73

FOREWORD

Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi since establishment in 1981, is striving hard to achieve
excellence in agriculture education, research and extension. As per our mandate, we provide scientifically
trained quality manpower to the state and the country for catering the needs of public and private sectors.

Ranchi Agricultural College (Faculty of Agriculture) with its fourteen Departments and a Centre
for Agri-business Management admits students on the basis of joint Competitive Entrance Examination
conducted by Jharkhand Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board. The course curriculum
for under-graduate programme has been updated as per the recommendations of the Vth Dean’s
Committee constituted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The syllabus has been re-oriented
and approved by the University Academic Council to meet the presents need and future challenges of
Human Resource Development.

Important changes include increase in intake capacity of undergraduate programme from 50 to

80, establishment of experiential learning units, entrepreneurship development, starting of MBA (Agri-
business) programme, Diploma in Food Processing and Certificate course in Bakery and Confectionery
under Home Science, Diploma in Supervisor Programme and Certificate Course for Gardens (Mali)
under Horticulture, Certificate Courses in Quality Organic Manures Production under Soil Science, Bee-
keeping & Honey Processing under Entomology and Mushroom Cultivation under Plant Pathology. I
congratulate Dr. Raghava Thakur, Dean of the Faculty and his team for their sincere and dedicated efforts
in developing Course Curriculum and Syllabus. I also place on record, the contribution of Chairmen/
Heads of the Departments and all the Faculty and supporting staff members.

I am sure that this publication would be of immense use to students and teacher.

(P. Kaushal)
Vice-Chancellor, BAU, Ranchi

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Inearly1950’s,itwasfeltthattribaldominatedBiharplateaubeingaverydifferentregion
fromtheNorthandSouthBihar,agriculturaleducationmusthaverelevancetothesituationprevailing
inthisregion,suchashillyterrain,degradedsoils,poorsoilfertility,soilacidity,monocroppingwith
riceormillets,lowirrigationpotentialandtribalwaysoflifereflectingonagriculturaldevelopment.
Asaresult,inJuly1955thesecondAgriculturalCollegeofundividedBiharunderDepartmentof
AgriculturalwasstartedinthehutmentsofthethenAgriculturalSchoolsituatedwithintheAgricultural
FarmatKanke(Ranchi).Withtheeffortsofdistinguishedfacultymembers,RanchiAgriculturalCollege
soonoccupiedthepositionamongtheprestigiousAgriculturalCollegesinthecountryandstudentsof
thisCollegegainednameandfameatnationalandinternationallevel.Atthetimeofestablishment
ofRanchiAgriculturalCollege,AgriculturalEducationwasprimarilyinstitutionalinnaturewith
thesoleobjectiveofimpartingtheoreticalandpracticalknowledgeinagriculturesothatthosewere
disseminatedamongruralmasseswhichinturncanbringlivelihoodsecurity.Evenaftersixdecades
ofitsexistence,thegoalsandobjectiveshavenotchangedmuch.AfterthecreationofthenewStateof
JharkhandinNovember,2000,challengestoprovidequalityeducationinthefieldofAgriculturehas
increasedmanyfold.FifthDeans’CommitteeonHigherAgriculturalEducationinIndiaconstituted
by ICAR under the chairmanship of Prof. R B Singh has clearly defined (i) UG & PG degrees for
generalmarketneedsandforspecialistjobsanduniformityinUGandPGdegreenomenclatureand
(ii)restructuringofUGprogrammesforincreasedpracticalandpracticecontentsbesidesotherissues
relatedtohigheragriculturaleducationinIndia.OneoftheNewInitiativesproposedbyFifthDeans’
CommitteeisStudentREADY(RuralandEntrepreneurshipAwarenessDevelopmentYojana),which
is in compliance with the Student READY programme launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of
Indiaon25thJuly,2015,thefollowingcomponentsareproposedforconductingoneyearprogramin
alltheUGdisciplines:ExperientialLearning;RuralAgricultureWorkExperience;InPlantTraining/
Industrialattachment;Hands-ontraining(HOT)/SkilldevelopmenttrainingandStudentsProjects.
ThecommitteestronglyrecommendedthatalldegreesinthedisciplinesofAgriculturalSciencesbe
declaredasprofessionalcourses.TheCommitteealsostronglyrecommendedthat,tomaketheexercise
meaningful,implementationofitsrecommendationsshouldbemandatoryforaccreditationofacademic
programmesandacademicinstitutions.Tofulfilthismandatoryobligationofaccreditation,thepresent
bulletinisbeingpublishedbyFacultyofAgriculture,BirsaAgriculturalUniversity,implementingthe
recommendations of Vth Dean’s Committee Report.
IexpressdeepsenseofgratitudetoDr.P.Kaushal,Vice-Chancellor,BirsaAgriculturalUniversity,
RanchiandDr.NitinMadanKulkarni,I.A.S.,Secretary,DepartmentofAgricultural,Governemntof
Jharkhand&thethenViceChancellor,B.A.U.,Ranchiforhiskeeninterestandsupporttoimplement
the Vth Dean’s Committee Report .
I appreciate the efforts of Chairman/Heads of Departments in preparation/modification of
syllabusandimprovingtheDepartmentalfacilitiesfortheoryandpracticalclassesforthebenefitofour
students.
I thank Dr. N. Kudada, Registrar, BAU and Dr. Shashi Kiran Tirkey, Assistant Registrar
(Agriculture)fortheirsincereeffortsinimprovingeducationaswellasexaminationsysteminthe
Faculty.

( Raghava Thakur)
Dean,
Faculty of Agriculture
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 Content

Sl. No. Content Page

A. Examination & Evaluation System 7

B. Discipline - wise Courses 8

C. Semester - wise Course 10

D. Discipline - wise summary of Credit hours 16

E. Elective Course 16

F. Department - wise syllabus of Course 17

i Agronomy 17

ii Genetics & Plant Breeding 22

iii Soil Science & Agriculture Chemistry 28

iv Entomology 33

v Agricultural Economics 37

vi Agricultural Engineering 41

vii Plant Pathology 44

viii Horticulture 48

` ix Home Science 52

x Agricultural Extension & Communication 54

xi Statistics, Computer Application 58

xii Agro-meteorology & Environmental Science 62

xiii Animal Production 65

xiv Forestry 66

xv Biotechnology 67

xvi Crop Physiology 68

xvii Language 69

xviii Non-Gradial Courses 70

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 Faculty of Agriculture

Sl. Name of the Name of the Chairmen/

No. Department HOD
1. Agricultural Economics Dr M. K. Singh

2. Agricultural Engineering Er D. K. Rusia

3. Entomology Dr Devendra Prasad

Agricultural Extension &

4. Dr (Ms) Niva Bara
Communication

Agro- meteorology and

5. Dr A. Wadood
Environmental Sciences

6. Agronomy Dr M. S. Yadava

7. Horticulture Dr K. K. Jha

8. Genetics & Plant Breeding Dr Z. A. Haider

9. Plant Pathology Dr N. Kudada

Soil Science and Agriculture

10. Dr D. K. Shahi
Chemistry

Statistics and Computer Dr (Ms) Manigopa

11.
Application Chakraborty

12. Seed Science and Technology Dr R.P. Singh

13. Crop Physiology Dr R. Thakur

14. Home Science Dr (Ms) Rekha Sinha

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A. Examination and Evaluation System
(i) Examination
• External theory (50%)
• Internal Theory + Practical (50%)
- Courses with theory and practical
Mid-term Exam (30%) + Assignment (5%) in practical oriented courses + Practical (15%)
- Courses with only theory
Mid-term Exam (40%) + Assignment (10%)
- Courses with only practical:
(100%) Internal
• Paper to be set by external: HOD shall ensure the coverage of syllabus. If needed moderation
can be done.
• Evaluation to be done internally by the faculty other than the Course Instructor. Syllabus of
the concerned course shall be sent to the external examiner, who shall prepare the question
papers. For practical, it is recommended that examination shall be conducted by course
instructor(s) and one teacher nominated by HOD.
(ii) Evaluation
Degree Percentage of Marks Obtained Conversion into Points
All 100 10 Points
90 to <100 9 to <10
80 to <90 8 to <9
70 to <80 7 to <8
60 to <70 6 to <7
50 to <60 5 to <6
<50 (Fail) <5
Eg. 80.76 8.076
43.60 4.360
72.50 (but shortage in attendance) Fail (1 point)

OGPA Division
5.000 – 5.999 Pass
6.000 – 6.999 II division
7.000 – 7.999 I division
8.000 and above I division with distinction
GPA = Total points scored / Total credits (for 1 semester)
CGPA = ∑ Total points scored / Course credits
OGPA = ∑ Total points scored (after excluding failure points)/ Course credits
% of Marks = OGPA x 100/10

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B. Discipline-wise Courses
Discipline/Course title Credit Hrs
Agronomy
Fundamentals of Agronomy 4(3+1)
Crop Production Technology – I (Kharif crops) 2(1+1)
Crop Production Technology – II (Rabi crops) 2(1+1)
Farming System & Sustainable Agriculture 1(1+0)
Practical Crop Production - I (Kharif crops) 2(0+2)
Practical Crop Production - II (Rabi crops) 2(0+2)
Principles of Organic Farming 2(1+1)
Geoinformatics and Nanotechnology for Precision Farming 2(1+1)
Rainfed Agriculture & Watershed Management 2(1+1)
Total 19 (09+10)
Genetics & Plant Breeding
Fundamentals of Genetics 3(2+1)
Principles of Seed Technology 3(1+2)
Fundamentals of Plant Breeding 3(2+1)
Crop Improvement-I (Kharif crops) 2(1+1)
Crop Improvement-II (Rabi crops) 2(1+1)
Total 13(7+6)
Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry
Fundamentals of Soil Science 3(2+1)
Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management 3(2+1)
Problematic soils and their Management 2(2+0)
Total 08(6+2)
Entomology
Fundamentals of Entomology 4(3+1)
Pests of Crops and Stored Grain and their Management 3(2+1)
Management of Beneficial Insects 2(1+1)
Total 09(6+3)
Agricultural Economics
Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics 2(2+0)
Agricultural Finance and Co-Operation 3(2+1)

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Agricultural Marketing Trade & Prices 3(2+1)
Farm Management, Production & Resource Economics 2(1+1)
Total 10(7+3)
Agricultural Engineering
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 2(1+1)
Farm Machinery and Power 2(1+1)
Renewable Energy and Green Technology 2(1+1)
Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture 2(1+1)
Total 08(4+4)
Plant Pathology
Fundamentals of Plant Pathology 4(3+1)
Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their Management-I 3(2+1)
Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their Management-II 3(2+1)
Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management 3(2+1)
Total 13(9+4)
Horticulture
Fundamentals of Horticulture 2(1+1)
Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops 2(1+1)
Production Technology for Vegetables and Spices 2(1+1)
Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAP and Landscaping 2(1+1)
Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables 2(1+1)
Total 10(5+5)
Food Science
Principles of Food Science & Nutrition 2(2+0)
Agricultural Extension
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education 3(2+1)
Rural Sociology & Educational Psychology 2(2+0)
Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication 2(1+1)
Communication Skills and Personality Development 2(1+1)
Total 09(6+3)
Biochemistry / Physiology / Microbiology/ Environmental Sciences
Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 3(2+1)
Fundamentals of Crop Physiology 2(1+1)

