Fundamentals

of
Fog and Edge Computing
BCSE313L
WINTER 2024 - 2025

Module 3 – Internet of Vehicle (IoV)

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)

➢A communication system that enables vehicles to communicate

with each other (Vehicle-to-Vehicle or V2V communication) and
with roadside infrastructure (Vehicle-to-Roadside or V2R
communication).
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)

Improve road safety

VANETs
aim to

Provide
Information and enhance traffic
Entertainment efficiency
services
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)- Conventional

➢Components
➢ On-board Units: Vehicles are equipped with various devices
such as
➢ Sensors
➢ Cameras
➢ GPS
➢ Communication systems to facilitate vehicular communication aimed at
enhancing safety and comfort.
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)- Conventional

➢Communication Architecture
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)- Conventional
➢Communication Architecture
➢ WAVE-based Wi-Fi: In this architecture, Roadside Units (RSUs) act as wireless
access points, providing communication coverage to vehicles within their range.

➢Adhoc Networks: Vehicles form ad hoc networks using Wireless Access in

Vehicular Environments (WAVE) technology, enabling them to communicate
directly with each other without relying on any fixed infrastructure.

➢Hybrid Architecture: This architecture combines cellular and ad hoc architectures

using WAVE, allowing vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside
infrastructure using both cellular and ad hoc communication channels..
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)- Conventional
Limitations

Need for a
more reliable
Commercializ
and market-
ation Issues
oriented
architecture

Growing traffic
casualties
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)- Conventional
➢Commercialization Issues in VANETs: Despite their potential, VANETs have
not attracted significant commercial interest due to:
➢ Inability to provide consistent services due to their adhoc nature.
➢ Lack of guaranteed internet connectivity affecting commercial applications.
➢ Compatibility issues with personal devices.
➢ Limitations in processing capabilities for intelligent decision-making.
➢ Lower accuracy in service delivery based on local traffic knowledge.
➢ Dependency on user cooperation, which affects reliability.
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)- Conventional
➢Growing Traffic Casualties:
➢ The increasing number of traffic accidents highlights the need for reliable vehicular
communication systems.
➢ Reports indicate that approximately 1.25 million people die annually from road traffic
accidents, emphasizing the urgent need for improved safety measures through IoV.
Introducing Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

➢To overcome the limitations of VANETs

➢ Emerging concept that integrates vehicles into a global network,
enabling enhanced communication and data exchange among
various entities involved in transportation.
➢This network leverages existing technologies to create a more
interconnected and intelligent transportation system.
Introducing Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
Introducing Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
Introducing Internet of Vehicles (IoV) - Ecosystem
➢Components
➢ Vehicle (V): Nearby vehicles that communicate to exchange information.
➢ Person (P): Individuals requesting or accessing services in the IoV environment.
➢ Personal Device (P): Devices belonging to individuals that provide or use services.
➢ Network Infrastructure (I): Devices facilitating data transmission across the
network.
➢ Sensing Device (S): Sensors collecting information about vehicles, health levels of
individuals, and environmental conditions.
➢ Roadside Device (R): Infrastructure elements like traffic lights and information
screens that disseminate relevant traffic information.
Introducing Internet of Vehicles (IoV) - Ecosystem
➢Interaction Types:
➢ The framework defines several types of Device-to-Device (D2D)
interactions:
➢Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
➢Vehicle-to-Personal (V&P)
➢Vehicle-to-Roadside (V&R)
➢Vehicle-to-Sensor (V&S)
➢Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V&I)
➢Roadside-to-Personal Device (R&P)
➢Additional internal interactions like Roadside-to-Roadside (R2R) and Sensor &
Actuator (S&A).
Introducing Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
➢ 5 Types of Communication
➢ Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
➢ Vehicle-to-Roadside Unit (V2R)
➢ Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
➢ Vehicle-to-Personal Devices (V2P)
➢ Vehicle-to-Sensors (V2S)

