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concepts-of-windows-and-linux-operating-systems

Notions of Operating System: Windows and

Linux

Operating Systems (OS) have evolved over time, becoming easier.

nice and user-friendly.
But in the past, the story was different; its structure and complexity did not allow
that any ordinary user could operate on an OS.
To acquire knowledge on this topic, especially regarding Windows and Linux
It is necessary to understand what software is.

They were created so that a computer would function correctly, because the
hardware does not perform tasks on its own, but through a system that manages the activities.
Software is all the elements that are part of programming and that function within.
of the physical structure of the computer (hardware).

Thus, they are classified into two types:

Basic Software: basic and essential programs for the operation of the
computer.
Operating System, utilities, translators, programming languages and
operational environment.
Application Software: are all programs that focus on meeting the
needs of a common user.
They can be general-purpose programs, such as spreadsheets, text editors, creation of
graphics, data management, etc.
And also, specific use programs, built only for a specific purpose,
as fulfillment of income tax, payroll, credit arrangements, etc.
 What is an Operating System?
The Operating System is a logical-physical device that facilitates exchanges between the user and the
computer.
In it, some software is inserted that manages all parts of the system and
they present it in a friendly way to the user.
It also has the function of managing the various users of the machine and is about
this system where programs are inserted and computer resources are managed, such as the
main memory, the interrupts, the secondary memory, and the input and output devices of
computer.
An operating system has two layers, the first is called the Kernel, it is your
main core, one of the essential and basic parts that supports the conversation between software and
hardware.
The second are the utilities, programs used to 'run' within the Kernel, that is, the
application software already mentioned.

Important
The Operating System should be designed according to the characteristics of
hardware, programming languages and their tools.

Types of Operating Systems

With the advancement of computers, some types of operating systems began to emerge that
contributed to the development of the software. The types of existing operating systems are:
• Monotask (Monoprogrammable) - when there is only one program running and
All resources are made for the purpose of this program, having a basic structure. E.g.:
MS-DOS.
• Multitasking (Multiprogrammable) - a system that allows the operation of several
programs, in addition to sharing and managing resources, presenting a
complex structure. E.g.: Windows.
• Multiprocessor System - a system in which there are two or more CPUs
connected and working together.
• There are the strongly coupled, when they share only one memory and
are controlled by an Operating System; And, the loosely coupled ones, in
that each interconnected system has its Operating System.

Get to know some Operating Systems

UNIX: operating system for large corporations
It is a multi-user system (multiple users at the same time) and multiprogrammable, with
a more complex structure, organization of files through subdirectories, ensuring the
protection of information and redirecting of data input and output.
 It was created in the 1970s by developers at AT&T, being distributed
commercially in 'C' language after 1980 and considered one of the first operating systems
modern
Important concepts in the world of computing were created from it.
Unix was designed for large universities and corporations, and after it,
other systems inspired by its graphical interface and language have been launched, such as BSD (Berkeley
Software Distribution)
Unix is internally divided into Kernel (operating system core) and
SHELL command interpreter (brings together the system interface, executes the typed commands)
by the user).
At the time, programmers were thinking about innovating, not just in production of
operating systems used in large corporations, but in the development of systems for
common users who would be used in personal computers in the future.

Mac OS: operating system for PCs

One of the first companies to think about personal computers was Apple.
company founded in 1970 by Steve Jobs.
He initially launched the Apple I computer, with its own operating system.
called Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System) which was known as System.
Later, it launched the Apple II, III, Macintosh, and Lisa.
With each new version of the Macintosh line of computers, the System system suffered
modifications and improvements. In the 90s, System 7 was launched, a more advanced system than
allowed the use of colors, with the advantage of being multitasking, having the Apple Script language,
among other characteristics.
After that, the insertion of the PowerPC processor from the IBM company occurred, and the
possibility of creation of copies by other manufacturers. Only after version 7.6 the name
MAC OS was considered.
With the emergence of problems that drastically affected this system
operational, caused by the decrease in its use and mastery of the operating system of
Microsoft and Apple decided to rewrite all the code based on Unix, being called MAC.
OSX.
This system has the following characteristics: quality in the graphical interface of
computer, with the launch of Aqua (a graphical interface that allows the production of reliefs,
shadings, reflections and other design elements), in addition to differentiated commands in their
latest versions, such as multiple touch permission and an intuition-based navigation of
user.
Other versions of the Mac OS X Operating System
The versions of the operating system Mac OS X are named after felines, with some being
developed to work on Apple tablets, iPhone, and iPod Touch, see:
 Mac OS X version 10.0 - Cheetah;
Mac OS X version 10.1 - Puma;
Mac OS X version 10.2 – Jaguar;
Mac OS X version 10.3 - Panther;
Mac OS X version 10.4 - Tiger;
Mac OS X version 10.5 - Leopard;
Mac OS X version 10.6 - Snow Leopard;
Mac OS X version 10.7 – Lion;
Mac OS X version 10.8 - Mountain Lion.

Windows: operating system in windows

The word 'Windows' translated from English means 'windows', a manager of
interfaces that allow the user to see information and communicate with the computer. It was
developed in the 1980s by Bill Gates, but only became an operating system a
starting from Windows NT, released in the 90s.
From the first interface, other versions for Windows started to emerge, such as
1.01, 2.03, 2.1, 3.0, etc.
Windows NT (New Technology) was developed for the corporate environment. It
It is multi-user, multitasking, and multi-platform, running not only on platforms like INTEL,
but on DEC Alpha, MIPS, etc. One of the characteristics of NT is to turn into a server
on the internet, being divided into Windows NT Server and Windows NT Workstation.

Previously, there was no Windows yet, but software that 'ran' on

computer and were graphic systems with versions compatible with the DOS system (MS-DOS, DR-
DOS, PC-DOS), being used and created by Microsoft, MS-DOS (system oriented through
of command lines typed through the keyboard by the user.
Other Versions of the Windows Operating System
Each version has been improved and adapted for users, bringing a convergence of
technologies, in addition to greater performance and speed with 64-bit technology.
The versions of Windows have different prices, as it is software.
owner:
Windows 35;
Windows 98;
Windows Me (Millennium Edition);
Windows 2000;
Windows XP (Experience);
 Windows Server 2003
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Windows 8.

Linux: open source operating system

The GNU/Linux operating system was developed by Linus Torvalds.
Finland, in 1991.
It is a version of the Unix OS that is open source and can be written and
distributed by any type of user on the internet, as it is free software
prohibition of the commercialization of the system.

Anyone can see the source code of a Linux system, solve problems
through an online discussion list, where consultants and users who work in
Code maintenance can solve, implement updates, etc.
In addition, it supports plates, CD-ROM, and other more outdated devices.
and/or advanced.
The characteristics of this system include multitasking, multi-user, connection with
other types of operating systems, security regarding the protection of processes executed in the
RAM memory, there is no license for its use, etc.
The SO Linux consists of the kernel and various programs, which can be created from
according to your distributions. Each Linux distribution has different characteristics and were
created for specific users.
Other distributions of the Linux Operating System
Sodium salt;
Debian
Fedora
Red Hat
Connective;
Monkey
Ubuntu
Mandriva;
Mint;
Opensuse
Puppy
Sabayon, etc.
The provided text is a URL, which cannot be translated.

What is GNU/Linux

Tux - the mascot of Linux

Linux is the core of the operating system, the program responsible for its operation.
computer, which facilitates communication between hardware (printer, monitor, mouse, keyboard) and
software (applications in general).
The kernel set and other programs responsible for interacting with it is what
we call it an operating system. The kernel is the heart of the system.
The main programs responsible for interacting with the kernel were created by
GNU Foundation. For this reason, it is more accurate for us to refer to the operating system as
GNU/Linux instead of just Linux
A distribution is nothing more than the set of kernel, system programs, and applications.
gathered on a single CD-ROM (or any other type of media).
Nowadays we have thousands of applications for the GNU/Linux platform, where each
the company responsible for a distro chooses the applications that should be included in it.
• Linux: kernel and distributionsThis article contains introductory explanations about the
Linux kernel, what it is and how to identify its various versions, in addition to the "definition"
of the term 'distribution' and its various facets.