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 Agricultural Microbiology 2(1+1)
Introduction to Forestry 2(1+1)
Total 9(5+4)
Statistics, Computer Application and I.P.R.
Statistical Methods 2(1+1)
Agriculture Informatics 2(1+1)
Intellectual Property Rights 1(0+1)
Total 05(2+3)
Agro-meteorology and Environmental Sciences
Introductory Agro-meteorology and Climate Change 2(1+1)
Environmental Studies & Disaster Management 3(2+1)
Total 5(3+2)
Animal Production
Livestock and poultry Management 4(3+1)
Language
Comprehension & Communication Skills in English (Gradial course) 2(1+1)
Remedial Courses
Agriculture Heritage 1(1+0)
Introductory Biology 2(1+1)
Elementary Mathematics 2(2+0)
Total 05(4+1)
Non-Gradial Courses
NSS/NCC/Physical Education & Yoga Practices 2(0+2)
Human Values & Ethics 1(1+0)
Educational Tour 2(0+2)
Total 05(1+4)

C. Proposed Semester- wise distribution of courses

I Semester
1 Fundamentals of Horticulture 2 (1+1)
2 Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 3(2+1)
3 Fundamentals of Soil Science 3(2+1)
4 Introduction to Forestry 2 (1+1)

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5 Comprehension & Communication Skills in English 2 (1+1)
6 Fundamentals of Agronomy 4(3+1)
7 Introductory Biology*/Elementary Mathematics* 2 (1+1)/ 2(2+0)*(PBG/Stat Agronomy)
8 Agriculture Heritage* 1(1+0)*
9 Rural Sociology & Educational Psychology 2 (2+0)
10 Human Values & Ethics (non gradial) 1(1+0)**
11 NSS 2 (0+2)**
TOTAL
18+04*/03*+03**
*R: Remedial course; **NC: Non-gradial courses
II Semester
1 Fundamentals of Genetics 3(2+1)
2 Agricultural Microbiology 2(1+1)
3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 2(1+1)
4 Fundamentals of Crop Physiology 2(1+1)
5 Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics 2(2+0)
6 Fundamentals of Plant Pathology 4(3+1 )
7 Fundamentals of Entomology 4(3+1)
8 Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education 3(2+1)
9 Communication Skills and Personality Development 2(1+1)
Total 24(16+8)
III Semester
1 Crop Production Technology – I (Kharif Crops) 2 (1+1)
2 Fundamentals of Plant Breeding 3 (2+1)
3 Agricultural Finance and Cooperation 3 (2+1)
4 Agriculture Informatics 2(1+1)
5 Farm Machinery and Power 2 (1+1)
6 Production Technology for Vegetables and Spices 2 (1+1)
7 Environmental Studies and Disaster Management 3(2+1)
8 Statistical Methods 2(1+1)
9 Livestock and Poultry Management 4 (3+1)
Total 23(14+9)
IV Semester
1 Crop Production Technology –II (Rabi Crops) 2(1+1)
Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAP and
2 2(1+1)
Landscaping
3 Renewable Energy and Green Technology 2(1+1)
4 Problematic Soils and their Management 2(2+0)

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5 Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops 2(1+1)
6 Principles of Seed Technology 3(1+2)
7 Farming System & Sustainable Agriculture 1(1+0)
8 Agricultural Marketing Trade & Prices 3(2+1)
9 Introductory Agro-meteorology & Climate Change 2(1+1)
10 Elective Course 3 credit
Total 19(11+8) + 3cr.
V Semester
1 Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management 3(2+1)
2 Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management 3 (2+1)
3 Pests of Crops and Stored Grain and their Management 3 (2+1)
Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their
4 3 (2+1)
Management -I
5 Crop Improvement-I (Kharif Crops) 2 (1+1)
6 Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication 2 (1+1)
Geoinformatics and Nano-technology for Precision
7 2 (1+1)
Farming
8 Practical Crop Production – I (Kharif crops) 2 (0+2)
9 Intellectual Property Rights 1(1+0) (PBG)
10 Elective Course 3 credit
Total 21(12+09)+ 3 Credit
VI Semester
1 Rainfed Agriculture & Watershed Management 2 (1+1)
2 Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture 2 (1+1)
Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their
3 3 (2+1)
Management-II
Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits
4 2 (1+1)
and Vegetables
5 Management of Beneficial Insects 2 (1+1)
6 Crop Improvement-II (Rabi crops) 2 (1+1)
7 Practical Crop Production –II (Rabi crops) 2 (0+2)
8 Principles of Organic Farming 2 (1+1)
9 Farm Management, Production & Resource Economics 2 (1+1)
10 Principles of Food Science and Nutrition 2(2+0)
11 Elective Course 3 credits
Total 21 (11 + 10)+ 3 cr.

VII Semester

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 Rural Agricultural Work Experience and Agro-industrial Attachment
SN. (RAWE &AIA)
Activities No. of weeks Credit Hours
1 General orientation & On campus training by different faculties 1
Village attachment/ Unit attachment in Univ./ College. KVK/ 14
2 8
Res. Stn.
3 Agro-Industrial Attachment 10 06
4 Project Report Preparation, Presentation and Evaluation 1
Total weeks for RAWE & AIA 20 20
• Agro- Industrial Attachment: The students would be attached with the agro-industries for a
period of 10 weeks to get an experience of the industrial environment and working.
RAWE Component-I
Village Attachment Training Programme
Sl. No. Activity Duration
1 Orientation and Survey of Village 1 week
2 Agronomical Interventions 1 week
3 Plant Protection Interventions 1 week
4 Soil Improvement Interventions 1 week
(Soil sampling and testing)
5 Fruit and Vegetable production interventions 1 week
6 Animal Production Interventions 1 week
7 Extension and Transfer of Technology activities 1 week

RAWE Component –II

Agro Industrial Attachment
• Students shall be placed in Agro-and Cottage industries and Commodities Boards for 10 weeks.
• Industries include Seed / Sapling production, Pesticides-insecticides, Post harvest-processing-value
addition, Agri-finance institutions, etc.
Activities and Tasks during Agro-Industrial Attachment Programme
• Acquaintance with industry and staff
• Study of structure, functioning, objective and mandates of the industry
• Study of various processing units and hands-on trainings under supervision of industry staff
• Ethics of industry
• Employment generated by the industry
• Contribution of the industry promoting environment
• Learning business network including outlets of the industry
• Skill development in all crucial tasks of the industry
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 • Documentation of the activities and task performed by the students
• Performance evaluation, appraisal and ranking of students
Evaluation of RAWE Programme
Attendance: Minimum attendance - 85%.
Records: Students would complete the record work/ report writing/ presentations, etc. based on daily
field observations recorded in notebooks and weekly diaries maintained by them.
Evaluation Procedure: Students shall be evaluated component-wise under village attachment and agro-
industrial attachment. The respective component In-Charge Instructor(s), agro-industrial official and
Course Coordinator will evaluate the students as under:
ACTIVITY Max. Marks
1. Village attachment training
a. KVK/ARS/NGO scientist 50
b. Report Preparation 10
University Committee
c. 40
(Presentation & Viva-voce)
2. Industrial attachment training
a. Industry officials 50
b. Report Preparation 10
University Committee
c. 40
(Presentation & Viva-voce)
Assessment Parameters (RAWE & AIA) :
Parameters Marks (%)
A Village Attachment
Regularity 10
Initiative & creativity 10
General conduct & discipline 10
Work performance 20
B. Industrial Attachment
Initiative & compliance 10
General conduct and discipline 10
Project planning & implementation 10
Work performance 20
VIII Semester(Experiential Learning Programme/ HOT)
Module CreditHr.
1. Module-I 0+10
2. Module-II 0+10
Total 20 (0+20)

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Modules for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship: A student has to register 20 credits opting for
two modules of (0+10) credits each (total 20 credits) from the package of modules in the VIII semester.
Sr. Title of the module Credits
1 Bioagents and Biofertilizer production 0+10
2 Seed Production and Technology 0+10
3 Mushroom Cultivation 0+10
4 Soil, plant , water and seed Testing services 0+10
5 Beekeeping 0+10
6 Poultry Production 0+10
7 Applied Hi-Tech Horticulture 0+10
8 Agri-business management 0+10
9 Hybrid Seed Production Technologies 0+10
10 Floriculture and Landscaping 0+10
11 Food Processing and Food safety standards 0+10
12 Commercial vegetable production 0+10
13 Tissue-culture Technologies 0+10
14 Agriculture Waste Management 0+10
15 Organic Production Technology 0+10
16 Agro-advisory Services 0+10
17 Nursery Management 0+10
18 Sericulture 0+10
19 Practicing Protected Horticulture 0+10
Evaluation of Experiential Learning Programme/ HOT
Sl.No. Parameters Max. Marks
1. Project Planning and Writing 10
2. Presentation 10
3. Regularity 10
4. Monthly Assessment 10
5. Output delivery 10
6. Technical Skill Development 10
7. Entrepreneurship Skills 10
8. Business networking skills 10
9. Report Writing Skills 10
10. Final Presentation 10
Total 100

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D. Discipline-wise summary of credit hours
S. N. Group Credits
1 Agronomy 19(09+10)
2 Agro-meteorology and Environmental Sciences 5 (3+2)
3 Genetics & Plant Breeding 13(7+6)
4 Soil Science & Agriculture Chemistry 8(6+2)
5 Entomology 9(6+3)
6 Agricultural Economics 10(7+3)
7 Agricultural Engineering 8(4+4)
8 Plant Pathology 13(9+4)
9 Horticulture 10(5+5)
10 Food/Home Science 2(2+0)
11 Agricultural Extension & Communication 9(6+3)
12 Biochemistry / Physiology / Microbiology/ Environmental 9(5+4)
Sciences
13 Statistics, Computer Application and I.P.R. 4(2+2)
14 Animal Production 4(3+1)
15 English 2 (1+1)
16 Remedial Courses 03 (Biol/ Math);
17 NSS/NCC/Physical Education & Yoga Practices 2(0+2)
18 Human Values and Ethics 1(1+0)
19 Educational Tour 2(0+2)
Total 126 + 3 (for Bio / Math)/ + 5 NC
=134 + 9 (Eelective) =143
RAWE & ELP 20 +20
Grand Total 143+20+20=183

E. Elective Courses
A student can select three elective courses out of the following and offer during 4th, 5th and 6th semesters.
S.N. Courses Credit Hours
Agribusiness Management 3(2+1)
Agrochemicals 3(2+1)
Commercial Plant Breeding 3(1+2)
Soil, Plant, Water and Seed Testing 3(1+2)
Landscaping 3(2+1)
Agricultural Waste Management 3(2+1)