➢ Each type utilizes different wireless access technologies (WAT), such as

IEEE WAVE for V2V and V2R, Wi-Fi and 4G/LTE for V2I, and CarPlay for
V2P.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture

➢ Creating a universal network framework that includes diverse

networks is complex.
➢It requires careful identification and grouping of similar
functionalities into distinct layers while optimizing the number of
layers and enhancing their differentiability.
➢Key network characteristics such as interoperability, scalability,
reliability, and modularity are essential considerations.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture

➢ The IoV architecture is designed to be open and adaptable to

different technologies.
➢It aims for strong integration with the Internet, Service-Oriented
Architecture (SOA), and plug-and-play interfaces.
➢This flexibility is crucial for accommodating the evolving landscape
of vehicular technologies.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture
Perception Layer:
▪ Comprises sensors and actuators in vehicles, roadside units (RSUs), and
personal devices.
▪ Responsible for gathering data on vehicle status, traffic conditions, and
environmental factors.
▪ Ensures secure transmission of data to the coordination layer.

Coordination Layer:
▪ Acts as a universal network coordination module that integrates various
communication technologies (e.g., WAVE, Wi-Fi, 4G/LTE).
▪ Processes incoming data from the perception layer, ensuring it is formatted
uniformly for further analysis.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Layer:

▪ Serves as the central processing hub, utilizing cloud infrastructure for data
storage, analysis, and decision-making.
▪ Employs techniques like Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) and Big Data
Analysis (BDA) to derive insights from the data received.

Application Layer:
▪ Hosts smart applications that provide services related to traffic safety,
efficiency, infotainment, and utility.
▪ Responsible for delivering intelligent services based on processed information
from the AI layer and facilitating user interaction with these services.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture

Business Layer:
▪ Focuses on operational management and strategic development of business
models based on application usage data.

▪ Involves decision-making regarding investments, resource allocation, pricing

strategies, and overall budget management.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Layered Architecture

Robust
framework

Enable user
reliable
interaction
vehicular
within this
communicati
interconnecte
on
d ecosystem

Layered
Architecture
Goals

integrating
Include various
processing technologies
capabilities and
functionalities

Achieve
seamless data
flow
Seven Layers security model architecture for IoV
Seven Layers security model architecture for IoV
Layers Functions Operations
Provides information-based and ▪ Displays route information
control-based systems for ▪ Traffic conditions, and warnings.
User Interaction drivers.
Layer Enhances driver safety and ▪ Monitors driving habits and
experience through user- adjusts vehicle controls (e.g.,
friendly interfaces. adaptive cruise control).

Gathers relevant data from Collects data from internal sensors,

various sources (sensors, GPS, external devices, and roadside
Data Acquisition inter-vehicle communication). infrastructure.
Layer Supports intra-vehicular and Facilitates real-time data sharing for
inter-vehicular interactions. safety and infotainment
applications
Seven Layers security model architecture for IoV
Layers Functions Operations
Analyzes and filters collected ▪ Implements intelligent data
data to reduce network traffic. mining techniques to extract
Data Filtering and relevant information.
Pre-Processing
Layer Avoids dissemination of ▪ Employs techniques for efficient
irrelevant information. information dissemination
among vehicles.

Integrates multiple wireless Selects optimal networks based on

networking technologies for parameters like congestion, QoS,
Communication seamless connectivity. and security.
Layer Ensures full connectivity for Utilizes Multiple Attributes
users based on location and Decision Making (MADM)
service requirements. algorithms for network selection.
Seven Layers security model architecture for IoV
Layers Functions Operations
Manages data exchange among ▪ Implements policies for traffic
various services in the IoV management, packet inspection,
Control and environment. and overall information
Management management.
Layer Coordinates different network ▪ Oversees the flow of information
service providers within the IoV from sensors and roadside
ecosystem. infrastructure to users.

