The Internet
Internet
Worldwide network of
interconnected
computer networks
that operates using a
standard set of
communications
Any communications network that can carry
two-way digital data can also carry Internet
traffic; thus, Internet traffic flows through
networks that use conventional copper wire,
coaxial cable, optical fiber and radio waves.
▪ The internet is named after the
Internet Protocol, the standard
communications protocol used
by every computer on the
Internet.
Brief History of the
Internet
▪ I nternet vs. i nternet
▪ An internet (small “i”) refers to any
network of computers
▪ The Internet (large “I”) is a specific
name
Given to the communication
network comprised of hundreds of
thousands of inter-connected
1969 Department of Defense DOD of USA started
a network called ARPANET( advanced
research projects administration Network)
One computer California and 3 Utah
Later, Universities and R&D Institutions were
allowed to connect
Due to the success of Arpanet the network
was broken into two smaller parts
MILNET for Managing Military sites
ARPANET for managing non-military sites
1980 NSFNET (national science foundation
network) was created.
Due to the advancement, many computers
were also allowed to be linked with NSFNET.
1990 Computers were looking up to NSFNET giving
birth to Internet
Technologies
Behind the
Internet
Networking Hardware
• Routers: Direct data between devices and
networks.
• Switches: Connect devices inside a network (like
computers in an office).
• Servers: Powerful computers that store websites,
apps, and data.
• Cables and Wireless: Physical (fiber optics,
ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi, 5G) methods to move
data.
➢Standard protocols enable the Internet to function.
It can be treated as the standard language for the
Internet.
➢Protocols determine the following:
➢ Data transmission between 2 devices
➢ The type of error checking that will be
performed.
➢ Data compression
➢ Signals and notifications
The main protocols on which the functioning of the
Internet is dependent are listed below:
▪ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) –
allows computers to connect to a
network and exchange data; carries
the task of breaking messages into
small packets (datagrams)
▪ Internet Protocol (IP) – considered a
lower-level protocol which is
responsible for making decision on
the packets and routing them.
Other protocols used on the Internet are the
following:
▪ Hypertext Transmission Protocol
(HTTP) – which supports the World
Wide Web (WWW)
▪ File Transmission Protocol (FTP) –
permit users to send all types of
electronic files over the Internet
Anatomy of a
Web Address
▪ Web addresses are also referred to as URLs. It can
identify a specific machine, directory and file of that
machine
Example:
▪ https://www.facebook.com/
▪ HTTP – short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol described
as the transmission protocol, introduces a web document
or directory
▪ WWW – Short for World Wide Web
▪ Directory – The directory or folder(s) in the web
server that contains a group of related web pages
▪ Domain Name – identifies the computer name, web
server name, web name or host name. The Internet
Domain Name System (DNS) permit users to give
globally unique names to networks.
▪ Top level domains:
▪ .edu – educational site (for a university or college)
▪ .com – commercial business site/computer
▪ .gov – government/non military site
▪ .mil – military sites or agencies
▪ .net – networks, internet service providers,
Web Technologies
•HTML/CSS/JavaScript: Languages used
to create and style websites.
•Web Browsers: Software like Chrome,
Firefox, and Safari that lets users access
web content.
•Web Servers: Programs (like Apache,
Nginx) that handle requests for web
pages.
Web Navigation
and Search
Engines
There are 4 domains and 5 basic techniques
in web navigations
▪ Directions:
▪ Back – go back to the previous page (alt+left arrow key)
▪ Forward – go forward to a new page after going back
(alt+right arrow key)
▪ Link – click a link and jump to a new page
▪ Jump – select a new page from external source such as
bookmarked sites
▪ Techniques:
▪ Surfing – Jumping ahead of the browser if the link is already
loaded but the rest of the page is lagging behind
▪ Chains – After clicking several websites, a chain of internet pages
are created and explored backward or forward.
▪ Reload – refreshing the page to ensure that the latest copy is
loaded
▪ Stopping – Stopping the loading process of a site anytime the user
wants.
▪ Restarting – Stopping the connection and clicking the same link
again
Few examples of Search Engines:
▪ Yahoo!