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 Food Safety Issues 3(2+1)
Biopesticides & Biofertilizers 3(2+1)
Protected Cultivation 3(2+1)
Micro propagation Technologies 3(1+2)
Hi-tech. Horticulture 3(2+1)
Weed Management 3(2+1)

F. Department wise Syllabus of courses

I. Agronomy
Course Title Credit Hours Sem.
Fundamentals of Agronomy 4(3+1) 1st
Crop Production Technology – I (Kharif crops) 2(1+1) 3rd
Crop Production Technology – II (Rabi crops) 2(1+1) 4th
Farming System & Sustainable Agriculture 1(1+0) 4th
Practical Crop Production - I (Kharif crops) 2(0+2) 5th
Practical Crop Production - II (Rabi crops) 2(0+2) 6th
Principles of Organic Farming 2(1+1) 6th
Geo-informatics and Nanotechnology for Precision Farming 2(1+1) 5th
Rainfed Agriculture & Watershed Management 2(1+1) 6th
Total 19 (09+10)
Elective Course
Weed Management 3(2+1)
Remedial courses
Agricultural Heritage 1(1+0)

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 SYLLABUS
1. Fundamentals of Agronomy Credit hours: 4(3+1)

Theory
Agronomy and its scope, seeds and sowing, tillage and tilth, crop density and geometry, Crop nutrition,
manures and fertilizers, nutrient use efficiency, water resources, soil plant water relationship, crop water
requirement, water use efficiency, irrigation- scheduling criteria and methods, quality of irrigation water,
water logging.
Weeds- importance, classification, crop weed competition, concepts of weed management-principles
and methods, herbicides- classification, selectivity and resistance, allelopathy. Growth and development
of crops, factors affecting growth and development, plant ideotypes, crop rotation and its principles,
adaptation and distribution of crops, crop management technologies in problematic areas, harvesting and
threshing of crops.

Practical
Identification of crops, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and tillage implements, Effect of sowing depth on
germination and seedling vigour, Identification of weeds in crops, Methods of herbicide and fertilizer
application, Study of yield contributing characters and yield estimation, Seed germination and viability
test, Numerical exercises on fertilizer requirement, plant population, herbicides and water requirement,
Use of tillage implements-reversible plough, one way plough, harrow, leveler, seed drill, Study of
soil moisture measuring devices, Measurement of field capacity, bulk density and infiltration rate,
Measurement of irrigation water.

2. Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops) Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties,
cultural practices and yield of Kharif crops. Cereals – rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet and finger
millet, pulses-pigeonpea, mungbean and urdbean; oilseeds- groundnut, and soybean; fibre crops- cotton
& Jute; forage crops-sorghum, cowpea, cluster bean and napier.

Practical
Rice nursery preparation, transplanting of Rice, sowing of soybean, pigeonpea and mungbean. maize,
groundnut and cotton, effect of seed size on germination and seedling vigour of kharif season crops,
effect of sowing depth on germination of kharif crops, identification of weeds in kharif season crops, top
dressing and foliar feeding of nutrients, study of yield contributing characters and yield calculation of
kharif season crops, study of crop varieties and important agronomic experiments at experimental farm.
study of forage experiments, morphological description of kharif season crops, visit to research centres
of related crops.

3. Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi crops) Credit hours: 2(1+1)

18
Theory
Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties,
cultural practices and yield of Rabi crops; cereals –wheat and barley, pulses-chickpea, lentil, peas,
oilseeds-rapeseed, mustard and sunflower; sugar crops-sugarcane; other crops- potato,Forage crops-
berseem, lucerne and oat.

Practical
Sowing methods of wheat and sugarcane, identification of weeds in rabi season crops, study of
morphological characteristics of rabi crops, study of yield contributing characters of rabi season crops,
yield and juice quality analysis of sugarcane, study of important agronomic experiments of rabi crops at
experimental farms. Study of rabi forage experiments, oil extraction of medicinal crops, visit to research
stations of related crops.

4. Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture Credit hours: 1(1+0)

Theory
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and factors
affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance, Cropping system and
pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their evaluation, Allied enterprises
and their importance, Tools for determining production and efficiencies in cropping and farming
system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact on agriculture, indicators of sustainability,
adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA
and its techniques for sustainability, Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and
characteristics, components of IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for
different agro-climatic zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling
and flow of energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.

5. Practical Crop Production-I (Kharif Crops) Credit hours: 2(0+2)

Practical
Crop planning, raising field crops in multiple cropping systems: Field preparation, seed, treatment,
nursery raising, sowing, nutrient, water and weed management and management of insect-pests
diseases of crops, harvesting, threshing, drying winnowing, storage and marketing of produce.
The emphasis will be given to seed production, mechanization, resource conservation and integrated
nutrient, insect-pest and disease management technologies. Preparation of balance sheet including cost
of cultivation, net returns per student as well as per team of 8-10 students.

6. Practical Crop Production-II (Rabi Crops) Credit hours: 2(0+2)

Practical
Crop planning, raising field crops in multiple cropping systems: Field preparation, seed, treatment,
nursery raising, sowing, nutrient, water and weed management and management of insect-pests

19
diseases of crops, harvesting, threshing, drying winnowing, storage and marketing of produce.
The emphasis will be given to seed production, mechanization, resource conservation and integrated
nutrient, insect-pest and disease management technologies. Preparation of balance sheet including cost
of cultivation, net returns per student as well as per team of 8-10 students.

7. Principles of Organic Farming Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Organic farming, principles and its scope in India; Initiatives taken by Government (central/state), NGOs
and other organizations for promotion of organic agriculture; Organic ecosystem and their concepts;
Organic nutrient resources and its fortification; Restrictions to nutrient use in organic farming; Choice
of crops and varieties in organic farming; Fundamentals of insect, pest, disease and weed management
under organic mode of production; Operational structure of NPOP; Certification process and standards
of organic farming; Processing, leveling, economic considerations and viability, marketing and export
potential of organic products.

Practical
Visit of organic farms to study the various components and their utilization; Preparation of enrich
compost, vermicompost, bio-fertilizers/bio-inoculants and their quality analysis; Indigenous technology
knowledge (ITK) for nutrient, insect, pest disease and weed management; Cost of organic production
system; Post harvest management; Quality aspect, grading, packaging and handling.

8. Geoinformatics and Nano-technology for Precision Farming Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns for Indian agriculture;
Geo-informatics- definition, concepts, tool and techniques; their use in Precision Agriculture. Crop
discrimination and Yield monitoring, soil mapping; fertilizer recommendation using geospatial
technologies; Spatial data and their management in GIS; Geodesy and its basic principles; Remote sensing
concepts and application in agriculture; Image processing and interpretation; Global positioning system
(GPS), components and its functions; System Simulation- Concepts and principles, Introduction to crop
Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of Agricultural Inputs; STCR approach for precision
agriculture; Nanotechnology, definition, concepts and techniques, brief introduction about nanoscale
effects, nano-particles, nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors, Use of nanotechnology in tillage,
seed, water, fertilizer, plant protection for scaling-up farm productivity.

Practical
Introduction to GIS software, spatial data creation and editing. Introduction to image processing
software. Visual and digital interpretation of remote sensing images. Generation of spectral profiles
of different objects. Supervised and unsupervised classification and acreage estimation. Multispectral
remote sensing for soil mapping. Creation of thematic layers of soil fertility based on GIS. Creation of
productivity and management zones. Fertilizers recommendations based of VRT and STCR techniques.
Crop stress (biotic/abiotic) monitoring using geospatial technology. Use of GPS for agricultural survey.
Formulation, characterization and applications of nanoparticles in agriculture. Projects formulation and
execution related to precision farming.

20
9. Agriculture and Watershed Management – (New) Credit hours: 2(1+1)
Theory
Rainfed agriculture: Introduction, types, History of rainfed agriculture & watershed in India; Problems
and prospects of rainfed agriculture in India ; Soil and climatic conditions prevalent in rainfed areas;
Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio- morphological characteristics of the plants, Mechanism
of crop adaptation under moisture deficit condition; Water harvesting: importance, its techniques,
Efficient utilization of water through soil and crop management practices,Management of crops in
rainfed areas, Contingent crop planning for aberrant weather conditions, Concept, objective, principles
and components of watershed management, factors affecting watershed management.

Practical
Studies on climate classification, studies on rainfall pattern in rainfed areas of the country and pattern of
onset and withdrawal of monsoons. Studies on cropping pattern of different dry land areas in the country
and demarcation of dry land area on map of India. Interpretation of meteorological data and scheduling
of supplemental irrigation on the basis of evapo-transpiration demand of crops. Critical analysis of
rainfall and possible drought period in the country, effective rainfall and its calculation. Studies on
cultural practices viz; mulching, plant density, depth of sowing, thinning and leaf removal for mitigating
moisture stress. Characterization and delineation of model watershed. Field demonstration on soil &
moisture conservation measures. Field demonstration on construction of water harvesting structures.
Visit to rainfed research station/watershed.

Elective courses:-

Weed Management Credit Hours :- 3(2+1)

Theory
Introduction to weeds, characteristics of weeds their harmful and beneficial effects on ecosystem.
Classification, reproduction and dissemination of weeds. Herbicide classification, concept of adjuvant,
surfactant, herbicide formulation and their use. Introduction to mode of action of herbicides and
selectivity. Allelopathy and its application for weed management. Bio-herbicides and their application
in agriculture. Concept of herbicide mixture and utility in agriculture. Herbicide compatibility with
nutrients and their application. Integration of herbicides with non chemical methods of weed management.
Herbicide Resistance and its management.

Practical
Techniques of weed preservation. Weed identification and their losses study. Biology of important weeds.
Study of herbicide formulations and mixture of herbicide. Herbicide and nutrient compatibility study.
Shift of weed flora study in long term experiments. Study of methods of herbicide application, spraying
equipments. Calculations of herbicide doses and weed control efficiency and weed index.

Remedial Courses:-

21
 Agriculture Heritage (New Course) Credit hours: 1(1+0)
Theory
Introduction of Indian agricultural heritage, status of farmers in society; advice by sages to kings on their
duties towards farmers, soil management in ancient, medieval & pre-modern India and its relevance in
modern day sustainable agriculture, heritage of crop & water management, plant growth and development
& plant protection through vrikshayurveda and traditional knowledge. Heritage of medicinal plants
and their relevance today, seed health in ancient & medieval history and its relevance to present day
agriculture, description of Indian civilization and agriculture by travelers from China, Europe and United
States, our journey in agriculture, green revolution and its impact and concerns, vision for the future.

II. Genetics & Plant Breeding

Course Title Credit Hours Sem.