Processes large amounts of Stores, processes, and analyzes data

information using cloud from other layers for decision-
computing infrastructures. making.
Business Layer
Develops business strategies Provides insights for service
based on statistical analysis of providers and government agencies
data usage. for future infrastructure planning.
Seven Layers security model architecture for IoV
Layers Functions Operations
Implements security measures ▪ Ensures data authentication,
to protect data at device, integrity, confidentiality, access
network, and application levels. control, and availability in
communications.
Security Layer
Mitigates security threats such ▪ Monitors secure communications
as cyberattacks within the IoV among devices, sensors, and
ecosystem. actuators through secure
networks.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack

➢ The protocol stack for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a structured

framework that organizes various existing protocols across the five
layers of the IoV architecture.
➢This stack is designed to meet the functional requirements of each
layer while ensuring efficient communication and security within the
network.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Perception Layer – Physical Layer Protocols
▪ PHY - 802.11p : Physical layer for vehicular communication using
Dedicated Short-Range Communication(DSRC), enabling low-latency
V2V/V2I communication.
▪ PHY - 802.11a/b/g : Physical layer for Wi-Fi communication ,
supporting general wireless connectivity.
▪ WiMax : Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, providing
long-range broadband wireless communication .
▪ Ethernet : Wired communication standard for in-vehicle networks or
infrastructure connectivity.
▪ 4G/LTE : Fourth Generation / Long Term Evolution cellular technology
for wide-area vehicular connectivity .
▪ GSM : Global System for Mobile Communications, enabling basic
cellular connectivity for vehicles.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Coordination Layer – MAC Layer Protocols
▪ MAC - 802.11p : MAC layer for vehicular
communication , managing access to the 5.9 GHz DSRC
spectrum.
▪ MAC - 802.11 : MAC layer for general Wi-Fi
communication , handling data link control.
▪ 1609.4 : IEEE standard for multi-channel operation in
WAVE, enabling switching between safety and service
channels.
▪ G-HoM(Global Handoff Manager) manages efficient
handovers between heterogeneous networks to
maintain uninterrupted communication for vehicles in
dynamic environments.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack

Coordination Layer – Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer

Protocol
▪ LLC : Logical Link Control layer for error checking,
flow control, and framing in vehicular networks.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Coordination Layer – Network Protocol
▪ TCP/UDP : Transmission Control Protocol / User
Datagram Protocol for reliable/unreliable data
transmission over IP networks.
▪ C2Cnet : Car-to-Car Networking protocol for efficient data
exchange between vehicles .
▪ WSMP : WAVE Short Message Protocol for low-latency,
lightweight messaging in vehicular environments.
▪ FAST(Fast Application and Communication Enabler) :
Flexible Application Support over Transport, providing
optimized transport services for IoV applications. FAST
enables efficient, application-specific communication by
adapting transport services to IoV requirements.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
AI Layer - Security and Service Management Protocols
▪ CALM (Communications Access for Land Mobiles):
enabling seamless multi-technology communication for
vehicles.
▪ CALM-SL (CALM Service Layer): Providing service-
oriented middleware for AI-driven optimization in IoV.
▪ WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment) -
1609.6 : Security services for vehicular communication ,
ensuring data integrity and confidentiality.
▪ S-MIB (Security Management Information Base):
managing security-related information like encryption
keys.
▪ HSM(Hardware Security Module): providing secure key
storage and cryptographic operations .
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
AI Layer - Security and Service Management Protocols

▪ BDA/VCC (Big Data Analytics/Vehicular cloud

Computing) : Enables big data analytics and cloud
computing for scalable, intelligent IoV services.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
App Layer - Resource and Service Execution Protocols

▪ Resource Handler - 1603.1 : Manages resource allocation

for seamless communication in IoV.
▪ SSE (Smart Safety and Efficiency): executing safety-
related services like collision warnings.
▪ SBO (Smart Business Oriented): optimizing service
delivery based on network conditions.
▪ S-IC (Service Information Connector): facilitating
information exchange between services and applications.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
App Layer - Resource and Service Execution Protocols