▪ Google
▪ Ask.com
Two types of Search Engines:
▪ Directories
▪ good at identifying general information
▪ Ex.: Yahoo Directory
▪ Indexes
▪ Identify text on the given criteria by searching
contents of websites through the use of software
and programs called robots and spiders that
analyze millions of webpages
▪ Ex.: Google & Yahoo Search
Electronic Mail (E-mail)
▪ Program was developed by Ray
Tomlinson in 1972
▪ He introduced the @ symbol
▪ In 1973, 75% of the traffic was
E-mail
▪ One of the most popular uses for
the Internet remains the ability to
send & receive electronic mail
▪ Ex.: Yahoo Mail, Gmail &
Hotmail
Anatomy of an Email
Address
Internet works by connecting computers using the same
protocol. Therefore, all email addresses are using the same
format.
▪ Example: [email protected]
▪ Name (Username) – the name of the owner of the
address. Users can devise their own name based on
their availability.
▪ Email Provider/Organizational Code – denotes the
email providers or Organizational Code in
conjunction with the organizational website
▪ Domain – corresponds to the high level domain
names
Evaluating Quality
Health Information on
the Internet
The health summit working
group has identified the major
criteria to evaluate an internet
site.
The criteria identified include the following:
Credibility – source of information &
timeliness of the content
Content – to help judge accuracy, examine the
hierarchy of events and presence of original
sources
Disclosure – the purpose & moderator of the
site
Links – the quality of links provided by the site
Design – site accessibility & convenience of
use
Mobile
Computing in
Nursing
▪ Mobile Computing in Nursing provides valuable
insights into how nurses are using computing solutions
at the bedside & how these solutions can best be used
to solve existing workflow inefficiencies.
▪ Mobile computing makes it easy to stay connected no
matter where you are; or gamers enjoy peer-to-peer
interaction; photographers can send immediate
downloads; and employees can telecommute from
different time zones
▪ Tablet PCs are wireless devices that provide the most
promising trend in mobile computing.
Wireless Devices
▪ Wireless devices and devices with
wires almost perform the same
functions but wireless devices have
many advantages over the other
devices with wires.
▪ It facilitates people to work in different
places where they cannot take the
devices with wires attached to them.
▪ In wireless devices, the data is
transferred in the form of
electromagnetic waves (which are
the main part of electromagnetic
spectrum present in the atmosphere)
▪ Communication through wireless
devices is known as Wireless
Communication.
Other electronic devices:
▪ Laptop – a wireless computer that anyone can take it
with him or her with all the data stored in it.
▪ USB – with the help of USB, one can transfer the
date from one place to another by taking that stick in
his or her pocket
▪ Cell phones – Cell phones have become the most
used wireless device by people in which the
communication is done by using radio frequencies
through different service provider stations
▪ PDAs
▪ Radio, etc.
Nurses and
the
Internet
▪ Contemporary nursing practice has changed
tremendously over the last decade.
▪ Professional competencies for new nurses now
include informatics, case management, health
care policy, cultural sensitivity and disaster
preparedness.
▪ The study of nursing involves life sciences,
psychology, social services, patient education,
and ethics, in addition to the traditional medical
knowledge base.
▪ The ability to use the internet is an
essential skill for both nursing students
and nurses, both to support their studies,
especially as nursing students spend a lot
of their time in placement away from the
university campus and to support their
development of skills in using what is
becoming an increasingly essential tools
for professionals.
US Government
• The US federal Medical &
Health
government
provides some
Informatics
of the most
important
Resources
sources of
online
information for
medical
professionals
as well as
health
consumers.
NLM Gateway
▪ A handy entry point for searching the resourc
at the National Library of Medicine.
▪ Provides a global search function for PubMed
PubMed Central, and MedlinePlus.
▪ Search results include consumer health
information.
▪ An excellent place to begin a search of health
related government information.
▪ Access: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd
Resource for Medical
Professional and
Researchers
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
(AHRQ)
• This federal agency
both conducts and
sponsors research on
healthcare quality,
safety and cost
effectiveness.
• It’s “Consumers &
Patients” links
provide information
Access: on specific
http://www.ahrq.gov/ conditions, health
insurance plans,
prescriptions, health
National Institute of Nursing Research
• One of the National Institutes
of Health, this organization’s
mission is to support
research in nursing in clinical
and community settings through
grants and other funding
Programs
• It provide information on its
Access: own funding initiatives,
http://ninr.nih.gov/nindr/index.html including diversity programs
and resources, links to
nursing organizations for
various specialties, and
publications from national
PubMed Central
• The site offers access to
• A free digital archive the full text of more than
of life sciences 160 high-quality, open
access life sciences
journal literature.
journals from various
Access:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
• It’s mission is
to monitor
public health,
put forth
prevention
initiatives,
Access: investigate
http://www.cdc.gov/
health problems
& promote
Healthfinder
Access:
http://htalthfinder.gov
• This consumer • It is a hand
health information selected directory
site is maintained by of the health
the National Health related web sites of
Information Center more than 1,500
of the US organizations
Department of
Health and Human
Medline Plus
• A consumer health
resource that brings
together
information from
various government
Access: agencies including
www.rtlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorial.html the National
Library of
Its medical encyclopedia, drug and Medicine, the
herbal supplement information, National Institutes
current health news, and superior
interactive tutorials are excellent
for Health
National Institutes of Health
• Another directory of
consumer health
information, this site
has a simple design
and is organized by
conditions, body
systems, type of
patient, etc.