Fundamentals of Genetics 3(2+1) 2nd

Principles of Seed Technology 3(1+2) 4th

Fundamentals of Plant Breeding 3(2+1) 3rd

Crop Improvement-I (Kharif crops) 2(1+1) 5th

Crop Improvement-II (Rabi crops) 2(1+1) 6th

Intellectual Property Rights (1+0) 5th

Total 13(7+6)

Elective courses

Commercial Plant Breeding 3(1+2)

*Soil ,Plant, Water and Seed Testing 3(1+2)

Remedial Courses

Introductory Biology 2(1+1)

Transferred Course

Intellectual Property Rights 1(1+0) 5th

*To be handled in a association with SSAC.
NB- The course on Intellectual Property Rights has been transferred from the Department of Statistics
and Computer Application to the Department of GPB.

22
 Syllabus

1. Fundamentals of Genetics Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Pre and Post Mendelian concepts of heredity, Mendelian principles of heredity, Cell division – mitosis,
meiosis, Probability and Chi-square. Dominance relationships, gene interaction.
Multiple alleles, pleiotropism and pseudoalleles, Sex determination and sex linkage, sex limited and
sex influenced traits, Blood group genetics, Linkage and its estimation, crossing over mechanisms,
chromosome mapping. Structural changes in chromosome, Mutation, classification, Methods of inducing
mutation & CIB technique, mutagenic agents and induction of mutation. Qualitative & Quantitative traits,
Polygenes and continuous variations, multiple factor hypothesis, Epistatic interactions with examples.
Cytoplasmic inheritance. Genetic disorders,. Nature, structure & replication of genetic material. Protein
synthesis, Transcription and translational mechanism of genetic material, Gene concept: Gene structure,
function and regulation, Lac and Trp operons.

Practical
Study of microscope. Study of cell structure. Experiments on monohybrid, dihybrid, trihybrid, test cross
and back cross, Experiments on epistatic interactions including test cross and back cross, Practice on
mitotic and meiotic cell division, Experiments on probability and Chi-square test. Determination of
linkage and cross over analysis (through two point test cross and three point test cross data). Study on
sex linked inheritance in Drosophila. Study of models on DNA and RNA structure.

2. Principles of Seed Technology Credit hours: 3(1+2)

Theory
Seed and seed technology: introduction, definition and importance. Deterioration causes of crop varieties
and their control; Maintenance of genetic purity during seed production, seed quality; Definition,
Characters of good quality seed, different classes of seed. Foundation and certified seed production of
important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder and vegetables. Seed certification, phases of certification,
procedure for seed certification, field inspection. Seed Act and Seed Act enforcement. Duty and powers
of seed inspector, offences and penalties. Seeds Control Order 1983, Varietal Identification through Grow
Out Test and Electrophoresis, Molecular and Biochemical test. Detection of genetically modified
crops, Transgene contamination in non-GM crops, GM crops and organic seed production.
Seed drying, processing and their steps, seed testing for quality assessment, seed treatment, its
importance, method of application and seed packing. Seed storage; general principles, stages and factors
affecting seed longevity during storage. Measures for pest and disease control during storage. Seed
marketing: structure and organization, sales generation activities, promotional media. Factors affecting
seed marketing, Role of WTO and OECD in seed marketing.

Practical
Seed production in major cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum and Bajra. Seed production in major
pulses: Urd, Mung, Pigeonpea, Lentil, Gram, Fieldpea. Seed production in major oilseeds: Soybean,

23
Rapeseed and Mustard. Seed production in vegetable crops. Seed sampling and testing: Physical
purity, germination, viability, etc. Seed and seedling vigour test. Genetic purity test: Grow out test and
electrophoresis. Seed certification: Procedure, Field inspection, Preparation of field inspection report.
Visit to seed production farms, seed testing laboratories and seed processing plant.

3..Fundamentals of Plant Breeding Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Historical development, concept, nature and role of plant breeding, major achievements
and future prospects; Genetics in relation to plant breeding, modes of reproduction and apomixes,
self – incompatibility and male sterility- genetic consequences, cultivar options. Domestication,
Acclimatization, introduction; Centre of origin/diversity, component of Genetic variation; Heritability
and genetic advance; Genetic basis and breeding methods in self- pollinated crops-mass and pure line
selection, hybridization techniques and handling of segregating population; Multiline concept. Concepts
of population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Law, Genetic basis and methods of breeding cross pollinated
crops, modes of selection; Heterosis and inbreeding depression, development of inbred lines and hybrids,
composite and synthetic varieties; Breeding methods in asexually propagated crops, clonal selection and
hybridization; Wide hybridization and pre-breeding; Polyploidy in relation to plant breeding, mutation
breeding-methods and uses; Breeding for important biotic and abiotic stresses; Biotechnological tools-
DNA markers and marker assisted selection. Participatory plant breeding; Intellectual Property Rights,
Patenting, Plant Breeders and & Farmer’s Rights.

Practical
Plant Breeder’s kit, Study of germplasm of various crops. Study of floral structure of self-pollinated
and cross pollinated crops. Emasculation and hybridization techniques in self & cross pollinated crops.
Consequences of inbreeding on genetic structure of resulting populations. Study of male sterility system.
Handing of segregation populations. Methods of calculating mean, range, variance, standard deviation,
heritability. Designs used in plant breeding experiment, analysis of Randomized Block Design. To work
out the mode of pollination in a given crop and extent of natural out crossing. Prediction of performance
of double cross hybrids.

4..Crop Improvement – I (Kharif) Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Centers of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives in different cereals; pulses; oilseeds; fibres;
fodders and cash crops; vegetable and horticultural crops; Plant genetic resources, its utilization and
conservation Floral biology, study of genetics of qualitative and quantitative characters; Important
concepts of breeding self pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops; Major breeding
objectives and procedures including conventional and modern innovative approaches for development
of hybrids and varieties for yield, adaptability, stability, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional); Seed production technology in self pollinated, cross pollinated and
vegetatively propagated crops. Hybrid seed production technology in Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Pearl
millet and Pigeonpea, etc. Ideotype concept and climate resilient crop varieties for future.

Practical
24
Emasculation and hybridization techniques in different crop species; viz., Rice, Maize, Sorghum, Pearl
Millet, Ragi, Pigeonpea, Urdbean, Mungbean, Soybean, Groundnut, Seasame , Caster, Cotton, Cowpea,
Pearl millet and Tobacco. Maintenance breeding of different kharif crops. Handling of germplasm
and segregating populations by different methods like pedigree, bulk and single seed decent methods;
Study of field techniques for seed production and hybrid seeds production in Kharif crops; Estimation
of heterosis, inbreeding depression and heritability; Layout of field experiments; Study of quality
characters, donor parents for different characters; Visit to seed production plots; Visit to AICRP plots of
different field crops.

5.Crop Improvement – II (Rabi) Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Centers of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives in different cereals; pulses; oilseeds; fodder
crops and cash crops; vegetable and horticultural crops; Plant genetic resources, its utilization and
conservation; Floral biology, study of genetics of qualitative and quantitative characters; Important
concepts of breeding self pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops; Major breeding
objectives and procedures including conventional and modern innovative approaches for development
of hybrids and varieties for yield, adaptability, stability, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional); Seed production technology in self pollinated, cross pollinated and
vegetatively propagated crops. Hybrid seed production technology of rabi crops.
Ideotype concept and climate resilient crop varieties for future.

Practical
Emasculation and hybridization techniques in different crop species namely Wheat, Oat, Barley, Chickpea,
Lentil, Field pea, Rapeseed Mustard, Sunflower, Potato, Berseem. Sugarcane, Cowpea; Handling of
germplasm and segregating populations by different methods like pedigree, bulk and single seed decent
methods; Study of field techniques for seed production and hybrid seeds production in Rabi crops;
Estimation of heterosis, inbreeding depression and heritability; Layout of field experiments; Study of
quality characters, study of donor parents for different characters; Visit to seed production plots; Visit to
AICRP plots of different field crops.

6.Intellectual Property Rights Credit hours: 1(1+0)

Theory
Introduction and meaning of intellectual property, brief introduction to GATT, WTO, TRIPs and WIPO,
Treaties for IPR protection: Madrid protocol, Berne Convention, Budapest treaty, etc.
Types of Intellectual Property and legislations covering IPR in India:-Patents, Copyrights,
Trademark, Industrial design, Geographical indications, Integrated circuits, Trade secrets. Patents
Act 1970 and Patent system in India, patentability, process and product patent, filing of patent, patent
specification, patent claims, Patent opposition and revocation, infringement, Compulsory licensing,
Patent Cooperation Treaty, Patent search and patent database.
Origin and history including a brief introduction to UPOV for protection of plant varieties, Protection

25
of plant varieties under UPOV and PPV&FR Act of India, Plant breeders rights, Registration of plant
varieties under PPV&FR Act 2001, breeders, researcher and farmers rights. Traditional knowledge-
meaning and rights of TK holders.
Convention on Biological Diversity, International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture (ITPGRFA). Indian Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and its salient features, access and benefit
sharing.

Elective courses:-
1. Commercial Plant Breeding Credit hours: 3(1+2)

Theory
Types of crops and modes of plant reproduction. Line development and maintenance breeding in self
and cross pollinated crops (A/B/R and two line system) for development of hybrids and seed production.
Genetic purity test of commercial hybrids. Advances in hybrid seed production of maize, rice, sorghum,
pearl millet, castor, sunflower, cotton pigeon pea, Brassica etc. Quality seed production of vegetable
crops under open and protected environment. Alternative strategies for the development of the line and
cultivars: haploid inducer, tissue culture techniques and biotechnological tools. IPR issues in commercial
plant breeding: DUS testing and registration of varieties under PPV & FR Act. Variety testing, release
and notification systems in India. Principles and techniques of seed production, types of seeds, quality
testing in self and cross pollinated crops.

Practical
Floral biology in self and cross pollinated species, selfing and crossing techniques. Techniques of seed
production in self and cross pollinated crops using A/B/R and two line system. Learning techniques
in hybrid seed production using male-sterility in field crops. Understanding the difficulties in hybrid
seed production, Tools and techniques for optimizing hybrid seed production. Concept of rouging in
seed production plot. Concept of line its multiplication and purification in hybrid seed production. Role
of pollinators in hybrid seed production. Hybrid seed production techniques in sorghum, pearl millet,
maize, rice, rapeseed-mustard, sunflower, castor, pigeon pea, cotton and vegetable crops. Sampling and
analytical procedures for purity testing and detection of spurious seed. Seed drying and storage structure
in quality seed management. Screening techniques during seed processing viz., grading and packaging.
Visit to public private seed production and processing plants.

2. Soil, Plant, Water and Seed Testing Credit hours: 3(1+2)

Theory
Principle of pH meter, EC meter, spectrophotometer, flame photometer and AAS.
Soil analysis: Objectives, sampling of soil, procedure and precautions. Determination of texture, bulk
density. Interpretation of analytical data viz., pH, EC, organic carbon, N, P, K, S and micronutrients (Fe,
Mn, Zn, Cu, B) and nutrient index.
Plant analysis: Sampling stages and plant part to be sampled. Analysis of nutrients, Quantitative rating
of plant analysis data and interpretation of results, critical nutrient concentration, critical nutrient ranges.