▪ Resource Handler - 1603.1 : Manages resource allocation

for seamless communication in IoV.
▪ SSE (Smart Safety and Efficiency): executing safety-
related services like collision warnings.
▪ SBO (Smart Business Oriented): optimizing service
delivery based on network conditions.
▪ S-IC (Service Information Connector): facilitating
information exchange between services and applications.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Business Layer and Security Protocols
▪ WAVE - 1609.5 : Layer Manager for logical link control and
resource management in WAVE systems.
▪ INS(Insurance) :Provides usage-based insurance, automates
claims, and offers personalized premiums.
▪ SAL(Sale): Facilitates commercial transactions for vehicles,
parts, or services, enabling dynamic pricing.
▪ SER(Service): Manages service execution requests, including
maintenance, repairs, and navigation services.
▪ ADV(Advertisement): Delivers targeted, location-based, and
personalized advertisements to vehicles and passengers.
▪ WAVE Security - 1609.2 : Security framework for
authenticating and encrypting messages in WAVE systems.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack

IEEE 1609.2: A standard for security

in vehicular networks.

This plane focuses on implementing

Security Plane

Security Information Connector (S-

security protocols to protect data
IC) and Security Management
and communications within IoV.

Security remains a significant

Information Base (S-MIB):
challenge in IoV, as clear definitions
Developed under various projects
for layer-wise security protocols are
like WAVE, C2C, and CALM.
still being explored.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Utilizes wireless access protocols such as
Perception Layer ▪ 802.11p (WAVE),
▪ Wi-Fi standards,
▪ 4G/LTE, and others for data collection.

Divided into three sub-layers:

Coordination ▪ Lower sub-layer: MAC protocols like IEEE
Operation Plane 802.11p.
Layer
▪ Middle sub-layer: Logical Link Control
(LLC) protocols.
▪ Upper sub-layer: Network layer protocols
such as C2C-net and WSMP for data
transport.

Uses protocols related to cloud services,

AI Layer including various "as-a-Service" models (e.g.,
Storage as a Service).
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Management
This plane handles management operations within IoV, utilizing
Plane:
protocols from WAVE, CALM, and C2C projects.

Key components include: Layer Manager (IEEE 1609.5):

For managing channel
coordination.

Application, network, and

interface managers proposed
by CALM.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack

Plane Goals Protocols Functions

IEEE 1609.2 Provides security standards for vehicular
networks.
Security Information Facilitates secure communication between
Ensure secure Connector (S-IC) devices.
Security communication
Plane and data Security Management Manages security policies and
integrity Information Base (S- configurations.
MIB)
Hardware Security Provides hardware-based security
Module (HSM) functions for cryptographic operations.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Plane Goals Protocols Functions
802.11p (WAVE) Wireless access protocol for vehicular
communications, enabling V2V and V2R
interactions.

802.11a/b/g (WLAN) Standards for Wireless Local Area Networks

used in various vehicular applications.

4G/LTE, WiMax, Provides high-speed mobile data

Enable efficient Ethernet communication for vehicles.
Operation
data collection and C2C Network Protocol Facilitates V2V communication using IPv6.
Plane
transmission (C2C-net)

WSMP Enables short message communication

(Wireless/WAVE Short between vehicles without using IP.
Message Protocol)
Fast Application and Supports application-layer communications
Communication without relying on IP.
Enabler (FAST)
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack

Plane Goals Protocols Functions

CALM Service Layer Manages services in a cooperative
(CALM-SL) environment for vehicles.