Kernel
How to explain what a kernel is to a layperson?
In thisarticleJorge Alberto Corso describes how he navigated the complicated task of
explain what a kernel is to students of a Linux administration course.
If you don't know what it is, or want to explain what it is to someone, be sure to read the
text.
 The GNU project

Many know and promote the penguin operating system only as Linux,
However, the correct term is GNU/Linux.
In simplified words, Linux is just the kernel of the operating system, it
it depends on a series of tools to function, starting with the program used to compile
your source code.
These tools are provided by the GNU project, created by Richard Stallman.
In other words, the operating system discussed in this document is the union of
Linux with the GNU tools, hence the term GNU/Linux.
To better understand this relationship between GNU and Linux, Richard Stallman and Linus
Torvalds, I recommend reading the following articles:
• History of GNU/Linux: 1965 that's how it all began!
• Living up to the name GNU/Linux
• GNU/Linux: After it, the world is no longer the same!
• GNU and Linux: friends forever
• Hurd - The GNU kernel

GNU/Linux x Windows
The most striking difference between Linux and Windows is the fact that the former is a
open source system, developed by volunteer programmers scattered across the internet
is distributed under the GPL public license.
While Windows is proprietary software, it does not have available source code and
you still need to buy a license to have the right to use it.
You don’t have to pay anything to use Linux!
It is not a crime to make copies to install it on other computers.
The advantage of an open source system is that it becomes flexible to the
user needs, making their adaptations and "corrections" much faster.
Remember that in our favor we have thousands of programmers spread across
the world thinking only of making Linux an ever better system.
The open-source code of the system allows anyone to see how it works.
it works, correct any problems or make some suggestions for its improvement, this is one of the
reasons for its rapid growth, as well as compatibility with new hardware, without
talk about your high performance and stability.
 • What is Free SoftwareDefinition of the various terms found in the world
of Free Software and Linux, and the definition of their various usage licenses
a simple and organized way that is easy to understand.
• Demystifying Free SoftwareConcepts of Free Software and Linux, the
that can be legally used and used in corporate environments and
domestics are some of the themes addressed in this article.

GNU/Linux Distributions

Vux - mascot of Viva o Linux

Linux has several flavors and these are called distributions. A

A distribution is nothing more than a kernel added with carefully selected programs by the team that
develop.
Each distribution has its peculiarities, such as the way to install one
package (or software), operating system installation interface itself, graphical interface, support
a hardware. So it remains for the user to define which distribution best meets their needs.
• What are distributions
• After all, what is the best distribution?This is perhaps the most common question among the
beginners, confused by the numerous options that characterize freedom of
user choice of GNU/Linux. With this article, the author intends to prove that
the best distribution is the one you dedicate yourself to knowing well, presenting
some tips so that you can make your distribution, whatever it may be, the
best in the world.
• Which distribution to useThis article aims to provide the reader with a more correct way.
to choose a distribution. There are details about the most distributions
currently used and the suggestion of a methodology to be followed for selection
of an appropriate distribution to meet the needs of the application.

• What is the best Linux for me to use?In this article, the author exposes his
considerations about choosing Linux distributions. In fact, there is no
better distribution and yes the distribution that best fits as a solution
 for your needs.
• 23 Brazilian Linux distributionsHere in Brazil very few have had their
recognition, where we can mention 2 that will truly remain and are in memory
of those who follow the growth of Linux, which was Conectiva (today
Mandriva) and Kurumin. This article introduces others that are worth mentioning.

GNU/Linux and its graphical interface

The X-Window system (yes! without the 's'), also called X, provides the environment
operating system graph. Unlike OSX (Macintosh) and Windows, X makes the
window manager (the visual interface itself) a separate process.
In fact, the advantage of separating the window manager is that you can choose
among a variety of existing managers for Linux, which one suits you best, such as
Gnome, KDE, XFCE among others.
• Concepts about XWindowThis is an article aimed at showing the concepts of
X-Window environment. We will address simple questions such as what it is, when
it was developed and how it works.

The history of GNU/Linux

The Linux system originates from Unix, a multitasking operating system and
multi-user that has the advantage of running on a wide variety of computers.
Linux emerged in a very interesting way. It all started in 1991, when a
21-year-old Finnish programmer, Linus Benedict Torvalds, sent the following message to a
Internet discussion list:
Hello to everyone who is using Minix.
I am making a free operating system (as a hobby) for 386, 486, AT and
clones.
Minix was a limited Unix-based operating system that ran on
Machiavellian microcomputers like oAT. Linus intended to develop an improved version.
In Minix, little did he know that his supposed "hobby" would end up in an ingeniously crafted system.
magnificent. Many esteemed scholars became interested in Linus's idea and, from then on,
programmers from various parts of the world began to work towards this project.
Every improvement developed by a programmer was distributed over the Internet and,
immediately, integrated into the Linux kernel.
Over the years, this hard and voluntary work of hundreds of dreamers
has become a well-matured operating system that is now exploding in the market of
corporate servers and PCs.
Linus, who today leads a team of developers from the core of his system,
he was elected in a public survey as the personality of the year 1998 in the world of information technology.
 • The Rise of Linux
• History of GNU Linux: 1965 that's how it all started
• Linus Benedict Torvalds

Where do I start learning GNU/Linux?

If you are starting your life on Linux, you may feel the need for help in
apparently simple points.
This articleIt will be the first in a series that will help you feel more comfortable in this.
wonderful environment. The series makes a loose translation of the Linux User's Guide, addressing the themes
mainly, in order to provide you with the main Linux tools.
The other articles in the series, published byCicero Juliao da Silva Junior:

• Introductory Guide to LinuxIf you are starting your life on Linux, you can
feeling the need for help in seemingly simple points. This article is the
first in a series that will help you feel more comfortable in this wonderful
environment. We will do a free translation of the Linux User's Guide, addressing the
main topics, in order to provide you with the main tools.
• Introductory (not so much) Guide to LinuxHere you will see parts of the guide that
they deal with the power of the system, like commands that seem so simple when
used alone, combined with other commands, produce a system
powerful and flexible. Although the names of these Linux commands are not so
intuitive, we will see how useful and sophisticated they are in their functioning.

• Introductory Guide to Linux IILet's discuss the roles that Linux can play.
perform in a business environment. Finally, we will see the needs of
a client and how to provide the necessary resources to make Linux effective in
your environment.

• Introductory Guide to Linux IIIThis article is about the preparation for installation of
Linux system. As the title itself warns, it is introductory and serves for you who
is learning to manage this wonderful operating system. We will see
how you can make choices based on your customers' needs.
• Introductory Guide to Linux IVNow, with the system installed, we will highlight the
what makes Linux so fantastic. And then, we will start using Linux.
• Introduction to Linux Guide VWhen you type a command, you can choose
in adding features to change the behavior of the command. Options and
arguments are examples of what to use for such change.
• Introductory Guide to Linux VIWe will continue using commands. This time
we will see how to connect and expand commands, how to send commands to the
background (we will also see what this is, if you still do not know) and how
use arithmetic expressions.
 How to obtain GNU/Linux
Once you have chosen the distribution you will use, the next step is to make the
download an ISO image for recording and installation on your computer.
It is highly recommended to choose a popular, well-tested distribution and in
you will find abundant documentation on the internet if you need help.
Below we have a compiled list of articles that will assist you in the installation of
Linux.
If none of the GNU/Linux distributions below satisfy you, take a look
on our list ofdownload suggestions.

