Solid Mechanics (고체역학)

1. Introduction – Concept of Stress

Hanseul Shim
(심한슬)

Assistant Professor (조교수)

Aerospace Engineering (우주항공공학전공)

Undergraduate Course Slides

Spring 2025
 Lecturer

• Education
• B.S. in Aerospace Engineering, KAIST (2012 – 2016)
• M.S. in Aerospace Engineering, KAIST (2016 – 2018)
• Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, KAIST (2018 – 2022)

• Work experience
• Postdoctoral researcher, KAIST (2022)
• Postdoctoral research associate, UIUC (2022 – 2024)
• Assistant Professor, Sejong University (2024~Present)

• Major Research on
• Optical flow diagnostics
• Hypersonic flows
• Sensor technology and development

Shim, Hanseul • Combustion and sustainable aviation

Assistant Professor • XAP Laboratory
Aerospace Engineering
• eXtreme Aerothermodynamics and Propulsion Laboratory
• https://sites.google.com/view/hshimlab

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 Syllabus
• Lecturer
• Hanseul Shim (심한슬)
• Email : [email protected]
• Contact : 02-3408-1873
• Office Hour : Email me first
• Class Hour
• Class 1 : Mon/Wed 9:00~10:30
• Class 2 : Mon/Wed 10:30~12:00
• Text book
• Beer’s Mechanics of Materials 8th Edition (SI Unit)
• Assignment
• Solving problems for each chapter will be given
• Course Evaluation
• Midterm (Close book) : 30%
• Final (Close book) : 40%
• Homework : 20%
• Attendance : 10%

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 Syllabus

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 Course Outline
CH1. Introduction CH2. Stress & Strain CH3. Torsion

CH4. Pure Bending CH5. Complex Bending CH6. Shearing & Thin Wall

CH7. Transformation CH8. Principal Stresses CH9. Deflection

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 Course Schedule

• Holidays
• 3/3 Mon
• 5/5 Mon
• Make up class
• No make up class

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 Class Rules
• In-person lecture
• Lecture material
• Lecture notes (PDF) will be uploaded on ecampus.sejong.ac.kr
• Attendance
• Late for class : Half score
• Absence : Zero score
• Homework
• Homework will be uploaded on ecampus.sejong.ac.kr
• Late submission : – about 20% of individual homework’s score per day
• Grading
• A / B / C / D / F with + / 0
• F grade will be given for more than 8 absences

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 Contents

Statics Free-body diagram

Stress analysis

Stress Normal stress

Shearing stress
Bearing stress

Stress On oblique plane

Of Maximum
Under general loadings
Factor of safety

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 Review of Statics

• The structure is designed to support a 30 kN

load.
• The structure consists of a boom AB and rod
BC joined by pins (zero moment
connections) at the junctions and supports.
• Perform a static analysis to determine the
reaction forces at the supports and the
internal force in each structural member.

Figure 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.

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 Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports, and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
to produce a free-body diagram.
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
∑M = 0= Ax ( 0.6 m ) − ( 30 kN )( 0.8 m )
C

Ax = +40 kN

∑F=x 0= Ax + C x
Cx = −40 kN
− Ax =

∑F y =0 =Ay + C y − 30 kN =0
+30 kN
Ay + C y =

• Ay and Cy cannot be determined from

these equations.

Figure 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.

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 Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium.
• Consider a free-body diagram of the boom AB:
∑M B = 0 = − Ay ( 0.8 m )
Ay = 0
substitute into the structure equilibrium equation
C y = +30 kN

Figure 1.3 Free-body diagram of member AB f

• Results:
reed from structure.
A = 40 kN → C x = 40 kN ← C y = 30 kN ↑
• Reaction forces are directed along the boom and
rod.

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 Method of Joints
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium
which may be expressed in the form of a force triangle:

∑ FB = 0
FAB FBC 30 kN
= =
4 5 3
=FAB 40
= kN FBC 50 kN

• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the

members are subjected to only two forces, which are
applied at the ends of the members.
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to an axis
between the force application points, equal in
magnitude and in opposite directions.

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 Stress Analysis
• Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load if rod BC
has a diameter of 20 mm?
• From a statics analysis.

• At any section through member BC, the internal force is 50

kN with a force intensity or stress of,
P 50 × 103 N
σ BC= = = 159 MPa
A 314 × 10-6 m 2
• From the material properties for steel, the allowable stress
is,

• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate.

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 Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions to
meet performance requirements.
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc.,
the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (σ_all= 100 MPa). What is an appropriate
choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 × 103 N
σ=
all A
= = = 500 × 10−6 m 2
A σ all 6
100 × 10 Pa
d2
A=π
4
4A 4 ( 500 × 10−6 m 2 )
d= = =2.52 × 10−2 m =25.2 mm
π π
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate.