26
Water analysis: Quality criteria, classification and suitability of irrigation water and water quality index.
Seed: Introduction, definition and importance, seed germination, viability, vigor and storage.
Use of soil testing kit for major and micronutrient analyzer.

Practical
Standardization of solutions and reagents, collection and preparation of soil samples, estimation of pH,
EC, organic carbon, NPKS, micronutrients, CEC and exchangeable sodium in soil. Determination of
EC and pH of saturation extract/paste. Estimation of cations and anions. Plant sampling and sample
preparation for analysis, digestion of plant material and estimation of N, P, K in plant. Rapid plant tissue
test for N, P, and K. Determination of EC, pH, cations (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) and anions (B, CO3‑‑, HCO3-
, Cl-) in irrigation water . Computation of SAR and RSC. Seed quality testing: Germination, viability,
moisture and vigor.

Remedial Courses:-
1.Introductory Biology (New) Credit hours:2(1+1)
Theory
Introduction to the living world, diversity and characteristics of life, origin of life, Evolution and
Eugenics. Binomial nomenclature and classification Cell and cell division. Morphology of flowing
plants. Seed and seed germination. Plant systematic- viz; Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. Role of
animals in agriculture.
Practical
Morphology of flowering plants – root, stem and leaf and their modifications. Inflorence, flower and
fruits. Cell, tissues & cell division. Internal structure of root, stem and leaf. Study of specimens and
slides. Description of plants - Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae.

Transferred Course:-
1. Intellectual Property Rights Credit hours: 1(1+0)

Theory
Introduction and meaning of intellectual property, brief introduction to GATT, WTO, TRIPs and WIPO,
Treaties for IPR protection: Madrid protocol, Berne Convention, Budapest treaty, etc.
Types of Intellectual Property and legislations covering IPR in India:-Patents, Copyrights,
Trademark, Industrial design, Geographical indications, Integrated circuits, Trade secrets. Patents
Act 1970 and Patent system in India, patentability, process and product patent, filing of patent, patent
specification, patent claims, Patent opposition and revocation, infringement, Compulsory licensing,
Patent Cooperation Treaty, Patent search and patent database.
Origin and history including a brief introduction to UPOV for protection of plant varieties, Protection
of plant varieties under UPOV and PPV&FR Act of India, Plant breeders rights, Registration of plant
varieties under PPV&FR Act 2001, breeders, researcher and farmers rights. Traditional knowledge-

27
meaning and rights of TK holders.
Convention on Biological Diversity, International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture (ITPGRFA). Indian Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and its salient features, access and benefit
sharing.

III. Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry

Course Title Credit Hours Semester

Fundamentals of Soil Science 3(2+1) 1st

Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility 3(2+1) 5th

Management

Problematic soils and their Management 2(2+0) 4th

08(6+2)

Elective courses

Agrochemicals 3(2+1)

**Soil ,Plant, Water and Seed Testing 3(1+2)

Agricultural Waste Management 3(2+1)

*Biopesticides and Biofertlizer 3(2+1)

Transferred course

Agricultural Microbiology 2(1+1) 2nd

*NB- Elective course to be jointly handled with the Departments of Entomology and Pathology.
** To be handled in a association with Genetics and Plant Breeding.

28
 Syllabus

1. Fundamentals of Soil Science Credit hours: 3 (2+1)

Theory
Soil as a natural body, Pedological and edaphological concepts of soil; Soil genesis: soil forming rocks
and minerals; weathering, processes and factors of soil formation; Soil Profile, components of soil; Soil
physical properties: soil-texture, structure, density and porosity, soil colour, consistence and plasticity;
Elementary knowledge of soil taxonomy classification and soils of India; Soil water retention, movement
and availability; soil air, composition, gaseous exchange, problem and plant growth; source, amount
and flow of heat in soil; soil temperature and plant growth; Soil reaction-pH, soil acidity and alkalinity,
buffering, effect of pH on nutrient availability; soil colloids - inorganic and organic; silicate clays:
constitution and properties; sources of charge ion exchange, cation exchange capacity, base saturation;
soil organic matter: composition, properties and its influence on soil properties; humic substances -
nature and properties; soil organisms: macro and micro organisms, their beneficial and harmful effects;
Soil pollution - behaviour of pesticides and inorganic contaminants, prevention and mitigation of soil
pollution.

Practical
Study of soil profile in field. Study of soil sampling tools, collection of representative soil sample,
its processing and storage. Study of soil forming rocks and minerals. Determination of soil density,
moisture content and porosity. Determination of soil texture by feel and Bouyoucos Methods. Studies
of capillary rise phenomenon of water in soil column and water movement in soil. Determination of soil
pH and electrical conductivity. Determination of cation exchange capacity of soil. Study of soil map.
Determination of soil colour. Demonstration of heat transfer in soil. Estimation of organic matter content
of soil.

2. Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management Credit Hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation of bulky and
concentrated manures. Green/leaf manuring. Integrated nutrient management.
Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous, phosphatic, potassic
fertilizers, secondary & micronutrient fertilizers, Complex fertilizers, nano fertilizers Soil amendments,
Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order.
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. criteria of essentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors affecting nutrient
availability to plants. Chemistry of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur
and micronutrients. Soil fertility evaluation, Soil testing. Critical levels of different nutrients in soil.
Forms of nutrients in soil, plant analysis, rapid plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Methods of fertilizer
recommendations to crops. Factor influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE), methods of application
under rainfed and irrigated conditions.

29
Practical
Introduction of analytical instruments and their principles, calibration and applications, Colorimetry and
flame photometry. Estimation of available N in soils. Estimation of available P in soils. Estimation of
available K. Estimation of available S in soils. Estimation of available Ca and Mg in soils. Estimation
of available Zn in soils. Estimation of N in plants. Estimation of P in plants. Estimation of K in plants.
Estimation of S in plants.

3. Problematic Soils and their Management (New) Credit Hours: 2(2+0)

Theory
Soil quality and health, Distribution of Waste land and problem soils in India. Their categorization based
on properties. Reclamation and management of Saline and sodic soils, Acid soils, Acid Sulphate soils,
Eroded and Compacted soils, Flooded soils, Polluted soils.
Irrigation water – quality and standards, utilization of saline water in agriculture. Remote sensing and
GIS in diagnosis and management of problem soils.
Multipurpose tree species, bio remediation through MPTs of soils, land capability and classification,
land suitability classification. Problematic soils under different Agroeco systems.

Elective courses:-
1. Agrochemicals Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
An introduction to agrochemicals, their type and role in agriculture, effect on environment, soil, human
and animal health, merits and demerits of their uses in agriculture, management of agrochemicals for
sustainable agriculture.
Herbicides-Majorclasses, properties and important herbicides. Fate of herbicides.
Fungicides - Classification – Inorganic fungicides - characteristics, preparation and use of sulfurand
copper, Modeofaction-Bordeauxmixture and copperoxy chloride.
Organicfungicides-Modeofaction-Dithiocarbamates-characteristics, preparation and use of
Zinebandmaneb.
Systemicfungicides-Benomyl,carboxin,oxycarboxin,Metalaxyl,Carbendazim,characteristicsanduse.
Introduction and classification of insecticides: inorganic and organic insecticides Organochlorine,
Organophosphates, Carbamates, Synthetic pyrethroids Neonicotinoids, Biorationals, Insecticide Act
and rules, Insecticides banned, withdrawn and restricted use, Fate of insecticides in soil & plant. IGRs
Biopesticides, Reduced risk insecticides, Botanicals, plant and animal systemic insecticides their
characteristics and uses.
Fertilizers and their importance. Nitrogenous fertilizers: Feedstocks and Manufacturing of ammonium
sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea. Slow release N-fertilizers. Phosphatic fertilizers:
feed stock and manufacturing ofsingle superphosphate. Preparation of bone meal and basic slag. Potassic
fertilizers: Naturalsources of potash, manufacturing of potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and
potassium nitrate.

30
Mixed and complex fertilizers:Sources and compatibility–preparation of major,secondary and
micronutrient mixtures.Complex fertilizers: Manufacturing of ammonium phosphates, nitrophosphates
and NPKcomplexes. Fertilizer control order. Fertilizer logistics and marketing.
Plant bio-pesticides for ecological agriculture, Bio-insect repellent.

Practical
Sampling of fertilizers and pesticides. Pesticides application technology to study about various pesticides
appliances. Quick tests for identification of common fertilizers. Identification of anion and cation in
fertilizer. Calculation of doses of insecticides to be used. To study and identify various formulations of
insecticide available kin market. Estimation of nitrogen in Urea. Estimation of water soluble P2O5 and
citrate soluble P2O5 in single super phosphate. Estimation of potassium in Muraite of Potash/ Sulphate of
Potash by flame photometer. Determination of copper content in copper oxychloride. Determination
of sulphur content in sulphur fungicide. Determination of thiram. Determination of ziram content.

2. Soil, Plant, Water and Seed Testing Credit hours: 3(1+2)

Theory
Principle of pH meter, EC meter, spectrophotometer, flame photometer and AAS.
Soil analysis: Objectives, sampling of soil, procedure and precautions. Determination of texture, bulk
density. Interpretation of analytical data viz., pH, EC, organic carbon, N, P, K, S and micronutrients (Fe,
Mn, Zn, Cu, B) and nutrient index.
Plant analysis: Sampling stages and plant part to be sampled. Analysis of nutrients, Quantitative rating
of plant analysis data and interpretation of results, critical nutrient concentration, critical nutrient ranges.
Water analysis: Quality criteria, classification and suitability of irrigation water and water quality index.
Seed: Introduction, definition and importance, seed germination, viability, vigor and storage.
Use of soil testing kit for major and micronutrient analyzer.

Practical
Standardization of solutions and reagents, collection and preparation of soil samples, estimation of pH,
EC, organic carbon, NPKS, micronutrients, CEC and exchangeable sodium in soil. Determination of
EC and pH of saturation extract/paste. Estimation of cations and anions. Plant sampling and sample
preparation for analysis, digestion of plant material and estimation of N, P, K in plant. Rapid plant
tissue test for N, P, and K. Determination of EC, pH, cations (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) and anions (B,
CO3‑‑, HCO3, Cl-) in irrigation water. Computation of SAR and RSC. Seed quality testing: Germination,
viability, moisture and vigor.

3. Agricultural Waste Management  Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Introduction to agricultural waste management, Nature and characteristics of agricultural waste and
their impact on the environment, Kinds of wastes, Classification, role of soil and plants in waste
management, sources of waste, impact of waste on soil and plant quality, Biological processes of waste
31
management, Utilization and Recycling of Agricultural waste, Potential of Recyclable Crop Residues
and its management, In-situ management of agriculture waste, Composting and Vermicomposting for
bio conservation of biodegradable waste, Biogas Technology, Agricultural waste and water, air and
animal resources, Impacts of waste on human, animal health and environment. Management of bedding
& litter, wasted feed, run-off from feed lots and holding areas and waste water form dairy parlors,
agro-waste recycling through farming system, waste management machineries, environmental benefit of
waste management.