Enable efficient
Operation
data collection Vehicular Cloud Supports cloud-based services for vehicles,
Plane
and transmission Computing (VCC) enabling data processing and storage.
Big Data Analysis Analyzes large datasets generated by
(BDA) vehicles for insights and decision-making.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
Plane Goals Protocols Functions
IEEE 1609.5 Manages channel coordination in vehicular
networks.
Application Manager Oversees application management within
Communications the network.
Access for Land
Mobiles (CALM)
Manage network
Management Network Manager Manages network resources and
operations and
Plane (CALM) connectivity among vehicles.
resources
Interface Manager Handles interface interactions between
(CALM) different network components.
Information Connector Facilitates information exchange for
Protocol- Car to Car management purposes in C2C networks.
Communication (C2C)
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) – Protocol Stack
IoV Network Model
➢The IoV network model consists of three major elements:
➢ Cloud: Represents the brain of IoV, offering cloud services for intelligent
computing and processing.
➢ Connection: Establishes and maintains communication between the cloud
and vehicles.
➢ Client: Smart devices, including vehicles, personal devices, and Roadside
Units (RSUs), that access cloud services.
IoV Network Model
Network Model Definition Protocol Used Example

Communication between a vehicle and Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Direct, 4G/5G, A driver connects their smartphone
Vehicle and Personal personal devices (e.g., smartphones, IEEE 802.11p (DSRC) to the car's infotainment system to
Device wearables). stream music or make hands-free
calls.
Communication between a vehicle and Ethernet, Zigbee, MQTT A vehicle detects low tire pressure
Vehicle & Sensor its onboard sensors (e.g., cameras, (Message Queuing Telemetry using onboard sensors and alerts the
LiDAR, radar). Transport), IEEE 802.11p driver via the dashboard display.
Direct communication between vehicles IEEE 802.11p (DSRC), C-V2X Two vehicles approaching an
Vehicle to Vehicle
to exchange real-time information (e.g., (Cellular-V2X), WSMP (WAVE intersection exchange collision
(V2V)
speed, position). Short Message Protocol) warnings to prevent accidents.
Communication between a vehicle and IEEE 802.11p (DSRC), C-V2X, A vehicle receives real-time traffic
Vehicle & Infrastructure infrastructure (e.g., traffic lights, toll LTE, 5G signal timing information from a
(V2I) booths). smart traffic light to optimize fuel
efficiency.
Communication between a vehicle and IEEE 802.11p (DSRC), C-V2X, A vehicle receives hazard alerts (e.g.,
Vehicle to Roadside
roadside units (RSUs) for safety and LTE, 5G icy road conditions) from a roadside
(V2R)
non-safety applications. unit near a highway exit.
Communication between roadside units Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 4G/5G, IEEE A pedestrian receives a notification
Roadside and Personal and personal devices (e.g., 802.11p on their smartphone about an
Device smartphones, wearables). approaching emergency vehicle at an
intersection.
IoV Network Model
➢Cloud Element
➢The cloud element has three operation levels:
➢Basic Cloud Services: Offers services like Co-operation as a Service (CaaS),
Storage as a Service (STaaS), and Computing as a Service (COaaS).
➢Smart ITS Application Servers: Divided into four categories: traffic safety,
traffic management, service subscription, and entertainment.
➢Information Consumer and Producer: Smart devices gather data from
vehicular traffic environments.
IoV Network Model
➢Connection Element
➢The connection element enables communication between the cloud
and vehicles:
➢Third Party Network Inter Operator (TPNIO): Manages connections,
reducing the need for direct Service Level Agreements (SLAs) between
network operators.
➢Gateway of Internetworking (GIN): Represents the connection.
IoV Network Model - Connection
➢TPNIO Components - TPNIO consists of five major components:
➢Global Handoff Manager (GHM): Performs seamless handoffs between
network operators.
➢Global Authentication, Authorization, and Billing (GAAB): Verifies vehicle
credentials and handles usage-based pricing.
➢Service Management (SM): Provides and monitors quality of service.
➢Network Database (NDB): Stores information on registered networks.
➢Operator Database (ODB): Stores information on registered operators and
their SLAs.
IoV Network Model
➢ Client Applications - Client applications in IoV can be broadly
divided into two categories:
➢Safety and Management Oriented Clients: These clients focus on traffic
safety, navigation, diagnostic, and remote telematics applications.
➢Business Oriented Clients: These clients focus on insurance, car sharing,
infotainment, and other business-related applications.
IoV Network Model - Client
➢Safety and Management Oriented Clients - Some examples of safety and management-
oriented clients include:
➢Accident Prevention: A M2M communication system that prevents accidents using real-
time information exchange between vehicles.
➢Emergency Call: An emergency call system that contacts services like police, fire, or
family/friends in case of emergency.
➢Real-Time Traffic Information: A traffic information system that provides live traffic
information using video sensors and heterogeneous communication networks.
➢Parking Helper: A parking system that helps find the nearest available parking space by
communicating with parked vehicles.
➢Self-Repair: A cloud-based step-by-step repair guidance system that helps vehicle
owners fix hardware/software issues.
IoV Network Model
➢Business Oriented Clients
Some examples of business-oriented clients include:
➢Insurance on Driving Statistics: An insurance system that automatically
calculates insurance fees based on driving statistics.
➢Car Pooling: A car sharing application that allocates car service seekers to car
owners based on optimization of matching criteria.
➢Connected Driving: A device synchronization system that connects a vehicle's
display unit to office/home computers, smartphones, or other online devices.
➢Cloud Service: A cloud system that forms an autonomous cloud of group
vehicles or connects vehicles to traditional clouds, making resources available for
usage as cloud services.
IoV Network Model
➢Prioritized Preference for Clients