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 Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded
member is normal to a section cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal
stress.
∆F P
=σ lim
= σ ave
∆A → 0 ∆A A
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be equal to
the average stress but the resultant of the stress
distribution must satisfy

P σ ave
= = A ∫=
dF ∫ σ dA
A

• The actual distribution of stresses is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics alone.

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 Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a
section infers that the line of action for
the resultant of the internal forces
passes through the centroid of the
section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the line of action of the
concentrated loads P and P’ passes
through the centroid of the section
considered. This is referred to as
centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an
axial force and a moment.
• The stress distributions in eccentrically
loaded members cannot be uniform or
symmetric.

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 Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the member
AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section
C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is
defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the
load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
τ ave =
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member
surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger
than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
uniform.

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 Shearing Stress Examples
• Single Shear
• Double Shear

P F P F
τ ave= = τ ave= =
A A A 2A

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 Bearing Stress in Connections

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of

contact or bearing surfaces of the members they
connect.
• The resultant of the force distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average force intensity is called the
bearing stress,

P P
σ=
b =
A td

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 Stress Analysis & Design Example

• Would like to determine the stresses in the members

and connections of the structure shown.
• From a statics analysis:

• Must consider maximum normal stresses in AB and

BC, and the shearing stress and bearing stress at
each pinned connection.

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 Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular c
ross-section (=
A 314 × 10−6 m 2 ) is σBC = +159 MPa
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional area
occurs at the pin centerline,

( 20 mm )( 40 mm − 25 mm ) =
A= 300 × 10−6 m 2
P 50 × 103 N
σ BC , end= = = 167 MPa
A 300 × 10−6 m 2
• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN and
average normal stress of −26.7 M P a.
• The sections of minimum area at A and B are not under
stress, since the boom is in compression, and therefore
pushes on the pins.

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 Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B, and C is,
2
 25 mm 
=A π= r2 π   491× 10 m
= −6 2

 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the force

exerted by the rod BC is,
P 50 × 103 N
τ C , ave= = = 102 MPa
A 491× 10−6 m 2

• The pin at A is in double shear with a total force

equal to the force exerted by the boom AB,
P 20 × 103 N
τ A, ave= = = 40.7 MPa
A 491× 10−6 m 2

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 Pin Shearing Stresses

• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine the section

with the largest shear force,

• Evaluate the corresponding average shearing stress,

PG 25 × 103 N
τ B , ave
= = −6
=2
50.9 MPa
A 491× 10 m

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 Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom

AB, we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
σ= = = 53.3 MPa
b
td ( 30 mm )( 25 mm )

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
σ= = = 32.0 MPa
b
td ( 50 mm )( 25 mm )

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 Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two force member result in only
normal stresses on a plane cut perpendicular to
the member axis.
• Transverse forces on bolts and pins result in only
shear stresses on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
• Axial or transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect to a plane
other than one cut perpendicular to the member
axis.

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 Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member forming an angle
θ with the normal plane.
• From equilibrium conditions, the distributed forces
(stresses) on the plane must be equivalent to the
force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and tangential to
the oblique section,
= cos θ
F P= V P sin θ
• The average normal and shear stresses on the
oblique plane are,
F P cos θ P
σ
= = = cos 2 θ
Aθ A0 A0
cos θ
V P sin θ P
τ =
= = sin θ cos θ
Aθ A0 A0
cos θ

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 Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique plane,
P P
= σ = cos 2 θ τ sin θ cos θ
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
σm
= = τ′ 0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at + 4

5o with respect to the axis,

P P
τm
= 45 = σ ′
sin 45 cos=
A0 2 A0

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 Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a general combination of
loads is cut into two segments by a plane passing
through Q.
• The distribution of internal stress components may
be defined as,
∆F x
σ x = lim
∆A → 0 ∆A

∆Vyx ∆Vzx
=τ xy lim
= τ xz lim
∆A → 0 ∆A ∆A → 0 ∆A

• For equilibrium, an equal and opposite internal

force and stress distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.

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 State of Stress

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 State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:

∑=
F ∑
= F ∑=
xF 0 y z

∑=
M ∑= M ∑=M x y z 0

• Consider the moments about the z axis:

∑M z =0 =(τ xy ∆A ) a − (τ yx ∆A ) a
τ xy = τ yx
similarly,
= τ yz τ=
zy and τ yz τ zy

• Only six components of stress are required to define the complete state of stress.

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 Factor of Safety

• Structural members or machines must • Factor of safety considerations:

be designed such that the working • uncertainty in material properties.
stresses are less than the ultimate
strength of the material. • uncertainty of loadings.
• uncertainty of analyses.
• number of loading cycles.
FS = Factor of safety • types of failure.
σu ultimate stress • maintenance requirements and
FS
= = deterioration effects.
σ all allowable stress
• importance of member to integrity of
whole structure.
• risk to life and property.
• influence on machine function.

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