• It also provides links
to MedlinePlus and
Access: http://www.health.nih.gov/ to specific institutes
within NIH
Non-Governmental
Portals
BioMed Central
• This resource publishes
more than 140 open
access journals covering
all areas of biology and
medicine
• Included are journals
Access:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/home on nutrition, public &
international health &
BMC nursing
Mayo Clinic: Tools for Healthier Lives
• Though aimed at the
layperson, nurses and students
will welcome the plethora of
information and tools provided
by the Mayo Clinic
• Users can choose disease and
condition, drugs and
supplements, treatment
decisions, healthy living ask a
specialist, and Health tools.
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing
▪ OJIN is a free, peer reviewed, international
journal addressing topics affecting nursing
practice, research, education and the wider
health care sector.
▪ OJIN presents timely information required
by nurses and other health care
professionals to provide current and
informed patient care, to be socially
responsive healthcare professionals and to
Access: http:/www.nmurseinegtwporrldo.ofreg/sosjinional development needs.
Public Library of Science
• PLoS is an initiative by
scientists & doctors to
publish quality, peer
reviewed literature and make
it freely available to the
public and other researchers
publishes journals in
biology, medicine, clinical
trials and genetics
• Access: http://www.plos.org/
World Health Organization
• An excellent
source of global
health
information,
including statistics
Access: http://www.who.int/en/
and country by
country health
overviews..
• This site is well
indexed & easy to
navigate.
Nursing Specialties &
Disease Specific
Sites
Alzheimer's Association
• The Alzheimer’s
Association provides
information and support
to family members,
caregivers and health
professionals on
Access: http://www.alz.org/
Alzheimer’s disease.
It is updated daily and
includes news,
resources &
information.
HIV InSite: Gateway to AIDS Knowledge
• San Francisco School of
Medicine gives
comprehensive, up-to-
date information on
HIV/AIDS treatment,
Access:
prevention, and policy at
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ this site.
Oncolink
• University of
Pennsylvania cancer
specialists launched this
site in 1994 to
“help cancer patients,
families, health care
Access: http://www.oncolink.com
professionals and the
general public get
accurate cancer- related
information
Public Health Nursing Section of the
American Public Health Association
• This site provides
current health related
news, links to
information about
public health
advocacy, articles of
• A good all-purpose resource for
concern to public
nurses with an emphasis on
health nurses, ask an
public health.
Access: expert sites, and a
http://www.csuchico.edu/~horst/index.html discussion forum on
public health nursing.
Study Aids for
Nursing Students
AMA Medical Ethics Web pages
▪ The American Medical
Association (AMA) offers
resources and information
about medical ethics.
▪ One especially helpful resource
for nursing students is their
“Virtual Mentor”, an
interactive, Web based forum
for analysis and discussion of
Access: ethical & professional issues.
http://www.amaassn.org/ama/pub/category/2416.html
Geriatric Assessment-Case Studies
▪ The Virtual Health Care Team Web
Site is sponsored by the School of
Health Professions and the School of
Medicine at University of Missouri.
▪ The approach, as explained authors, is
an integrated team approach in which
“team members actively coordinate
care and services across disciplines in
a process resembling problem-based
learning.”
Access: http://www.vhct.oirg/index.shtml
Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body
▪ It features 1,247 pictures
from the classic 1918
publication, as well as a
subject index with 13,000
entries.
Access: http://www.bartleby.com/107/
Human Anatomy Online
▪Easy to navigate, the user
begins by choosing among ten
systems: skeletal, digestive,
muscular, lymphatic,
endocrine, nervous,
cardiovascular, male or female
reproductive and urinary.
▪Graphics are interactive and
users can view animations of
the system, tutorials and
description
McGill University Virtual Stethoscope
▪ It is a multimedia tutorial featuring a virtual stethoscope
to assess both respiratory and cardiovascular conditions.