Ubuntu
Ubuntu is one of the most popular Linux distributions today, and this is due to the fact
stop worrying too much about the end user (desktop).
Originally based on Debian, it differs not only in its focus on the desktop but also in its way of
publication of new versions, which are released semiannually.
For more information, visit the official site ofUbuntu Linuxor youUbuntu community
Linux in Brazil.
If you wish to install and test this Linux, follow the instructions in the article.Installing Linux Ubuntu
8.04 Hardy Heron, where the author tries to be simple and objective in guiding the beginner in the installation of
Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)

openSUSE
openSUSE is the free version of the beautiful Novell SuSE operating system.
In addition to behaving very stably and robustly as a server, it is also very
powerful when it comes to desktop.
Its differentiator is the famous YaST (Yeah Another Setup Tool), software that centralizes
the entire process of installation, configuration, and customization of the Linux system.

We can say that this is one of the master cards of SuSE, as it can be compared to the control panel.
of Windows control.
About YaST:
YaST may be the most powerful management tool for the Linux environment. It is a project
open source sponsored by Novell and actively under development.
The development of YaST started in January 1995.
It was written in C++ with an ncurses GUI by Thoamas Fehr (one of the founders of SuSE) and
Michael Andres.
 YaST is the installation and configuration tool for openSUSE, SUSE Linux Enterprise and
the old SuSE Linux.
It has an attractive graphical interface capable of quickly customizing your system.
during and after installation, it can also be used in text mode.
YaST can be used to configure the entire system, such as configuring
peripherals such as: video card, sound cards, network, configuring system services, firewall,
users, boot, repositories, languages, install and remove software etc.
Learn more about YaST at:The Control CenterYaST
For more information, visit the official website ofopenSUSEor toBrazilian community
openSUSEDetailed information about the differences between SuSE, openSUSE, and their components.
can be found at:SuSE 9.1 - The powerful and versatile Linux from Novell.
If you wish to install and test this Linux, follow the instructions in the article.Introduction
to Linux:
Installation of openSUSEwhere the author shows how to obtain and install openSUSE 11 for users
who are now getting to know Linux or who are looking to migrate to this OS.
With clear and simple didactics, even those who have never formatted a PC will be able to install the
system without problems.

Debian
Debian is one of the oldest and most popular distributions.
It served as the basis for the creation of several other popular distributions, such as
Ubuntu and Kurumin. Their most notable features include:
• Deb packaging system.
• Apt-get, which is a more practical installed package management system.
among those existing (if not the most!)
• Its stable version is thoroughly tested, making it ideal for server
(security and stability);
• It has one of the largest package repositories among the distros (pre-installed programs
available packages to install.

For more information, visit the official website ofDebianor youBrazilian Debian community.
UPDATE:
A complete article on installation and configuration was recently published.
basic Debian 6 Squeeze for Desktops, here is the reading suggestion:Installation and
basic configuration of a Debian 6 Squeeze for Desktops
 If you wish to install and test this Linux, follow the instructions in the article.Installing
Debian
Lennywhere the author shows the beginner user how to perform a basic installation of the system
Debian GNU/Linux on your computer. After a brief reading of the article, it will be clear how the
The myth that Debian is a 'complicated' distro goes down the drain.
Another article to be consulted is theInstalling a Debian GNU/Linux system
completed in 20 minutes, where the author focuses on the installation of a complete machine park with
Linux, focusing on tips for how to install Debian in an automated way.

Slackware
Slackware, alongside Debian and Red Hat, is one of the 'parent' distributions of all others.
Idealized by Patrick Volkerding, Slack - the nickname adopted by its user community - has
Main characteristics are lightness, simplicity, stability, and security.
Although it is considered by many to be a difficult distribution to use, aimed at users
expert or hacker, has a simple package management system, just like its interface
of installation, which is one of the few that continues in text mode, but that doesn't mean it is done
complicated.
If you are looking for a server-oriented distribution, you want to deepen your
If you have knowledge of Linux or are looking for a no-frills desktop, Slack is for you!

History of Slackware:
Slackware was created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993 (some sources say 1992).
It was based on the SLS (Softlanding Linux System) distribution and was provided in the form of images.
for 3.5 inch floppy disks.
It is the oldest and still active distribution.
Until 1995 it was considered as the 'standard Linux', but its popularity declined.
long after the emergence of more user-friendly distributions.
Even so, Slackware remains a very appreciated distribution and
respected, as it has not changed its philosophy, remains true to UNIX standards and is composed only of
stable applications.
In 1999, the version of Slackware jumped from 4.0 to 7.0. A marketing move.
to show that Slackware was as up to date as the other distributions.
It happens that many distributions had very high versions, and this could cause
the impression that Slackware was outdated.
The delay in the release of new versions of Slackware also contributed to
that.
In 2004 Patrick Volkerding was seriously ill - with a type of infection, and the
the development of Slackware has become uncertain.
Many thought he would die.
But he improved and resumed the development of Slackware, although he is not
completely cured until today.
 In 2005 the GNOME graphical environment was removed from the Slackware project, which
displeased many users.
Patrick's justification was that it takes a long time to package the binaries.
However, many communities develop GNOME projects for Slackware.
Some examples of projects are: Gnome Slackbuild, Gnome Slacky, and Dropline
Gnome.
That's why high-quality Gnome is not lacking for Slackware, even though it does not
being a native environment.

In 2007, version 12.0 of Slackware was released, an innovative version that

a certain form caused some controversies.
It was the first version of Slackware that was somewhat against its own philosophy.
First, because it started to assemble devices automatically, second because some packages
the old ones were no longer compatible with the new version due to the new GCC 4.1.2. and lastly,
because it was the first version to come with the latest version of the Kernel (at the time).

It is also worth noting that version 12.0 comes with Compiz installed, but that
lack of graphical tools for configuration, many users did not know how to use them.
As this article is being typed, the current version of Slackware is 12.1. It
It doesn't differ much from 12.0; basically, there were several updates to applications and the kernel.

The biggest news now is that the current version of Slackware has available the
packages of the KDE 4.1 graphical environment.

Many users accustomed to KDE 3.5 did not like the changes, but
One thing is certain: the look of KDE 4.1 is much more attractive than that of 3.5.
Read more in the series of articles:

• Mommy, I want Slack! (part 1)This article is a simple and basic summary of
instructions for beginner users who want to start using the distribution
Slackware, specifically versions 12.0 and 12.1.
• Mommy, I want Slack! (part 2)Summary of information to assist users
Beginners who want to use the Slackware distribution. Suitable for Slackware 12.0, 12.1
And 12.2.
• Mom, I want Slack! (part 3)This is the last part of the series 'Mom, I want'
Slack! The series aims to serve as an introductory guide for beginners in
system, specifically for the Slackware distribution.
For more information, visit theofficial site of Slackwareor aSlackware community of
Brazil.
If you wish to install and test this Linux, follow the instructions from the following articles:

• Installing Slackware 11.0 without fearThis article aims to break 'taboos' about
the installation of Slackware, demonstrating that this system can also be installed
easily. It is aimed at beginner users in the open-source world and serves as
 a 'recipe for cake' for the installation of Slackware.
• Installing Slackware without suffering (part 1)It explains how to install the
Slackware while Patrick hasn't decided on a better graphical tool
Fedora or Mandriva style... ;-) I will do a simple partitioning with cfdisk; for
what's the point of constantly getting hurt if the fools here have already spent hours grinding their faces in

in front of the PC??? The version used was slackão 11.0.

• Installing Slackware without suffering (part 2)In this second part of
installing Slackware without suffering let's configure our Slack
immediately after the installation of the packages. You will see that it won't hurt a bit.
nothing!!! ;-)

Kurumin
Idealized by Carlos Morimoto, Kurumin was one of the most used distributions in
national territory.
Originally based on Knoppix, which came from Debian, this operating system is
stood out for being a desktop easy to install and pleasant to use.
Its most striking feature is the magical icons that transform tasks.
relatively complex (not so much today) like setting up a modem or installing a codec of
video in an NNF (next, next, finish) experience, like in Windows.
For more information, visit the official website ofKurumin.
Related articles:
• Installing Kurumin 7 and others on a USB driveThis article aims to teach
installation of Linux Kurumin/Knoppix and with some modifications any other
liveCD distro on a 1 or 2 GB pendrive. Made based on personal experience,
using as a basis an article by Carlos E. Morimoto.
• Remastering of Kurumin 7 finalThe final version of Kurumin 7 does not include the
famous remastering script, however we have a way to bypass this and create a version
remastered from the system, for various uses, schools, companies or departments
public.
• Remastering KuruminThis article demonstrates how to remaster the
Kurumin in any available version, even in the most recent versions, that
they no longer have the device 'Remastering the Kurumin' on the panel
navigation.