➢A prioritized preference of Wireless Access Technologies (WAT) for

each type of client is obtained by considering the service
requirements of each client in terms of network parameters.
➢ This prioritized preference would be used by clients to select
appropriate WAT while establishing connections.
IoV Network Model
➢ The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) network model emphasizes a
➢ Multi-level collaboration approach that integrates various components and
➢ Technologies to enhance vehicle communication and
➢ Overall traffic management.
IoV Network Model
Multi-Level Collaboration:
•The IoV network model incorporates multiple users
(drivers, passengers, pedestrians), vehicles (cars,
motorcycles, bicycles), and devices (sensors, actuators,
mobile devices)

•It supports various communication models such as point-

to-point, multi-point, broadcast, and geocast.
IoV Network Model

Intra-Vehicular Model:
•Focuses on communication within the vehicle.

•Supports interactions between vehicles and personal

devices (V&P), vehicles and sensors (V&S), and sensors
and actuators (S&A).
IoV Network Model

Environmental Model:
• Describes communications outside the vehicle.

• Facilitates interactions among multiple vehicles, devices, and

networks to improve safety and reduce traffic congestion
through various interactions like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V),
Vehicle-to-Roadside (V&R), and Vehicle-to-Personal device
(V&P).
IoV Network Model - Summary
Elements Description Components Functions
Cloud Brain of IoV, offers Basic Cloud Services, Smart Intelligent computing,
cloud services ITS Application Servers, processing, and storage
Information Consumer and
Producer
Establishes and
maintains Third Party Network Inter Mobility management,
Connection communication Operator (TPNIO), Gateway authentication,
between cloud and of Internetworking (GIN) authorization, billing
vehicles

Traffic safety,
Safety and Management navigation, diagnostic,
Smart devices that
Client Oriented Clients, Business remote telematics,
access cloud services
Oriented Clients insurance, car sharing,
infotainment
IoV Network Model – Summary - Cloud
Elements Description Functions
Basic Cloud Offers services like CaaS, Computing, storage, and
Services STaaS, COaaS networking

Divided into four

Smart ITS categories: traffic safety,
Traffic management, safety, and
Application traffic management,
entertainment
Servers service subscription, and
entertainment

Information Smart devices that gather

Data gathering and
Consumer and data from vehicular traffic
dissemination
Producer environments
IoV Network Model – Summary - Connection
Elements Description Functions

Manages connections, reduces need Mobility management, authentication,

TPNIO
for direct SLAs authorization, billing

Represents connection, coordinates Mobility management, local

GIN
with TPNIO authentication, authorization, billing

MM Provides Mobile IP functionalities Mobility management

Provides local authentication,

LAAB Authentication, authorization, billing
authorization, billing services

Provides network traffic monitoring

TM Traffic monitoring
services
IoV Network Model – Summary – Client App
Client App Description Functions

