Low power FM transmitter

Rod Elliott (ESPECIALLY)

Introduction

This article should satisfy those who might wish to build a low transmitter.
FM power. It is designed to use an input from another healthy source (such as a guitar or a
microphone), and broadcasts on the commercial FM band - it is truly absolutely far-reaching,
so make sure you don't use it to transmit anything sensitive - he could be
easily taken from several hundred absent meters.

The FM band is 88 to 108 MHz, and although it is being quite tightly achieved almost by
everywhere, you should still be able to find a blank spot on the dial.

NOTE: Some people have had trouble with this circuit. The biggest problem is not
knowing if it is even oscillating, since the frequency is outside the range of most
the simple oscilloscopes. See project 74 for a simple RF probe tip that (or should)
I tell you to have a useful signal in the antenna. If so, then you know it oscillates, and it barely has that.
what to discover at what frequency. This may require using an RF frequency counter
if you can only locate the FM band.

Description

The transmitter circuit is demonstrated in Figure 1, and as you can see it is absolutely
simple. The first stage is the oscillator, and it is tuned with the variable capacitor. Select a
unusual frequency, and carefully adjust C3 until the background noise stops (you have to
disable the mute circuit of the FM receiver to hear this).

Table 1 - Low Power FM Transmitter

Because the adjustment capacitor's sleeve is very sensitive, make the final adjustment of the
frequency at the receiver. When assembling the circuit, make sure that the rotor of C3 is connected to
the +9V source. This ensures that there is minimal frequency disturbance when the
screwdriver touches the adjustment shaft. You can use a small piece of the circuit board.
copper-coated to make a screwdriver - this will not alter the frequency.

The frequency stability is significantly improved by adding a capacitor.

from the Q1 base for grinding. This ensures that the transistor operates in true common base mode
in the RF. A value of 1nF (ceramic) as shown is suitable, and it will also limit
the response of the HF at 15 kilocycles - this is an advantage for a simple circuit like this, and even
Commercial FM generally has a bandwidth limited to 15kHz.
How it works
Q1 is the oscillator, and it is a conventional Colpitts design. L1 and C3 (in parallel with C2) tunes.
the circuit to the desired frequency, and the output (from the emitter of Q1) is fed to the storage
intermediary and to the amplifier Q2. This isolates the antenna from the oscillator, which provides much stability.
better frequency, as well as the supply of considerable additional increase. Form L2 and
C6 a tempered load from the collector, and C7 helps to isolate the antenna circuit farther away, thus
to prevent any possibility of short circuits if the antenna contacts the box
grounding of the metal that would normally be used for the complete transmitter.

The audio signal applied to the base of the Q1 causes the frequency to change, like the current.
the transistor's collector is modulated by the audio. This provides frequency modulation
(FM) that can be received on any standard FM band receiver. The audio input is
it should be kept to a maximum of around 100mV, although this will vary somewhat from one unit to another
Next. Higher levels will cause the deviation (the maximum change in frequency) to exceed the
limits on the receiver - generally ±75kHz.

With the demonstrated value for C1, this limits the response to a lower frequency.
around 50Hz (based only on R1, which is somewhat pessimistic) - if you need to switch to LOW that
this, after using a 1uF capacitor instead of another, which will allow a response down below for the
less than 15Hz. C1 can be polyester or mylar, or a 1uF electrolytic can be used, bipolar or
be polarized. If it is polarized, the positive terminal must connect to the 10k resistor.

Inductors
The inductors are nominal 10 turns (actually 9.5) of enameled copper wire with a diameter of
1m m. His wound is close in a diameter of 3m m anterior, it is removed after they are injured.
the coils. Carefully scrape away the varnish where the ends of the coil will pass to
through the board - all the paint must be removed to ensure good contact. Frame 2
show a drawing of the detail of a coil. The coils must be mounted about 2mm above the
board.

For those still stuck in the dark ages with imperial measurements (grimace), 1m m
It's about 0.04" (0.0394") or 5/127 inch (stifled laugh) - you'll have to figure out what gauge it is
say, depending on which wire gauge system you use (there are several). Can you see the
advantages of metric already, you can't? To convert the other measurements, 1" = 25.4mm

NOTE: The inductors are critical and must be injured exactly as described, or the
frequency will be incorrect.

Table 2 - Detail of L1 and L2

The nominal (and very approximate) inductance for the coils is around 130nH.
Pre-emphasis

It is normal with FM transmission that 'pre-emphasis' is used, and there is a certain amount
corresponding to de-emphasis in the receiver. There are two standards (of course) - most of
of the applications of the world, a constant of time 50us, and the U.S. uses 75us. These
time constants represent a frequency of 3183Hz and 2122Hz respectively. This is
the 3dB point of a simple filter that boosts high frequencies in transmission and cuts the same
we're colmos again at the reception, restoring the frequency response to normal, and reducing
noise.

The simple transmitter above does not have this built inside, so it can be added to
preamplification or to the microphone line circuit of the intermediate storage stage.
Both of these are demonstrated in Table 3, and they are of much higher quality than the offerings.
standards in most other designs.

Table 3 - Mic and line preamplification

Rather than a single simple amp transistor, using a TL061 op-amp gives much better figures.
better distortion, and a more reliable output impedance to the transmitter. If you want to use
a dynamic microphone, leave out R1 (5.6k) since this is only necessary to operate
an electret mic filler. The gain control (for any circuit) can be internal
pre-established, or a normal pot to allow adjustment to the maximum level without distortion with various
signal sources. The 100nF bridge capacitors must be ceramic types, due to the
frequency. Note that although a TL072 could work, they are not designed to operate in the
low supply voltage used. The TL061 is specifically designed for low operation
power.

The mic preamplification has a maximum gain of 22, providing a sensitivity of

microphone around 5mV. The preamplification line has a gain of one, so the
the maximum input sensitivity is 100mV.

Select the appropriate capacitor value for the pre-emphasis according to the instructions.
from frame 3 depending on where you live. The pre-emphasis is not especially accurate, or it will be
absolutely good enough for the application classes to which a low transmitter
FM power is set. It is unnecessary to say, this does not include "fumigating" rooms, as this is
illegal almost everywhere.

I would advise that the preamplification be in its own secondary-small enclosure to

avoid letting the RF incorporate the opamp's input. This does not need to be any assumption.
You could equalize the coat just a certain insulation around the coat just of the preamplification.
then the entire unit of preamplification in aluminum foil. Remember to do a good job
connection of the earth to the leaf, or shielding will not serve any purpose.