Fedora
Fedora is one of the most popular and stable distributions that currently exist.
It was, in the beginning, a fork for the community, released and maintained by the giant Red Hat.
which, at the time, was closing its system and focusing on the corporate market.
 This means that, from the beginning, Fedora already had the most modern features available.
software technology, just as it had one of the most competent and dedicated
teams in its development.
If what you are looking for is a distribution with the power to be a stable server, but with
the ease of graphical configuration tools, or if one simply wants a desktop
more robust, Fedora will be your best choice.
It features a rapid development cycle.
On average, every six months, a new Fedora is released by the Fedora Project for the
community.
The community itself is one of the most active on the internet and Fedora has a
I need online help, even without providing direct technical support from Red Hat.
The handling of packages is done intelligently and automatically with the help of YUM that
take care of the updates and resolve the dependencies of all packages, downloading what is necessary
to the repository system and managing the installation.
For Fedora, there are all kinds of applications, from powerful office suites
like OpenOffice.org even video and audio players (MPlayer and Amarok) with execution of
almost all known formats and also a generous collection of games, all installable
with a few simple clicks or a single command line.
Removed from:fedora.wiki.br - Fedora 10 FAQ
You can learn to install Fedorain this article, where the author describes the installation of
Fedora 12, addressing its download, system installation, and program installation.

CentOS
CentOS is an Enterprise-class distribution derived from source code for free.
distributed by Red Hat Enterprise Linux and maintained by the CentOS Project.
The version numbering is based on the numbering of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
For example, CentOS 4 is based on RHEL 4.
The basic difference between one and the other is the provision of paid support in the acquisition of one.
RHEL. Functionally, one can consider the systems as clones.
CentOS provides great access to standard industry software, including full
compatibility with the software packages specifically prepared for the systems of
RHEL. It provides you with the same level of security and support, through updates, as other solutions.
Linux Enterprise, but at no cost.
It supports both server environments for mission-critical applications and environments of
workstations and still has a Live CD version.
CentOS has numerous advantages, including: an active and growing community, a
rapid development and testing of packages, an extensive network for downloads, developers
accessible, multiple support channels including support in Portuguese and commercial support through
of partners.
 Excerpt taken from theCentOS wiki.

Official site:
• CentOS(English)
• CentOS Brazil

In this articleYou will find the steps to install the CentOS 5.2 distribution.

The goal is to help beginner users have a foundation to install the

system quickly.
It can be a reference for installing other distributions like Red Hat or Fedora.
which are very similar to CentOS.

LinuxMint
The proposal of Linux Mint is to be a desktop distribution with an elegant, user-friendly visual.
comfortable to wear and well updated.
The distribution was initially launched as a variant of Ubuntu that featured the
media codecs already installed.
The evolution was rapid and today it is a complete and well-resolved distribution, with tools
specific to configuration, web-based package installation application, menus
customized, among other unique features and always with a very clean and elegant look.
The founder, leader, and main developer of the distribution is named Clement Lefebvre, he
started using Linux in 1996 (Slackware) and lives in Ireland.
Some reasons for the success of Linux Mint listed on the project's page are:
• The speed at which the community responds to demands, a posted request
the forum on the site may already be implemented in the current version in less than a week;

• Being derived from Debian, it has the entire solid base of packages and the manager.
of Debian packages;
• It is compatible with Ubuntu repositories;
• There is a desktop prepared for the common user to feel comfortable;
• Strives to ensure that resources, such as multimedia support, video resolution,
wifi cards and other devices work well.

Except for Mandrake, and after Kurumin, this was the first distro to be successful with
users for the following reasons: ease of installing programs, installation and configuration
automation of devices and related.
Mint has added these features and incorporated others, being considered a more complete Ubuntu.
polished, with an excellent selection of software, beautiful performance and design.
 You can find installation tutorials here on VOL at:
• Linux Mint 7 Gloria
• Introducing Linux Mint LXDE Edition

For more information, visit:

• Linux Mint
• Linux Mint Manual
• Linux Mint Software Portal
• LinuxMint Community Editions

Applications for GNU/Linux

GNU/Linux has an unparalleled wealth of applications, offering more than
a solution to certain needs.
The biggest difficulty is finding an app that meets your needs.
As there are numerous applications for the same functions, they present certain
characteristics, which either adapt to the user's taste or not, that's why we have so much variety of
available applications today.
The fact that almost 100% of the applications are Open-Source helps this list.
more and more come to grow. Among other things, the applications can be changed as
the needs of the users, as we have unrestricted access to their source code.
In the articleLinux
applications for everyday use, the author aims to inform about the great
range of software available for the GNU/LINUX platform in various existing areas. It
demonstrates some of the most well-known and used, there are MORE THAN 140 APPLICATIONS, being
recommended reading for all levels of users, from beginners to professionals.
Another interesting article that presents a list of applications for everyday use is
o30 reasons to use Linux, which presents thirty reasons in the form of tools that will give you the
certainty that Linux is the ideal operating system for your use.
Recommended reading for all levels of users of this operating system.