Accident Prevention M2M communication system Accident prevention

Emergency Call Emergency call system Emergency response

Real-Time Traffic Information Traffic information system Traffic monitoring

Parking Helper Parking system Parking assistance

Self-Repair Cloud-based repair guidance system Vehicle maintenance

Insurance on Driving Statistics Insurance system Insurance calculation

Carpooling Car sharing application Car sharing

Connected Driving Device synchronization system Infotainment

Cloud Service Cloud system Cloud computing

IoV Network Model – Summary – Preference
Client Type Prioritized Preference of WAT

1. DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range

Communications)
Safety and Management Oriented Clients
2. Wi-Fi,
3. 4G/LTE (Long-Term Evolution)

1. 4G/LTE
Business Oriented Clients 2. Wi-Fi
3. DSRC
IoV – Key Challenges
➢Localization Accuracy:
➢ Achieving precise vehicle localization is difficult, as current GPS systems provide accuracy of
about 5 meters, while IoV requires accuracy within 50 centimeters.
➢ Existing GPS systems do not account for vehicle speed, which is essential for effective
communication.
➢ GPS signals can be unreliable or unavailable in dense urban areas.

➢Location Privacy:
➢ Vehicles frequently share location data, which raises significant privacy concerns.
➢ Techniques such as pseudonym switching, silent periods, and mix zones have been proposed to
enhance privacy but have limitations:
➢ Pseudonym switching is less effective in low-density traffic.
➢ Silent periods are not suitable for real-time applications.
➢ Mix zones are ineffective on one-way roads.
IoV – Key Challenges
➢Location Verification:
➢ Verifying the location of neighboring vehicles is challenging due to the lack of a trusted
authority in vehicular communications.
➢ Proposed techniques (like directional antennas and cooperative approaches) face issues such
as high infrastructure costs and untrustworthy neighbors.
➢Radio Propagation Model:
➢ Radio signal quality deteriorates in vehicular environments due to moving and static
obstacles (e.g., other vehicles, buildings).
➢ Current wireless propagation models do not adequately account for these obstacles, leading
to unreliable communication.
➢ The use of the 5.9 GHz frequency for vehicular communication has limited penetration
capabilities.
IoV – Key Challenges
➢Operational Management:
➢The increase in data volume from numerous sensors and devices complicates
operational management in terms of security and reliability.
➢A multi-attribute network will emerge, requiring collaboration among
various network operators (ISPs, telecom companies, etc.), which adds
complexity.
➢Additional Issues:
➢Other challenges include disruption reduction, opportunistic frameworks,
geographic routing, and MAC standards, which require further investigation
within the IoV context.
IoV – Key Future Aspects
➢Online Vehicle: Vehicles will be connected online from the moment they are
manufactured, allowing access to services like vehicle status, inspection reports, and
service history, which will significantly reduce management costs.
➢Global Internet ID: Each vehicle will have a unique identifier on the internet, improving
accountability in accidents and preventing issues like falsified registrations. This ID will
facilitate services similar to a black box for vehicles.
➢RFID + GPS Integration: Combining RFID for secure identification with GPS for real-
time positioning will enhance the capabilities of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS),
leading to better route discovery and improved overall performance.
➢On-Road Internet: Reliable internet services in vehicles will connect all on-road vehicles
to cyberspace, prompting new research into privacy protection and trusted identification
systems.
IoV – Key Future Aspects
➢Big Business Data: The integration of cloud computing with vehicular
networks will create vast data resources that can be leveraged across
various industries, including automotive and insurance, but will also pose
challenges in data management.
➢Smart Terminals: Demand for machine-to-machine communication
terminals will rise, enabling location-based services through collaboration
with IoV systems.
➢Car Payment Systems: Vehicles will use their unique online identities for
payments related to tolls, fuel, parking, and other services, streamlining
transactions and enhancing traffic management efficiency.
Thank you