▪ Also included is a review of selected cardiac and
pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology topics
▪ Some examples are Biomedical Ethics & Law in
Clinical Practice, Clinical Nutrition, Histology, EKG
Tutorial, Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Pathology,
Immunology, and Virtual CPR.
Access: http://www.sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/mvs/mvsteth.htm
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
▪ The Merck Manual’s 17th,
Centennial Edition is available free,
searchable by keyword or the table
of contents.
▪ It also offers two other complete
manuals through this site:
▪ The Merck Manual of Geriatrics
▪ The Merck Manual of Health & Aging
Access:
http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/sections.jsp
Physical Exam Study Guides
▪ Created by the University of Florida
Medical Program, these guides are
thorough and clear.
▪ The exams offered are:
▪ Vital Signs
▪ Back & Extremity
▪ Chest & Lung
▪ Cardiology
▪ Head and Neck
▪ Eye
▪ Abdominal
Access: ▪ Breast
http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/y
▪ Pelvic
ear1/bcs/clist/index.html
▪ Neurologic & Mental Status
RN Central
▪ Created by nurses for nurses and
students, this site offers good resource
links, but the highlight is its “Care plan
Corner,” with predefined nursing care
plans under 3 categories:
▪ Altered/Alterations
▪ Impaired/Impairment
▪ General
▪ Users can copy, save or print and
modify any of the plans, and there is
Access:
http://www.rncentral.com also a blank plain template to print out
and fill in
RxList
▪ Information provided for each drug
includes the description, clinical
pharmacology, indications and
dosage, side effects and drug
interactions, warnings and
precautions, drug over dosage
contraindications and patient
information.
▪ Words in the articles and
descriptions that may need to be
defined for the layperson or student
Philippine
Based Nursing
Resources
Philippine Nurses Association
Founded on September 2, 1922 as Filipino Nurses Association (FNA) in
a meeting of 150 nurses presided by then Anastacia Giron Tupas (Mrs.
Tupas), the FNA was incorporated in 1924. The International Council of
Nurses accepted the FNA as one of the member organizations during the
Congress held in Montreal, Canada on July 8-13, 1929. The FNA
became the PNA (Philippine Nurses Association) in 1966, which was
the same year that the office at 1663 F.T. Benitez Street, Malate, Manila
was inaugurated.
Today there is a total of 368,589 licensed nurses (February 2005) in the
Philippines and produces an average of 13,000 new nurses every year.
The PNA was awarded the Most Outstanding Accredited Professional
Organization by the Professional Regulation Commission in 2003
besting 40 other professional associations and was five-time nominee
for the same award.
March 24, 2023, there are 951,105 registered nurses but only 53.55
percent or 509,297 are active.
Nurse Directory
▪ Contains information regarding
nursing industry including
Nurse Companies, Nursing
Review Centers, Nursing
Schools, Care Givers, and
Nursing Articles
Decision Support System
▪ DSS are automated tools designed to support
decision making activities and improve the
decision-making process and decision
▪ Such systems are intended to use on enormous
amounts of data that exist in information
systems to facilitate decision process
Clinical Decision Support Systems
▪ As explained by Wyatt and Spiegelhater, they
regard CDSS as active knowledge systems that
use two or more items of patient data to
generate case specific advice
▪ Designed to integrate a medical knowledge
base, patient data and an inference engine
to generate case specific advice
▪ A CDSS is designed to support healthcare
providers in making decisions about the delivery
and management of patient care
A CDSS program’s goals include:
▪ Patient safety and improved outcomes for
specific populations
▪ Compliance with clinical guidelines,
standards of practice, and regulatory
requirements.
Components of
CDSS
1. Integrated Real Time Patient Database
▪ Combines patient data from multiple
sources
▪ Ex.: Lab, Radiology, Pharmacy Data, etc.
▪ This is needed to provide context for
results interpretation
2. Data-driven Mechanism
▪ Allows event triggers to go into
effect and activate alerts and
reminders automatically
3. Knowledge Engineer
▪ Translate the knowledge
representation scheme used in the
system so clinical knowledge in the
system can be extracted and
translated into machine executable
logic
4. Time driven mechanism
▪ Permit automatic execution of
programs at a specific time to alert
healthcare provider to carry out a
specific function or ensure that
action has been completed
▪ Ex: Medication administration,
Time Alerts
5. Long Term Clinical Data Repository
▪ Data collected over time from a
variety of sources allowing a
longitudinal patient records.