GNU/Linux office applications

OpenOffice.org
One of the most famous and complete office suites is OpenOffice.org.
OpenOffice.org is a free multi-platform office application suite.
distributed for Microsoft Windows, Unix, Solaris, Linux, and Mac OS X. The suite uses the ODF format
(OpenDocument) and it is compatible with the Microsoft Office format.
 OpenOffice.org is based on an old version of StarOffice, StarOffice 5.1,
acquired by Sun Microsystems in August 1999.
The source code of the suite has been released, starting a development project of a
open source software on October 13, 2000, OpenOffice.org.
The main objective was to provide a low-cost, high-quality alternative
open source.
OpenOffice.org is compatible with Microsoft Office file formats. Being an
free and open-source software will be installed by default in the Connected PC project, in which
microcomputers at affordable prices will be sold to low-income people in Brazil, with
subsidies offered by the Government.
Also in Portugal, the Magalhães laptop is distributed to all students.
primary cycle schools with OpenOffice.org.
The project and the software are generally referred to as "OpenOffice" but, due to a
brand dispute, Sun was forced to change the name of the software, which became called
OpenOffice.org
In Brazil, even the name OpenOffice.org caused problems due to its similarity with the
name 'Open Office', already registered by BWS Informática.
Therefore, OpenOffice.org is not distributed in Brazilian Portuguese, being replaced by
BrOffice package.
Source:The link provided is a URL to the Portuguese Wikipedia page about OpenOffice.org.
Oh Live Linux, through the memberAntonio CarlosVaSques da Silva, published a
series of articles on the use of this application, accessible from the links below:
• Installing OpenOfficeFrom this article we will publish a series
explaining how to install, configure and use openoffice (00) as your suite
standard office, both for Linux and any proprietary OS. At the end,
any beginner user will be able to perform basic operations of
text editing, spreadsheets, and presentation.
• Setting up OpenOfficeIn this second tutorial, we will teach how to
configure OpenOffice (OO) on Linux so we can use the editors
integrated into this SOHO suite. The text is rich in illustrations, which will facilitate
very your understanding.
• Setting up OpenOffice for text editing - swriter/oowriterNext
third tutorial we will learn how to configure the text editor (TE)
oowriter/swriter to meet our needs. We will see tricks to
configure function bar, formatting bar, toolbar, bar
menus among other resources.
• Formatting text in Open OfficeIn this tutorial we will learn how to format the
text in OpenOffice (00) using swriter or oowriter, according to the provenance of
your office package. As personal experience, I recommend that you type everything that
 wish and only then move on to the formatting itself.
• Formatting fonts in OpenOfficeIn this tutorial we will address formatting
the fonts in Open Office (OO). It complements the previous one, which discusses the
text formatting. In this we will learn to use the formatting bar, menus of
right mouse button, size, style, and colors of the fonts.
• Special formatting in Open OfficeIn this tutorial we will address formatting
"special" in OO as: special characters; header, footer, and notes of
footer; date, time; page numbering and floating frame.
• More special formatting in OpenOfficeIn this tutorial, we will learn to use
a very useful feature of OpenOffice, which is text pre-formatting (stylist)
assistants and the spell checker.
• Using tables in the OpenOffice text editorIn this tutorial about the
OpenOffice let's learn some more special features, so that the use of
text editor be as complete as possible, manipulating tables to
complement a random text.
• Using tabs in OpenOffice.orgThe purpose of this tutorial is
explain how to use tabulation in OpenOffice.org Writer.
• Other resources in OpenOffice: columns, background and bordersIn this tutorial of the series
about oowriter, we will see how to create columns, configure the background of the text and the
edges of the same.
• Getting to know the OpenOffice spreadsheetAny workplace, no matter how
simple as it may be, it does not dispense with the resources of a spreadsheet. Although very
known, is not as widely used as a good text editor, perhaps because it is such a
use of functions. In this tutorial, we will get to know its structure and familiarize ourselves
with its handling.
• Cell formatting in the OpenOffice spreadsheetIn this tutorial about the
scalc/oocalc - OpenOffice spreadsheet - let's show how to do it
basic formatting in cells.
• Formatting rows and columns of the OpenOffice spreadsheetIn this tutorial about
in o scalc (oocalc), let's explain how to format rows and columns.
• Selecting data in a table for creating charts in OOo CalcThis
The article shows how to select data in a table to be able to create
customized charts. It is a very useful feature when dealing with large tables.
which can generate complex graphs, requiring the selection of information.
without the work of building new data.
 Abiword
If you prefer lighter software or do not use the advanced formatting features that the
OpenOffice.org offers, perhaps the best solution is the use of AbiWord, a text editor so
good how much is lighter than the above mentioned.
AbiWord is an open-source word processor, therefore, a free software
licensed under the GPL.
Runs on Linux, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, ReactOS, SkyOS and others.
AbiWord was initially created by SourceGear Corporation with the AbiSuite component.
SourceGear graduated to financial interests and left the AbiWord project to a team of
volunteers. Now the AbiWord software is part of GNOME Office, a collection of applications of
integration.
The AbiWord interface resembles the pre-2007 Word interface.
The fact is that many users still feel more comfortable in this interface than in the
new 'ribbon' of the Microsoft tool.
AbiWord offers all the necessary features for those with simple needs.
text editing.
Source:Unable to access external links.
Read the articleUnveiling Abiwordwhere the author presents Abiword, the editor of
standard Gnome text, but you can use it without having to give up your preferred interface
It is much lighter than OpenOffice and can be a good alternative for those who
There isn't a PC so powerful that can handle the first one.

Gnumeric
Gnumeric is an open source spreadsheet software that is part of the Gnome desktop and has
available installers including for Windows.
It was created with the intention of being an alternative to Microsoft proprietary software.
Excel. Gnumeric was created and developed by Miguel de Icaza, but since he was transferred
For other projects, the current maintainer has become Jody Goldberg.
Gnumeric has the ability to import and export data in various formats, including
CSV, Microsoft Excel, HTML, LaTeX, Lotus 1-2-3, OpenDocument and Quattro Pro.
Its native format is the Gnumeric file format (.gnm or .gnumeric), an XML file.
compressed with bzip.
It has all the spreadsheet functions of Excel and many other proprietary functions.
More information about Gnumeric can be obtained from its official website:
http://www.gnome.org/gnumeric
 Terminal commands
The command line is the most used method by Linux system administrators,
because it offers the greatest number of possibilities, as well as being the fastest method to do
the things.
In this articleyou will have a detailed list of the main terminal commands,
divided into categories, with practical application examples, including associations with others
applications.
The memberDavidson Paulopublished a series of articles that describe very well the
fundamentals of the system:

• Fundamentals of the Linux system - files and directoriesOur systems

Unix/Linux, everything that can be manipulated by the operating system is
represented in the form of a file, including directories, devices, and
processes. This article addresses the main concepts about files and directories.
• Fundamentals of the Linux system - users and groupsLinux was developed
since the beginning to work in a network. That's why it has support for users and
groups that ensure organization and security to the system. In this article
we will see the concepts of users and groups, as well as the methods to
manipulate them.
• Fundamentals of the Linux system - PermissionsMulti-operating systems
users must ensure the security and privacy of each individual's data
user, as well as value the integrity of the system. For this, there are the
access permissions calls, which operate in two fundamental aspects. The
First is privacy and second is security.
• Fundamentals of the Linux system - hardwareThe way the operating system
working with hardware is a decisive factor in performance and stability of
system. A processor can be very fast because it has various resources,
but if the operating system does not support these features, it will not be possible
extract the maximum performance from the processor. In this article, we will see how the
Linux interacts with the computer hardware.
• Fundamentals of the Linux system: disks and partitionsIn this article, we will see how the
GNU/Linux works with disks, in addition to seeing the concept of partitions, systems of
files, as well as the main programs to work with disks and
partitions.
• Fundamentals of the Linux system - Boot managersManagers
boot managers are programs responsible for
manage the startup of one or more operating systems. In this article
we will see the two main boot managers, LiLo and GRUB.
• Fundamentals of the Linux system - Linux commandsA detailed list of
main commands of GNU/Linux, divided into categories, with examples
 practical applications, including associations with other applications.
• Foundations of the Linux system - driversFlow directors make
What the name suggests: they direct the output flow of the programs, sending them
for different locations from the standard output. These locations can be files,
devices, processes, and other programs. In this article, we will see how to use
the drivers of Linux to make the life of the system administrator easier.

Games
Anyone who likes games cannot miss the list of the top games available.
in this articlethat gives you the opportunity to experience shooting games, strategy, cars, simulators of
flight, RPG, emulators and much more.
The article was so successful that it won acontinuationwith another ten games
compatible with the operating system.

Additional information
• Words, expressions, and celebrities of the Linux worldDon't make that face anymore
my God, what is this!?
celebrities from the world of free software and Linux and also check out my 'little
"dictionary for nerd survival" and the list of the most used smiles on the internet.
• Linux: A great option for your companyIn this article, the author shows the main
advantages of using Linux in your company, its cost-benefit relationship and
I also mention some success cases of the penguin in Brazil.
• Use, usingThis article is for you who want to use the penguin, but are afraid of
Seriously, the Linux desktop is here and it's here to stay. Follow the experience of
author and take courage to change.

This document is constantly being updated. If you have any document or text
in addition to suggesting, please forward [email protected].
Invalid input. Please provide the text to be translated.

What is Linux and what is its history?

Introduction
When Linus Torvalds created Linux, he certainly did not know the importance that this
the project would cover the most varied aspects of computing.
Thanks to your initiative, Linux is present in hundreds of thousands of servers.
personal computers and portable devices around the world.
But how did this happen? Why did Torvalds create Linux?
What is the reason this project had such a great acceptance?
Effectively, what is Linux?
To obtain answers to these and other related questions, nothing is better than
to know the history of Linux.
This is what InfoWester presents next.

What is Linux?
For many people, Linux is merely an operating system.
This definition is not wrong, but it is also not complete.
In fact, Linux is part of a whole, more precisely, it is a code kernel-
open source, which has been - and is being developed - over time thanks to the voluntary collaboration of
developers from various parts of the world.
In a few words, source code is a set of instructions based on
a programming language that, after being compiled or interpreted, forms software.
Having access to the source code, it is possible to know how a certain program or software resource works.
was developed.

