base in a way
fast and secure. It involves sliding on the ground, in which 2 factors participate: the speed at which
the runner is heading to the base and the force of the impulse with which she slides towards it.
If the runner does not measure her speed and her thrust force in relation to the distance she needs to reach to arrive at
the base safe, at the moment it slides it can go beyond the base it slid to, risking being
removed. Therefore, the slip must be as precise as possible.

TYPES OF SWEEPING THE BASES:

STANDING SWEEP:
This slide consists of the runner reaching the base they want to achieve by gliding with their feet, in this case, the
the base will be touched with the foot that was extended for the slide.
HAND SWEEP:
This slide consists of the runner reaching the base they want to attain by sliding on their hands, in this case, the
the slide will be done face down to the ground extending the arms and hands, so the base will be touched with one or
both hands.