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• What is an Operating System?

An Operating System is a software that acts as an interface between computer hardware components
and the user. and manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.
• Types of operating systems
Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. The three most common
operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
• Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been many
different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 11 (released in
2021), Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows
Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular
operating system in the world.

• What’s the Difference Between 32-bit and 64-bit Windows?

Windows 10 comes in two versions: 32-bit and 64-bit. What’s the difference? Windows 10 32-bit is
more likely to work with older hardware and software, but some of the performance and feature benefits
that are only available in Windows 10 64-bit.
Windows 10 32-bit is recommended if you have 4 GB or Less RAM
Windows 10 64-bit is recommended if you have more than 4 GB RAM. Windows 10 64-bit supports up
to 2 TB of RAM,

• Useful Accessories in Windows:

To see a list of Windows Accessories, select Start and scroll through the alphabetical list. Some apps
are in folders within the app list—like Notepad, which is in the Windows Accessories folder.

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- Character map : is a utility included with Microsoft Windows operating systems and is used to
view the characters in any installed font, to check what keyboard input

- Snipping Tool : is a utility included in Windows operating systems. It can take still screenshots of
an open window.

- Voice Recorder : is an app for recording sound, saves it in M4a file format.

• Windows 10 keyboard shortcuts:

- Copy: Ctrl + C
- Cut: Ctrl + X
- Paste: Ctrl + V
- New Windows: Ctrl + N
- Create New Folder: Ctrl + Shift + N
- Select all: Ctrl + A
- Start screen: Windows logo key
- Maximize Window: Windows logo key + Up Arrow
- Show Desktop: Windows logo key +D
- Switch users / Lock: Windows logo key +L
- Run: Windows logo key +R
- Set focus on Taskbar and cycle apps: Windows logo key +T

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• Using Move tool in the Photoshop:

You can use the Move tool to drag elements from one Photoshop document to another. It’s a simple
drag-and-drop process. Then you move this element

-Transform elements with Move tool:

After drag element you can scale, Rotate and flip it by click Ctrl+T, Now you can transform it using The
bounding box Which appears around the element

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You can also use the option bar to transforming elementa after click Ctrl+T

• Using Eraser tool :

The eraser is basically a brush which erases pixels as you drag it across the image.

When you select the eraser tool, you have various options available in the toolbar:

Brush: Options include the size of the eraser, hardness of edges

Mode: There are three options: brush (soft edges), pencil (hard edges) and block (square brush size).

Opacity: 100% opacity erases pixels completely, 0% does not erase at all. 50% is semi-transparent

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• Using Selection tools:

1) Rectangular Marquee Tool

In the Tools panel, select the Rectangular Marquee tool. Drag

a rectangular selection onto the image. The area inside the
animated border represents your selection.

To select more, click the Add to selection icon in the options bar or press Shift and drag.

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2. Elliptical Marquee Tool

The Elliptical Marquee Tool is like the Rectangular Marquee

Tool, but it works with ellipses and circles rather than rectangles.

To select clock use Elliptical Marquee Tool

3. The Lasso Tool

When you have non-geomtric shapes to select you’ll need the

lasso tool (L). It works the same way as a pencil, just draw
around the areas you need to select. By holding down ALT you
can subtract areas from the current selection

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4) The Polygonal Lasso Tool

The Polygonal Lasso tool is useful for drawing straight-edged

segments of a selection border.

To select Star use Polygonal Lasso Tool

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5) The Magnetic Lasso Tool

The Magnetic Lasso tool is especially useful for quickly

selecting objects with complex edges with high-contrast
backgrounds.

To select Star use Magnetic Lasso Tool

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7) The Magic Wand Tool

the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

To select Building use Magic Wand Tool

9) The Quick Selection Tool

The quick selection tool is like the magic wand tool, it can be
used to make selections based on pixel color and tone, except the
quick selection tool also looking for similar textures in the
image.

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Click and drag over an area you want to select. The tool automatically selects similar tones and stops when it
finds image edges.

10) The Object Selection Tool

The Object Selection tool is useful for automatically selecting objects or regions such as people, cars,
pets, sky, water, buildings, plants, and mountains in an image.

You can access the Object Selection tool at the following locations:

• From the main application toolbar in Photoshop

• From the toolbar in the Select And Mask workspace

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Click and drag over an area you want to select. The tool automatically selects any object in the selected area.
• Layers in Photoshop:

Photoshop layers are like sheets of Glass. You can see through transparent areas of a layer to the layers below.
You move a layer to position the content on the layer, like sliding a sheet of Glass. You can also change the
opacity of a layer to make content partially transparent.

We can Working with Layers through Layer panel, to use Layers panel go to Window>Layers

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This image explain all options in Layer Panel

Layer Filter – There are so many types of layers like a normal layer, adjustment layers, smart object, etc. You
can filter the similar types of layers via this.

Blend Mode – This is used to create special effects. Blend mode is basically the behavior of pixels that is based
on the behavior of the pixels presents in the below layer. This is a bit complex topic.

Visibility – You can show or hide a layer by clicking on this. It looks like an eye icon.

Thumbnail – This is the tiny view of the layer. It will preview how your layer looks

A layer – The entire thing that is surrounded by the blue rectangle is a layer.

Link Layer – It will help you to connect/link two layers. Two linked layers move together when you use the
Move tool to move a layer

Layer Style – This is where you get options ta add fancy styles like a shadow, outer glow, etc.

Layer Mask – It adds layer mask. The layer mask controls the transparency of a layer.

Adjustment Layers – Here you can do basic adjustments like Brightness, contrast, saturation, photo filter,
color balance, etc.

Group Layers – This comes into handy when you have so many layers. You can group multiple layers together
so that your layer panel doesn’t look cluttered.
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Delete Layer – This allows you to delete a layer. Many a time, you’ll be using the Delete/Backspace key to
delete a layer rather than this one.

Create a New Layer – You can create a new layer here., you can also use keyboard shortcut Cmd + Shift +
N/Ctrl + Shift + N.

Locked – This allow a layer to be protected from moving.

Fill – It adjusts the amount of opacity of the pixels only. Any layer styles are unaffected and remain 100%
opaque.

Opacity – It adjusts the amount of opacity. Layer styles are also affected by this.

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