What is a kernel?
Kernel can be understood as the core of the operating system, that is, as the part
essential of this.
It is up to the kernel to mediate between the hardware and the programs being executed by
computer
This means that the combination of the kernel plus the software that makes the computer usable
(drivers, communication protocols, among others), according to their application, that form the
operating system itself.
To understand better, you can think of the kernel as being the chassis of a vehicle.
According to the application in question, a manufacturer can acquire a chassis and use it.
to assemble a vehicle for transporting loads or, if this is the need, to build one
passenger car for a family.
 Note that the kernel is not necessarily a piece of software that can be manipulated by the user. Or
Well, it is not something so simple that it can be installed and then be ready right away.
for use, such as a word processing program, for example.
The kernel is a complex base that serves as the structure for the system, operating in the
"backstage". Thus, the user doesn't even need to be aware of its existence to be able to use the
computer.

So, is Linux a kernel?

Exactly! When we are looking for a program that has versions for various
operating systems - like the browserMozilla Firefox-, we came across several links: one
one that points to the Windows version, another that directs to the Mac OS X version, another for Linux and
and so on.
Notice that in situations like this, the name Linux is not used.
incorrectly.
On the other hand, thinking that Linux is the entire set of software, including
applications, graphical interfaces and others, is a quite limited view.
But, to better understand what Linux is and what it represents, it is convenient
to know your story.

The history of Linux

The history of Linux begins in 1991, by the hands of a student.
Finnish university student named Linus Torvalds.
Linux was created by him, not entirely from 'scratch', but as a variation of
MINIX.

Linus Torvalds - Image byWikipedia

 MINIX is a simple operating system created byAndrew S.Tanenbaum, um
renowned computer science professor who is known for the numerous books he has written for the field.
Tanenbaum made MINIX available primarily to serve as an aid in teaching.
of computing.
It is a simple operating system that requires few hardware resources.
and whose first version was released in 1987.
Given its academic purposes, MINIX was made available not only for
free and open way, as well as its complete source code.
Thus, computer science students could - and can - study it entirely for
develop your skills or even to create derivative projects. That's how Linus Torvalds
entered this story.
The relationship of Linux - and MINIX - with UNIX
MINIX was not written from 'scratch' either.
It is, in fact, a project based on an operating system that has
great participation in the history of computing: UNIX.
The emergence of UNIX took place in 1969 as a project of Bell Labs, laboratory
belonging to AT&T.
But only in the middle of the next decade did it become an effective system.
available in the academic field, which allowed for its evolution and the emergence of variations.

UNIX actually began in the mid-1960s as a project to be

developed by a group of skilled programmers, including Ken Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie: an operating system called Multics.
Multics was an ambitious project but faced several problems, including
lack of computational resources.
Thus, in the same year, Ken Thompson decided to create something more 'realistic', calling
the new project of Unics.
Some time later, the name was changed to UNIX, a designation that remains until now.
today.
Although there were other programmers involved in the creation of UNIX, Ken
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie are the most remembered names because both, in 1973, practically
They rewrote UNIX from the C language.
C is a creation of Dennis Ritchie, hence its commitment to work.
involving language and UNIX.
Because of its resources, the language began to be used in several other
more complex projects, including in the development of other operating systems, making
with your creator being recognized worldwide as one of the great names of
computing (unfortunately,Dennis Ritchie passed away in October 2011).
 UNIX has been well accepted not only in universities, but also in
corporate environments, resulting in the emergence of various variations of the system, such as the
BSD versions and Solaris.
MINIX, like Linux, is one of them, which does not mean that both are
similar to UNIX, but notably alike.

The emergence of Linux

Linus Torvalds, then nearly 20 years old, began to studycomputer science
at the University of Helsinki, in Finland, in 1988.
About two years later, taking advantage of the knowledge he had and was
learning about the C language, decided to create his own implementation of a terminal in his
newly acquired 80386 computer, mainly to access the institution's UNIX server
teaching.
This is because he had already tested MINIX for this purpose, but he was not
satisfied with its resources.
Torvalds' intention was to make the project run specifically on
your 80386 machine, with development being done based on MINIX.
The work advanced in such a way that it reached a point where Torvalds already had a
functional kernel in hand.
In 1991, Linus Torvalds decided to openly release his project.
To this end, he posted messages on Usenet (a sort of predecessor to the internet,
based on message exchanges) asking for suggestions and contributions for your initiative.
Here is the full text of thefirst
messagein English, posted on August 25, 1991.
Soon after, your translation into Portuguese:
From: [email protected] (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
small poll for my new operating system
Keywords: 386, preferences
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
University of Helsinki
Lines: 20
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and
professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing
since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on
things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat
(same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons)
among other things).
 I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and
I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions?
are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus ([email protected])
PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs.
It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never
will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(

Translation to Portuguese:
Subject: What would you like to see in minix?
Small survey for my new operating system
Hello everyone who uses minix -
I am creating an operating system (free - just as a hobby,
it will not be something big and professional like GNU) for
AT 386 (486) machines. It has been worked on since April, and
is starting to get ready. I would like to
opinions about things that people like/dislike
minix, since my OS resembles it a bit (same layout)
physical file system (for practical reasons),
among others).
I have already ported bash (1.08) and gcc (1.40) and things seem
work. This indicates that I will achieve something practical
in a few months, and I would like to know what resources people
but I would like to have. All suggestions will be
welcome, but I don't promise to implement them :-)
Linus ([email protected])
PS. Yes - it is free of any Minix code, and
It has a file system with multi-threading. It is NOT
portable (uses 386, task switching, etc) and probably
it will never support anything other than disks
rigid AT, as that is all I have :-(
From this message, it is possible to see that Linus Torvalds did not expect that his
the project was to grow so much and become so important for the advent of computing and theTechnology
of Information.

The beginning of Linux's journey was not free of problems. One of the obstacles that
Torvalds had to face the criticisms of Professor Andrew S. Tanenbaum, who in his
statements claimed that "Linux is obsolete", especially because it has a "monolithic design".
 Tanenbaum was not happy about the fact that Linux had been prepared
specifically to run with the 80386 processor which, in addition to being expensive, would have its architecture
replaced in the future, which, in fact, did not happen.
Linus responded to the criticism and continued his work, relying on the support of each
more people.
Over time, Linux has even been ported to several others
platforms, which certainly contributed to their success.

Linux running on the Nintendo DS console

 The name Linux
The project was already a reality, but it did not have a name. Initially, Torvalds assigned it to
kernel is the name Freax, a mix of free with freak (monstrous, weird) and the letter
'x', to remember UNIX.

The symbol of Linux is theTux the Penguin

The programmer Ari Lemmke, after suggesting to Torvalds to put the project in a
network to make it more accessible, decided to create on the FTP server that would host the software a
folder named 'linux' (most likely a mix of Linus and UNIX), since there was no
I liked Freak.
The name 'Linux' ended up 'sticking' and is, as you see, used to this day.

GNU/Linux
You must have seen the expression in several places - including here on InfoWester -
GNU/Linux.
What does this mean?
As you already know, Linux, by itself, is a kernel.
Alone, a kernel does not have much utility. It is necessary to 'join' it to a set
of software so that we effectively have an operating system in usable condition.
That's where the projectGNUenter.

GNU stands for a curious name: "GNU is Not UNIX".

This is a project that started in 1984, in the hands of Richard Stallman, which
I wanted to create a system compatible with UNIX, but without using its code.
 Over the years, the project gained resources, such as compilers and
text editors.
But there was one very important element missing: a kernel. Stallman and his
Collaborators were working on a kernel named Hurd, but given the delay in completing it,
many of those who needed or wanted to use GNU software decided to turn to something that
they were able to meet the need they had: Linux.
So basically, the Linux we have today is known for working together.
with GNU software.
Therefore, many members and supporters of movements related to free software
they defend the idea that when there is a reference to the operating system as a whole, the name
GNU/Linux should be used.
It happens that, out of convenience or simply ignorance, many people
They created the habit of calling the entire set of Linux and not just the kernel.