Practical
Collection and preparation agricultural waste sample. Determination of pH, EC, CECe, heavy metals,
BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, NH4, Total P, and dissolved reactive P. Nutrient status (N, P, K, secondary and
micronutrients) analysis of agricultural waste. Waste management equipment operation, Maintenance
and safety hazards, computer software and models. Survey of different agri waste from live stock, dairy,
poultry, food processing, fruit & vegetable and agri-chemicals, Preparation of compost, Vermicomposting,
biogas and analysis of compost.

4 .Biopesticides & Biofertilizers Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
History and concept of biopesticides. Importance, scope and potential of biopesticide. Definitions,
concepts and classification of biopesticides viz. pathogen, botanical pesticides, and biorationales.
Botanicals and their uses. Mass production technology of bio-pesticides. Virulence, pathogenicity and
symptoms of entomopathogenic pathogens and nematodes. Methods of application of biopesticides.
Methods of quality control and Techniques of biopesticides. Impediments and limitation in production
and use of biopesticide.
Biofertilizers - Introduction, status and scope. Structure and characteristic features of bacterial
biofertilizers- Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Frankia; Cynobacterial
biofertilizers- Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon and fungal biofertilizers- AM mycorrhiza and
ectomycorhiza. Nitrogen fixation -Free living and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mechanism of phosphate
solubilization and phosphate mobilization, K solubilization. Production technology: Strain selection,
sterilization, growth and fermentation, mass production of carrier based and liquid biofertiizers. FCO
specifications and quality control of biofertilizers. Application technology for seeds, seedlings, tubers,
sets etc. Biofertilizers -Storage, shelf life, quality control and marketing. Factors influencing the efficacy
of biofertilizers.
Practical
To study about mass production technology of important biopesticides. Identification of important
botanicals. Visit to biopesticide lab. working in nearby area. Field visit to explore naturally infected
cadavers. Identification of entomopathogenic entities in field condition. Quality control of biopesticides.
Isolation and purification of Azospirillum , Azotobacter, Rhizobium, P-solubilizers and cyanobacteria.

32
Mass multiplication and inoculums production of biofertilizers. Isolation of AM fungi -Wet sieving
method and sucrose gradient method. Mass production of AM inoculants.

Transferred Course:
1.Agricultural Microbiology Credit hour: 2(1+1)

Theory
Introduction. Microbial world: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Bacteria: cell structure,
chemoautotrophy, photo autotrophy, growth. Bacterial genetics: Genetic recombination- transformation,
conjugation and transduction, plasmids, transposon.
Role of microbes in soil fertility and crop production: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and sulphur
cycles. Biological nitrogen fixation- symbiotic, associative and aysmbiotic. Azolla, blue green algae and
mycorrhiza. Rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Microbes in human welfare: silage production, biofertilizers,
biopesticides, biofuel production and biodegradation.

Practical
Introduction to microbiology laboratory and its equipments; Microscope- parts, principles of
microscopy, resolving power and numerical aperture. Methods of sterilization. Nutritional media and
their preparations. Enumeration of microbial population in soil- bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes. Methods
of isolation and purification of microbial cultures. Isolation of Rhizobium from legume root nodule.
Isolation of Azotobacter from soil. Isolation of Azospirillum from roots. Staining and microscopic
examination of microbes.

IV. Entomology
Course Title Credit Hours Sem.
Fundamentals of Entomology 4(3+1) 2nd
Pests of Crops and Stored Grain and their 3(2+1) 5th
Management
Management of Beneficial Insects 2(1+1) 6th
Total 09 (6+3)
Elective Courses:
*Biopesticides and Biofertlizer 3(2+1)
NB- Elective course to be jointly handled with the Departments of SSAC and Pathology.

33
 Syllabus

1. Fundamentals of Entomology Credit hours: 4(3+1)

Part - I
History of Entomology in India. Factors for insect’s abundance. Major points related to dominance of
Insecta in Animal kingdom. Classification of phylum Arthropoda upto classes. Relationship of class
Insecta with other classes of Arthropoda. Morphology: Structure and functions of insect cuticle and
molting. Body segmentation. Structure of Head, thorax and abdomen. Structure and modifications of
insect antennae, mouth parts, legs, Wing venation, modifications and wing coupling apparatus. Structure
of male and female genital organ. Metamorphosis and diapause in insects. Types of larvae and pupae.
Structure and functions of digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, secretary (Endocrine)
and reproductive system, in insects. Types of reproduction in insects. Major sensory organs like simple
and compound eyes, chemoreceptor.

Part-II
Insect Ecology: Introduction, Environment and its components. Effect of abiotic factors–temperature,
moisture, humidity, rainfall, light, atmospheric pressure and air currents. Effect of biotic factors – food
competition, natural and environmental resistance. Concepts of Balance of life in nature, biotic potential
and environmental resistance and causes for outbreak of pests in agro-ecosystem.

Part III
Pest surveillance and pest forecasting. Categories of pests. Host plant resistance, Cultural, Mechanical,
Physical. Legislative. Biological (parasites, predators & transgenic plant pathogens such as bacteria, fungi
and viruses) methods of control. Chemical control-importance, hazards and limitations. Classification
of insecticides, toxicity of insecticides and formulations of insecticides. Recent methods of pest control,
repellents, antifeedants, hormones, attractants, gamma radiation and genetic control. Practices, scope
and limitations of IPM. Insecticides Act 1968-Important provisions. Application techniques of spray
fluids. Phytotoxicity of insecticides. Symptoms of poisoning, first aid and antidotes. Beneficial insects:
parasites and predators used in pest control and their mass multiplication techniques. Important groups of
microorganisms, bacteria, viruses and fungi used in pest control and their mass multiplication techniques.
Important species of pollinators, weed killers and scavengers, their importance.

Part – IV
Systematics: Taxonomy –importance, history and development and binomial nomenclature. Definitions
of Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus, Family and Order. Classification of class Insecta upto Orders,
basic groups of present day insects with special emphasis to orders and families of Agricultural importance
like Orthoptera: Acrididae, Tettigonidae, Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae; Dictyoptera: Mantidae, Blattidae;
Odonata; Isoptera: Termitidae; Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Cimicidae,
Pyrrhocoridae, Lygaeidae, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Lophophidae, Aleurodidae,
Pseudococcidae; Neuroptera: Chrysopidae; Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Papiloinidae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae,
Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Arctiidae, Saturnidae, Bombycidae; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae,
Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Bruchidae, Scarabaeidae; Hymenoptera: Tenthridinidae, Apidae.

34
Trichogrammatidae, lchneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Tachinidae,
Agromyziidae, Culicidae,Muscidae, Tephritidae.

Practical
Methods of collection and preservation of insects including immature stages; External features of
Grasshopper/Blister beetle; Types of insect antennae, mouthparts and legs; Wing venation, types of wings
and wing coupling apparatus. Types of insect larvae and pupae; Dissection of digestive system in insects
(Grasshopper); Dissection of male and female reproductive systems in insects (Grasshopper); Study of
characters of orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Isoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera,
Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and their families of agricultural importance.

2. Pests of Crops and Stored Grains and their Management Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
General account on nature and type of damage by different arthropods pests. Scientific name, order,
family, host range, distribution, biology and bionomics, nature of damage, and management of major
pests and scientific name, order, family, host range, distribution, nature of damage and control practice
other important arthropod pests of various field crop, vegetable crop, fruit crop, plantation crops,
ornamental crops, narcotics, spices and condiments. Factors affecting losses of stored grain and role
of physical, biological, mechanical and chemical factors in deterioration of grain. Insect pests, mites,
rodents, birds and microorganisms associated with stored grain and their management. Storage structure
and methods of grain storage and fundamental principles of grain store management.

Practical
Identification of different types of damage. Identification and study of life cycle and seasonal history of
various insect pests attacking crops and their produce: (a) Field Crops; (b) Vegetable Crops; (c) Fruit
Crops; (d) Plantation, gardens, Narcotics, spices & condiments. Identification of insect pests and Mites
associated with stored grain. Determination of insect infestation by different methods. Assessment of
losses due to insects. Calculations on the doses of insecticides application technique. Fumigation of
grain store / godown. Identification of rodents and rodent control operations in godowns. Identification
of birds and bird control operations in godowns. Determination of moisture content of grain. Methods
of grain sampling under storage condition. Visit to Indian Storage Management and Research Institute,
Hapur and Quality Laboratory, Department of Food., Delhi. Visit to nearest FCI godowns.

3. Management of Beneficial Insects Credit hours:2(1+1)

Theory
Importance of beneficial Insects, Beekeeping, pollinating plant and their cycle, bee biology, commercial
methods of rearing, equipment used, seasonal management, bee enemies and disease. Bee pasturage, bee
foraging and communication. Insect pests and diseases of honey bee.
Types of silkworm, voltinism and biology of silkworm. Mulberry cultivation, mulberry varieties and
methods of harvesting and preservation of leaves. Rearing, mounting and harvesting of cocoons. Pest
and diseases of silkworm, management, rearing appliances of mulberry silkworm and methods of

35
disinfection.
Species of lac insect, morphology, biology, host plant, lac production – seed lac, button lac, shellac, lac-
products. Identification of major parasitoids and predators commonly being used in biological control.
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and their mass multiplication
techniques. Important species of pollinator, weed killers and scavengers with their importance.

Practical
Honey bee species, castes of bees. Beekeeping appliances and seasonal management, bee enemies and
disease. Bee pasturage, bee foraging and communication. Types of silkworm, voltinism and biology
of silkworm. Mulberry cultivation, mulberry varieties and methods of harvesting and preservation of
leaves. Species of lac insect, host plant identification. Identification of other important pollinators, weed
killers and scavengers. Visit to research and training institutions devoted to beekeeping, sericulture, lac
culture and natural enemies.

Elective Courses:
1. Biopesticides & Biofertilizers Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
History and concept of biopesticides. Importance, scope and potential of biopesticide. Definitions,
concepts and classification of biopesticides viz. pathogen, botanical pesticides, and biorationales.
Botanicals and their uses. Mass production technology of bio-pesticides. Virulence, pathogenicity and
symptoms of entomopathogenic pathogens and nematodes. Methods of application of biopesticides.
Methods of quality control and Techniques of biopesticides. Impediments and limitation in production
and use of biopesticide.
Biofertilizers - Introduction, status and scope. Structure and characteristic features of bacterial
biofertilizers- Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Frankia; Cynobacterial
biofertilizers- Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon and fungal biofertilizers- AM mycorrhiza and
ectomycorhiza. Nitrogen fixation -Free living and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mechanism of phosphate
solubilization and phosphate mobilization, K solubilization. Production technology: Strain selection,
sterilization, growth and fermentation, mass production of carrier based and liquid biofertiizers. FCO
specifications and quality control of biofertilizers. Application technology for seeds, seedlings, tubers,
sets etc. Biofertilizers -Storage, shelf life, quality control and marketing. Factors influencing the efficacy
of biofertilizers.

Practical
To study about mass production technology of important biopesticides. Identification of important
botanicals. Visit to biopesticide lab. working in nearby area. Field visit to explore naturally infected
cadavers. Identification of entomopathogenic entities in field condition. Quality control of biopesticides.
Isolation and purification of Azospirillum , Azotobacter, Rhizobium, P-solubilizers and cyanobacteria.
Mass multiplication and inoculums production of biofertilizers. Isolation of AM fungi -Wet sieving

36
method and sucrose gradient method. Mass production of AM inoculants.
I. Agricultural Economics
Course Title Credit Hours Semester
Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics 2(2+0) 2nd
Agricultural Finance and Co-Operation 3(2+1) 3rd
Agricultural Marketing Trade & Prices 3(2+1) 4th
Farm Management, Production & Resource 2(1+1) 6th
Economics
Total 10(7+3)
Common Courses
Economics and Marketing

37
 Syllabus

1. Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics Credit hours: 2 (2+0)

Theory
Economics: Meaning, scope and subject matter, definitions, activities, approaches to economic analysis;
micro and macro economics, positive and normative analysis. Nature of economic theory; rationality
assumption, concept of equilibrium, economic laws as generalization of human behavior. Basic concepts:
Goods and services, desire, want, demand, utility, cost and price, wealth, capital, income and welfare.
Agricultural economics: meaning, definition, characteristics of agriculture, importance and its role in
economic development. Agricultural planning and development in the country. Demand: meaning,
law of demand, demand schedule and demand curve, determinants, utility theory; law of diminishing
marginal utility, equi-marginal utility principle. Consumer’s equilibrium and derivation of demand
curve, concept of consumer surplus. Elasticity of demand: concept and measurement of price elasticity,
income elasticity and cross elasticity. Production: process, creation of utility, factors of production, input
output relationship. Laws of returns: Law of variable proportions and law of returns to scale. Cost:
Cost concepts, short run and long run cost curves. Supply: Stock v/s supply, law of supply, supply
schedule, supply curve, determinants of supply, elasticity of supply. Market structure: meaning and
types of market, basic features of perfectly competitive and imperfect markets. Price determination
under perfect competition; short run and long run equilibrium of firm and industry, shut down and break
even points. Distribution theory: meaning, factor market and pricing of factors of production. Concepts
of rent, wage, interest and profit. National income: Meaning and importance, circular flow, concepts of
national income accounting and approaches to measurement, difficulties in measurement. Population:
Importance, Malthusian and Optimum population theories, natural and socio-economic determinants,
current policies and programmes on population control. Money: Barter system of exchange and its
problems, evolution, meaning and functions of money, classification of money, money supply, general
price index, inflation and deflation. Banking: Role in modern economy, types of banks, functions of
commercial and central bank, credit creation policy. Agricultural and public finance: meaning, micro
v/s macro finance, need for agricultural finance, public revenue and public expenditure. Tax: meaning,
direct and indirect taxes, agricultural taxation, VAT. Economic systems: Concepts of economy and its
functions, important features of capitalistic, socialistic and mixed economies, elements of economic
planning.

2. Agricultural Finance and Co-Operation Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Agricultural Finance- meaning, scope and significance, credit needs and its role in Indian agriculture.
Agricultural credit: meaning, definition, need, classification. Credit analysis: 4 R’s, and 3C’s of credits.
Sources of agricultural finance: institutional and non-institutional sources, commercial banks, social
control and nationalization of commercial banks, Micro financing including KCC. Lead bank scheme,
RRBs, Scale of finance and unit cost. An introduction to higher financing institutions – RBI, NABARD,
ADB, IMF, world bank, Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India. Cost of credit. Recent
development in agricultural credit. Preparation and analysis of financial statements – Balance Sheet and
Income Statement. Basic guidelines for preparation of project reports- Bank norms – SWOT analysis.

38
Agricultural Cooperation – Meaning, brief history of cooperative development in India, objectives,
principles of cooperation, significance of cooperatives in Indian agriculture. Agricultural Cooperation
in India- credit, marketing, consumer and multi-purpose cooperatives, farmers’ service cooperative
societies, processing cooperatives, farming cooperatives, cooperative warehousing; role of ICA, NCUI,
NCDC, NAFED.

Practicals
Determination of most profitable level of capital use. Optimum allocation of limited amount of capital
among different enterprise. Analysis of progress and performance of cooperatives using published data.
Analysis of progress and performance of commercial banks and RRBs using published data. Visit to
a commercial bank, cooperative bank and cooperative society to acquire firsthand knowledge of their
management, schemes and procedures. Estimation of credit requirement of farm business – A case study.
Preparation and analysis of balance sheet – A case study. Preparation and analysis of income statement –
A case study. Appraisal of a loan proposal – A case study. Techno-economic parameters for preparation of
projects. Preparation of Bankable projects for various agricultural products and its value added products.
Seminar on selected topics.

3. Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Prices Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Agricultural Marketing: Concepts and definitions of market, marketing, agricultural marketing, market
structure, marketing mix and market segmentation, classification and characteristics of agricultural
markets; demand, supply and producer’s surplus of agri-commodities: nature and determinants of
demand and supply of farm products, producer’s surplus – meaning and its types, marketable and
marketed surplus, factors affecting marketable surplus of agri-commodities; product life cycle (PLC)
and competitive strategies: Meaning and stages in PLC; characteristics of PLC; strategies in different
stages of PLC; pricing and promotion strategies: pricing considerations and approaches – cost based
and competition based pricing; market promotion – advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and
publicity – their meaning and merits & demerits; marketing process and functions: Marketing process-
concentration, dispersion and equalization; exchange functions – buying and selling; physical functions
– storage, transport and processing; facilitating functions – packaging, branding, grading, quality control
and labeling (Agmark);Market functionaries and marketing channels: Types and importance of agencies
involved in agricultural marketing; meaning and definition of marketing channel;number of channel
levels; marketing channels for different farm products; Integration, efficiency, costs and price spread:
Meaning, definition and types of market integration; marketing efficiency; marketing costs, margins
and price spread; factors affecting cost of marketing; reasons for higher marketing costs of farm
commodities; ways of reducing marketing costs; Role of Govt. in agricultural marketing: Public sector
institutions- CWC, SWC, FCI, CACP & DMI – their objectives and functions; cooperative marketing
in India; Risk in marketing: Types of risk in marketing; speculation & hedging; an overview of futures
trading; Agricultural prices and policy: Meaning and functions of price; administered prices; need for
agricultural price policy; Trade: Concept of International Trade and its need, theories of absolute and
comparative advantage. Present status and prospects of international trade in agri-commodities; GATT
and WTO; Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and its implications on Indian agriculture; IPR.

39
Practical
Plotting and study of demand and supply curves and calculation of elasticities; Study of relationship
between market arrivals and prices of some selected commodities; Computation of marketable and
marketed surplus of important commodities; Study of price behaviour over time for some selected
commodities; Construction of index numbers; Visit to a local market to study various marketing functions
performed by different agencies, identification of marketing channels for selected commodity, collection
of data regarding marketing costs, margins and price spread and presentation of report in the class;
Visit to market institutions – NAFED, SWC, CWC, cooperative marketing society, etc. to study their
organization and functioning; Application of principles of comparative advantage of international trade.

4. Farm Management, Production and Resource Economics Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Meaning and concept of farm management, objectives and relationship with other sciences. Meaning and
definition of farms, its types and characteristics, factor determining types and size of farms.Principles of
farm management: concept of production function and its type, use of production function in decision-
making on a farm, factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationship, law of equi-marginal/
or principles of opportunity cost and law of comparative advantage. Meaning and concept of cost, types
of costs and their interrelationship, importance of cost in managing farm business and estimation of
gross farm income, net farm income, family labor income and farm business income. Farm business
analysis: meaning and concept of farm income and profitability, technical and economic efficiency
measures in crop and livestock enterprises. Importance of farm records and accounts in managing a
farm, various types of farm records needed to maintain on farm, farm inventory, balance sheet, profit and
loss accounts. Meaning and importance of farm planning and budgeting, partial and complete budgeting,
steps in farm planning and budgeting-linear programming, appraisal of farm resources, selection of crops
and livestock’s enterprises. Concept of risk and uncertainty occurs in agriculture production, nature and
sources of risks and its management strategies, Crop/livestock/machinery insurance – weather based
crop insurance, features, determinants of compensation. Concepts of resource economics, differences
between NRE and agricultural economics, unique properties of natural resources. Positive and negative
externalities in agriculture, Inefficiency and welfare loss, solutions, Important issues in economics and
management of common property resources of land, water, pasture and forest resources etc.

Practical
Preparation of farm layout. Determination of cost of fencing of a farm. Computation of depreciation
cost of farm assets. Application of equi-marginal returns/opportunity cost principle in allocation of
farm resources. Determination of most profitable level of inputs use in a farm production process.
Determination of least cost combination of inputs. Selection of most profitable enterprise combination.
Application of cost principles including CACP concepts in the estimation of cost of crop and livestock
enterprises. Preparation of farm plan and budget, farm records and accounts and profit & loss accounts.
Collection and analysis of data on various resources in India.

40
Common Courses:-
1. Economics and Marketing
Theory
Economics – Terms and definitions - Consumption, Demand and Supply. Factors of production. Gross
Domestic Product – Role of Poultry Sector in National GDP – Marketing- definition – Marketing
Process – Need for marketing – Role of marketing –– Marketing functions – Classification of markets
– Marketing of various channels – Price spread – Marketing Efficiency – Integration – Constraints in
marketing of agricultural produce. Market intelligence – Basic guidelines for preparation of project
reports- Bank norms – Insurance – SWOT analysis – Crisis management

Practical
Techno-economic parameters for preparation of projects. Preparation of Bankable projects for various
agricultural products and its value added products. Identification of marketing channel– Calculation of
Price Spread – Identification of Market Structure – Visit to different Markets.
The contents given above are suggestive. It was decided by the Committee these contents be adjusted in
courses and credit hours as per their relevance to the concerned.

VI. Agricultural Engineering

Course Title Credit Sem.
Hours
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 2(1+1) 2nd
Farm Machinery and Power 2(1+1) 3rd
Renewable Energy and Green Technology 2(1+1) 4th
Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture 2(1+1) 6th
Total 8(4+4)
Elective course
Protected Cultivation 3(2+1)

NB- Elective course on protected cultivation will be jointly handled with Department of Horticulture.