Linux Distributions
You already know that Linux, unlike other UNIX-based systems or even
therefore, it is not an operating system as a whole.
But, being a kernel available for free and with open source code, any
a person or organization can join it to a set of software to create an operating system
customized.
Over the past few years, this is precisely what has happened.
Several groups or even companies organized themselves and created their own system.
operational based on Linux. Each one is called a 'Linux distribution' (or
GNU/Linux distribution.
There are several Linux distributions out there, for various purposes.
Many are even part of profitable businesses, where the company provides, for example, the
operating system for free, but generates revenue from technical support services.
Naturally, those distributions aimed at the home user segment are more
popular.
 Screenshot of Ubuntu

For the general public, the most famous distribution is theUbuntu, from the companyCanonical.
By default, new versions of Ubuntu are released every April and October.
each year.
There is a numbering scheme that helps to identify the release time: version 11.10
Ubuntu, for example, was released in 2011, in the month of October.
It is possible to know this because the year indication appears first (11) and, after the point,
Here comes the indication of the month number (10).

Of course, there are other well-known distributions, among them:

• Fedora(linked toRed Hat);

• Debian;
• Mandriva;
• Linux Mint;
• CentOS(focusing on servers);
• Slackware.
It is possible to obtain information about these and other Linux distributions on the website
DistroWatch.com(in English).
 Kernel versions
Periodically, new versions of the Linux kernel are released.
Updates are natural for any software and occur to assign improvements to
certain functionalities, to fix bugs and, in the case of operating systems, for
add important features to the kernel, especially compatibility with new hardware.
Normally, each version of the kernel is represented by three distinct numbers separated by
points, for example: 2.6.24.
The first number indicates the kernel version.
The second number indicates the latest revision made to that version so far.
The third number, in turn, indicates a minor revision, as if it were a 'revision of the
last revision of the kernel.
A fourth number can be used to indicate an important update in that
version.
It is worth emphasizing that before the 2.6.x series, the kernel numbering had the following scheme: if
if the second number of the representation was odd, it meant that that series was still in
development, that is, it was an unstable version and in the testing or improvement phase.
If the number were even, it would mean that the series was already stable enough to be
made available for use.
The numbering underwent another change in July 2011, when version 3.0 of was released.
Linux.
From versions 1.x to 2.x there were significant changes in the kernel.
However, from 2.x to 3.x, there was nothing that important, so much so that, by the scheme,
this version should be 2.6.40.
Everything indicates that the change happened for reasons of convenience and 'aesthetics'.

There are also those who claim that the numbering 3.0 was given as a way to celebrate the
Linux's birthday, which completed 20 years of existence in 2011.

The license of Linux

A license is, in few words, a document that explains how a certain software
can be used.
Regarding open source programs, there are several types of licenses available.
Linux uses aGPL (GNU Public License).
It is worth stressing that, initially, Linus Torvalds applied his own license to Linux, which had
restrictions for commercial use.
The GPL was only adopted in 1992, especially since Linux was already being used with
GNU software.
 The GPL is a license created by theFree Software Foundation(organization founded by
Richard Stallman) based on the freedoms that the entity defends:
• freedom to run the program, for any purpose (zero freedom);
• freedom to study how the program works and adapt it to your needs
(freedom 1), with access to the source code being a prerequisite for this aspect;
• freedom to distribute copies in a way that you can help your neighbor
(freedom 2);
• freedom to improve the program and release your enhancements, so that
the entire community benefits (freedom three). Again, here the access to
source code is a prerequisite.
A software cannot use the GPL if it does not meet all these requirements.
The GPL emerged in 1989, but was revised in 1991 to meet certain needs,
resulting in GPLv2 (GPL version two). In 2007, GPLv3 emerged (GPL
version three). It is possible to consult the GPL at the following link (in English):
www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html.
learn more about the subject in the articleFree software, open source, and free software: the
differences.

Finalizing
You may not have Linux on your computer, but you have used it in some way.
Since it is free software, open source, and widely available, it is
common to find it in various applications.
The server that hosts InfoWester, for example, runs a Linux distribution.
It is also possible to find this kernel in embedded systems, ATMs,
portable devices, among others.
To know more about the subject, you can consult the websites that served as reference.
for this text:
• The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.;
• www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pt-br.html;
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX;
• www.unix.org;
• www.bell-labs.com/history/unix;
• netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux.
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum_Torvalds_debate.
Written byEmerson AlecrimPublished on 03_11_2011
www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
http://www.kubuntu.org/getkubuntu/
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Kubuntu
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Kubuntuv • e

Kubuntu 14.04 "Trusty Tahr"

Developer Blue Systems, Canonicalthe community collaborators

Architectures x86x86-64
Model do
Free Software
development

Released on April 8thof2005(10 years)

Veversionstable April 15[1] April 23, 2015; 11 months ago

Natural language Multilingualism

Target market Desktop

Family Ubuntu

Nucleus Linux

Method ofupdate dpkg

Management from
APT(PackageKit)
packages

Interface KDE

License GNU GPLversion 2[3]

State do
Current
development

www.kubuntu.org.(inEnglish) last accessed 189

Website
weeks

30th(inEnglish, inSpanish, inFrench, inGerman, inCzech,

Position onDistrowatch
inJapaneseand inChinese).

Common origin Isle of Man

Software Livr Portal

Kubuntu is a project derived fromUbuntuadistributiondooperating system

GNU/Linux.
In fact, Kubuntu and Ubuntu (just likeXubuntueEdubuntu) are the same project,
but unlike Ubuntu, which comes with the graphical environmentUnity, it comes with theKDEe
programs made for KDE, such as the browserKonqueror, Contact(for emails,RSSe
calendar) andAmarok, the music player. It uses the same package repository as Ubuntu.
The proposal of Kubuntu is to offer an operating system.operationalwhere anyone
can use it, without difficulties, regardless of nationality, level of knowledge or
physical limitations.
The distribution must be made up entirely offree softwareebook, besides exempt from
any fee.
The Kubuntu/Ubuntu Community helps each other, with no distinction between newcomers or
veterans; information must be shared so that we can help anyone.
regardless of the level of difficulty.
 Name
The name Kubuntu is the combination of the K from KDE and the word Ubuntu which means
humanity towards others in a South African dialect called Bemba. Kubuntu is
pronounced as /kùbúntú/ (ku-BÚN-tu).

Differences of Ubuntu
The standard version of Ubuntu comes with the desktopUnity+ Gnome programs (ex:
Gedit) + administrative tools for Gnome (e.g.:Synaptic).
The standard version of Kubuntu comes with the KDE desktop + KDE programs (e.g.:
Contact) + administrative tools for KDE (e.g.:Adept).
Meanwhile, these are just the programs installed by default.
Someone can install Ubuntu and then install KDE, or even the 'metapackage'
Kubuntu to have all the programs of Kubuntu.
Or even have a mix of both, according to preference.
There are some disadvantages to doing this, as it will require more disk space.
and more memory, since Unity uses a library called GTK and KDE uses Qt, but it's little
thing for modern computers.
For really old computers, perhaps the most advisable thing is to use the
variantXubuntu.

List of programs
In version 11.04, which is also a Live CD, the list of programs includes:

• Kopete
• ReKonq
• Amarok
• K3b
• Contact
• Ktorrent
• LibreOffice
In addition to the programs for Linux, Kubuntu 11.04 comes with some programs in
version for Windows, to encourage users to get to know the programs and become familiar with the
conceptopen source.
 Releases

CDs of version 7.04 of Kubuntu.

A new version of the Ubuntu family is released every six months, and each release has a
codename is a version number.
The version number is based on the year and month of release.
For example, Ubuntu 4.10 was released in October.2004and had the codename Warty
Warthog.
Derived distributions are usually released on the same day or with a slight delay.
The latest version of Kubuntu is 15.04 (Vivid Vervet).
The page you requested is not directly translatable without access to its content. Please provide the text you want translated.

About Kubuntu
Kubuntu is a completely open-source operating system built around the
kernelLinux.
The Kubuntu community is built around the ideals described in theUbuntu Philosophy:
what software should be provided for free, what software tools should be
usable by people in their local languages and despite any deficiencies, and that people
they must have the freedom to customize and alter the software in any way that meets their needs.
these reasons:
 Kubuntu will always be free, and there are no additional fees for the 'edition
company. "We do our best work available to everyone under the
same free terms.
 Kubuntu includes the best translations and accessibility infrastructure that the
the Free Software community has to offer, this to make Kubuntu usable
by the largest number of people possible.
 New versions of Kubuntu are released regularly; a new version is made every
every six months. You can use the stable or development version. Each
the version is supported for at least 18 months.

 Kubuntu is completely committed to the principles of free software and

open source development; we encourage everyone to use free and open-source software
open source, improve it, and distribute it.
The Kubuntu community is made up of software developers, writers of
documentation, translators, graphic artists, and most importantly, of people who are using the
Ubuntu in your daily life.
We invite you to join this community and help shape Ubuntu into a
operating system that best meets your needs.
Help us translate Kubuntu into your language, use it on new and different hardware, improve it
experience of other users with the suggestions, tips, and FAQ, or help us shape and give meaning to
the direction that Kubuntu is taking by providing feedback on the software you love.

About the Name

Kubuntu is based on the Ubuntu system but with the latest KDE packages.
Kubuntu means 'for humanity' in Bemba.
Kubuntu is pronounced 'koo-boon-too'.
Ubuntu is a South African ethical ideology focused on commitment and relationships between
the people.
The word comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages. Ubuntu (pronounced 'u-BUN-tu') is seen
as a traditional African concept, it is treated as one of the fundamental principles of the new
Republic of South Africa and is connected to the idea of an African Renaissance.
 A quick translation of the principle of Ubuntu is 'humanity for others'.
Another translation could be: "the belief in a universal bond of sharing"
that connects all of humanity.
A person with ubuntu is open and available to others, confirming from
Others do not feel threatened that others are capable and good, as he or she has security.
appropriate internal that comes from the knowledge that he or she belongs to a whole and is diminished
when others are humiliated or belittled, when others are tortured or oppressed.
As a platform based on GNU/Linux, the operating system Kubuntu brings the
spirit of ubuntu for the software world.

Free Software
The Kubuntu project is entirely committed to the principles of development of
open source software; people are encouraged to use open source software, improve it
there, and pass it on.
This means that Kubuntu is and will always be free.
Meanwhile, this means more than just being available at zero cost.
The philosophy of free software is that people should be free to use the
software in all "socially useful" forms.
"Free Software" does not only mean that you do not have to pay for it,
it also means that you should be able to use the software in the way you want: the code
what makes free software is available for anyone to download, modify, fix, and use
anyway.
So in addition to the fact that free software is usually made available without any
cost, this freedom also has its technical advantages: when programs are developed, the
the work of others can be used.
With proprietary software, this cannot happen, and when programs are
developed, they must be started from scratch. For this reason, software development
free is fast, efficient and lively!
You can find more information about the Free Software philosophy.here.

The Difference
There are many different operating systems based on GNU/Linux:
Debian, SuSE, Gentoo, RedHat, and Mandriva are some examples.
Kubuntu is yet another competitor in what is already a highly competitive world.
So what makes Ubuntu different?
Based on Debian, one of the most widely accepted, technologically advanced, and
well-supported distributions, Kubuntu aims to create a distribution that provides a system
Consistent and updated Linux for desktop computers and servers.
 Kubuntu includes a number of carefully selected packages from the
Debian distribution has a powerful package management system that allows for easy
clean installation and removal of programs.
Unlike most distributions that come with large
amounts of software that may or may not be useful, the list of packages for Kubuntu is reduced to one.
number of important high-quality applications.
By focusing on quality, Kubuntu produces a robust computing environment and
Rich in features that is suitable for use in home and commercial environments.
The project takes the necessary time to focus on fine details and is capable of launching.
a version with the best and newest software today every 6 months.
Kubuntu is available in flavors for i386 architectures (processors
386/486/Pentium II/III/IV and Athlon/Duron/Sempron), AMD64 (processors Athlon64, Opteron, and
new 64-bit Intel), and PowerPC (iBook/Powerbook, G4 and G5).

Long-Term Support
Every release of Kubuntu is supported for at least 18 months with
security updates among others.
Ubuntu 6.06 LTS is a special release ready for businesses, and is supported by
3 years on the desktop version and 5 years on the server version.

The development process of Kubuntu 6.06 LTS took a little longer than
it's normal to focus on a number of areas:
 Quality Assurance
 Location
 Certification
As a result, you will be able to rely on Ubuntu 6.06LTS for a period.
longer than usual.
Therefore, this release is referred to as "LTS" or "Long-Term Support".
Long Term)

The Desktop
The standard desktop environment for Kubuntu is theKDE, a desktop environment
Powerful Free Software graph for GNU/Linux and Unix workstations.
Another main desktop of UNIX and Linux isGnomeKubuntu does not use the desktop
by default Gnome.
The projectUbuntuoffers Kubuntu users an alternative between these two
excellent desktop environments.
Thanks to the efforts of the Kubuntu team, Ubuntu users can now
easily install and use the Gnome desktop on your system.
 The Gnome can be found and downloaded in the main file of Ubuntu. The way
easier to get an operational installation of Ubuntu is to use the command sudo apt-get
install ubuntu-desktop.
This will install all the necessary packages and set everything up correctly.
After everything is installed, you will be able to choose which environment to use: KDE
or Gnome.

Version and Release Numbers

The version numbering scheme of Kubuntu is based on the date that we
we launched a version of the distribution.
The version number comes from the year and month of the release instead of reflecting the current version.
do software.
Our first release (Hoary Hedgehog) was in April 2005, so its version
was 5.04.
The second release (Breezy Badger) was in October 2005, so its version was
5.10.
This version (Dapper Drake) was released in June 2006, therefore its version is 6.06
LTS.

Support and Assistance

Kubuntu is maintained by a rapidly growing community.

The project is sponsored byCanonical Ltd., a company founded by Mark
Shuttleworth.
Canonical employees are the main developers of Ubuntu, and this
offers support and consulting services for Ubuntu.
Canonical Ltd also sponsors other open source software projects, but
information about what can be found in theCanonical website.

What is Linux?
TheLinux kernel"lee-nucks" is the heart of the operating system
Kubuntu.
The kernel is an important part of some operating systems, providing the bridge
of communication between hardware and software.
Linux was created in 1991 by a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds.
At the time, it only worked on i386 systems, and it was essentially a clone.
an independent UNIX kernel created that aimed to take advantage of the newly created
i386 architecture.
 Nowadays, thanks to a substantial amount of development effort by
People from all over the world, Linux runs on practically any modern architecture.
The Linux kernel gained ideological importance as well as a
technical importance.
There is a whole community of people who believe in the ideals of Free Software and
They spend their time helping to make open source technology as good as possible.
People from this community have been responsible for initiatives like Ubuntu,
standardization committees that model the development of the internet, organizations such as
Mozilla Foundation, responsible for the creation of Mozilla Firefox, and several other projects of
software that you have certainly benefited from in the past.
The spirit of open source, usually attributed to Linux, is influencing
software developers and users around the world to create communities with goals
common.

What is GNU?
The GNU Project, pronounced 'guh-noo', was created in 1984 to develop a
complete UNIX-style operating system made up of Free Software: the GNU system.
Variants of the GNU operating system, which also use the Linux kernel, are extensively
used nowadays; although these systems are often referred to as 'Linux', they
are correctly called GNU/Linux systems.
The GNU project is deeply connected to the philosophy of Free Software, which is
primordial to derivative projects such as Ubuntu. The concept of Free Software is explained
noFree Software.

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