41
 Syllabus

1. Introductory Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Credit hours: 2(1+1

Theory
Introduction to Soil and Water Conservation, causes of soil erosion. Definition and agents of soil erosion,
water erosion: Forms of water erosion. Gully classification and control measures. Soil loss estimation
by universal Loss Soil Equation. Soil loss measurement techniques. Principles of erosion control:
Introduction to contouring, strip cropping. Contour bund. Graded bund and bench terracing. Grassed
water ways and their design. Water harvesting and its techniques. Wind erosion: mechanics of wind
erosion, types of soil movement. Principles of wind erosion control and its control measures.

Practical
General status of soil conservation in India. Calculation of erosion index. Estimation of soil loss.
Measurement of soil loss. Preparation of contour maps. Design of grassed water ways. Design of contour
bunds. Design of graded bunds. Design of bench terracing system. Problem on wind erosion.

2. Farm Machinery and Power Credit hours:2(1+1)

Theory
Status of Farm Power in India, Sources of Farm Power , I.C. engines, working principles of I C engines,
comparison of two stroke and four stroke cycle engines , Study of different components of I.C. engine,
I.C. engine terminology and solved problems, Familiarization with different systems of I.C. engines: Air
cleaning, cooling, lubrication ,fuel supply and hydraulic control system of a tractor, Familiarization with
Power transmission system : clutch, gear box, differential and final drive of a tractor , Tractor types, Cost
analysis of tractor power and attached implement, Familiarization with Primary and Secondary Tillage
implement, Implement for hill agriculture, implement for intercultural operations, Familiarization with
sowing and planting equipment, calibration of a seed drill and solved examples, Familiarization with
Plant Protection equipment, Familiarization with harvesting and threshing equipment.

Practicals
Study of different components of I.C. engine. To study air cleaning and cooling system of engine,
Familiarization with clutch, transmission, differential and final drive of a tractor, Familiarization with
lubrication and fuel supply system of engine, Familiarization with brake, steering, hydraulic control
system of engine, Learning of tractor driving, Familiarization with operation of power tiller, Implements
for hill agriculture, Familiarization with different types of primary and secondary tillage implements:
mould plough, disc plough and disc harrow . Familiarization with seed-cum-fertilizer drills their seed
metering mechanism and calibration, planters and transplanter Familiarization with different types of
sprayers and dusters Familiarization with different inter-cultivation equipment, Familiarization with
harvesting and threshing machinery.

42
3. Renewable Energy and Green Technology Credit hours: 2(1+1)
Theory
Classification of energy sources, contribution of these of sources in agricultural sector, Familiarization
with biomass utilization for biofuel production and their application, Familiarization with types of
biogas plants and gasifiers, biogas, bioalcohol, biodiesel and biooil production and their utilization as
bioenergy resource, introduction of solar energy, collection and their application, Familiarization with
solar energy gadgets: solar cooker, solar water heater, application of solar energy: solar drying, solar
pond, solar distillation, solar photovoltaic system and their application, introduction of wind energy and
their application.

Practical
Familiarization with renewable energy gadgets. To study biogas plants, To study gasifier, To study the
production process of biodiesel, To study briquetting machine, To study the production process of bio-
fuels. Familiarization with different solar energy gadgets. To study solar photovoltaic system: solar
light, solar pumping, solar fencing. To study solar cooker, To study solar drying system. To study solar
distillation and solar pond.

4. Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Green house technology: Introduction, Types of Green Houses; Plant response to Green house
environment, Planning and design of greenhouses, Design criteria of green house for cooling and heating
purposes. Green house equipments, materials of construction for traditional and low cost green houses.
Irrigation systems used in greenhouses, typical applications, passive solar green house, hot air green
house heating systems, green house drying. Cost estimation and economic analysis.
Important Engineering properties such as physical, thermal and aero & hydrodynamic properties of
cereals, pulses and oilseed, their application in PHT equipment design and operation. Drying and
dehydration; moisture measurement, EMC, drying theory, various drying method, commercial grain
dryer (deep bed dryer, flat bed dryer, tray dryer, fluidized bed dryer, recirculatory dryer and solar dryer).
Material handling equipment; conveyer and elevators, their principle, working and selection.

Practical
Study of different type of green houses based on shape. Determine the rate of air exchange in an active
summer winter cooling system. Determination of drying rate of agricultural products inside green house.
Study of green house equipments. Visit to various Post Harvest Laboratories. Determination of Moisture
content of various grains by oven drying & infrared moisture methods. Determination of engineering
properties (shape and size, bulk density and porosity of biomaterials). Determination of Moisture content
of various grains by moisture meter. Field visit to seed processing plant.

43
Elective course:
1. Protected Cultivation Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Protected cultivation- importance and scope, Status of protected cultivation in India and World types
of protected structure based on site and climate. Cladding material involved in greenhouse/ poly house.
Greenhouse design, environment control, artificial lights, Automation. Soil preparation and management,
Substrate management. Types of benches and containers. Irrigation and fertigation management.
Propagation and production of quality planting material of horticultural crops. Greenhouse cultivation
of important horticultural crops – rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, gerbera, orchid, anthurium, lilium,
tulip, tomato, bell pepper, cucumber, strawberry, pot plants, etc. Cultivation of economically important
medicinal and aromatic plants. Off-season production of flowers and vegetables. Insect pest and disease
management.

Practical
Raising of seedlings and saplings under protected conditions, use of protrays in quality planting material
production, Bed preparation and planting of crop for production, Inter cultural operations, Soil EC and
pH measurement, Regulation of irrigation and fertilizers through drip, fogging and misting.

VII. Plant Pathology

Course Title Credit Hours Semester

Fundamentals of Plant Pathology 4(3+1) 2nd

Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their 3(2+1) 5th

Management-I

Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their 3(2+1) 6th

Management-II

Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management 3(2+1) 5th

13(9+4)

Elective Course

*Biopesticides and Biofertlizer 3(2+1)

NB- Elective course to be jointly handled with the Departments of SSAC and Entomology.

44
 Syllabus
1. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Credit hours: 4(3+1)
Theory
Introduction: Importance of plant diseases, scope and objectives of Plant Pathology. History of Plant
Pathology with special reference to Indian work. Terms and concepts in Plant Pathology. Pathogenesis.
Cause and classification of plant diseases. Important plant pathogenic organisms, different groups:
fungi, bacteria, fastidious vesicular bacteria, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, viruses, viroids, algae,
protozoa, phanerogamic parasites and nematodes with examples of diseases caused by them.
Diseases and symptoms due to abiotic causes.
Fungi: general characters, definition of fungus, somatic structures, types of fungal thalli, fungal
tissues, modifications of thallus, reproduction (asexual and sexual). Nomenclature, Binomial system of
nomenclature, rules of nomenclature, classification of fungi. Key to divisions,sub-divisions, orders and
classes.
Bacteria and mollicutes: general morphological characters. Basic methods of classification and
reproduction.
Viruses: nature, architecture, multiplication and transmission.
Study of phanerogamic plant parasites.
Nematodes: General morphology and reproduction, classification, symptoms and nature of damage
caused by plant nematodes (Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Anguina etc.)
Principles and methods of plant disease management.
Nature, chemical combination, classification, mode of action and formulations of fungicides and
antibiotics.

Practical
Acquaintance with various laboratory equipments and microscopy. Preparation of media, isolation and
Koch’s postulates. General study of different structures of fungi. Study of symptoms of various plant
diseases. Study of representative fungal genera. Staining and identification of plant pathogenic bacteria.
Transmission of plant viruses. Study of phanerogamic plant parasites.
Study of morphological features and identification of plant parasitic nematodes. Extraction of nematodes
from soil.
Study of fungicides and their formulations. Methods of pesticide application and their safe use.
Calculation of fungicide sprays concentrations.

2. Diseases of Field & Horticultural Crops & their Management-I Credit hours: 3 (2+1)
Theory
Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major diseases of following crops:
Field Crops: Rice: blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, sheath blight, false smut, khaira and tungro;Maize:
stalk rots, downy mildew, leaf spots; Sorghum: smuts, grain mold and anthracnose, Bajra :downy mildew

45
and ergot; Groundnut: early and late leaf spots, wilt
Soybean: Rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot, seed and seedling rot and mosaic; Pigeonpea: Phytophthora
blight, wilt and sterility mosaic;Finger millet: Blast and leaf spot; black & green gram: Cercospora leaf
spot and anthracnose, web blight and yellow mosaic; Castor: Phytophthora blight;Tobacco: black shank,
black root rot and mosaic. Horticultural Crops: Guava: wilt and anthracnose;Banana: Panama wilt,
bacterial wilt, Sigatoka and bunchy top;Papaya: foot rot, leaf curl and mosaic,Pomegranate: bacterial
blight;Cruciferous vegetables: Alternaria leaf spot and black rot;Brinjal: Phomopsis blight and fruit rot
and Sclerotinia blight;Tomato: damping off, wilt, early and late blight, buck eye rot and leaf curl and
mosaic; Okra:Yellow Vein Mosaic; Beans: anthracnose and bacterial blight; Ginger: soft rot; Colocasia:
Phytophthora blight; Coconut: wilt and bud rot;Tea: blister blight;Coffee: rust

Practical
Identification and histopathological studies of selected diseases of field and horticultural crops covered
in theory. Field visit for the diagnosis of field problems. Collection and preservation of plant diseased
specimens for Herbarium; Note: Students should submit 50 pressed and well-mounted specimens.

3 Diseases of Field & Horticultural Crops & their Management-II Credit hours: 3(2+1)
Theory
Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of following diseases:
Field Crops: Wheat: rusts, loose smut, karnal bunt, powdery mildew, alternaria blight, and ear cockle;
Sugarcane: red rot, smut, wilt, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting and Pokkah Boeng;
Sunflower: Sclerotinia stem rot and Alternaria blight; Mustard: Alternaria blight, white rust, downy
mildew and Sclerotinia stem rot;Gram: wilt, grey mould and Ascochyta blight; Lentil: rust and wilt;Cotton:
anthracnose, vascular wilt, and black arm;Pea: downy mildew, powdery mildew and rustHorticultural
Crops: Mango: anthracnose, malformation, bacterial blight and powdery mildew;Citrus: canker and
gummosis;Grape vine: downy mildew, Powdery mildew and anthracnose;Apple: scab, powdery mildew,
fire blight and crown gall;Peach: leaf curl
Strawberry: leaf spot Potato: early and late blight, black scurf, leaf roll, and mosaic;
Cucurbits: downy mildew, powdery mildew, wilt;Onion and garlic: purple blotch, and Stemphylium
blight;Chillies: anthracnose and fruit rot, wilt and leaf curl;Turmeric: leaf spot Coriander: stem
gallMarigold: Botrytis blight; Rose: dieback, powdery mildew and black leaf spot.

Practical
Identification and histopathological studies of selected diseases of field and horticultural crops covered
in theory. Field visit for the diagnosis of field problems. Collection and preservation of plant diseased
specimens for herbarium.
Note: Students should submit 50 pressed and well-mountedspecimens.

46
4. Integrated Pest and Disease Management Credit hours: 3(2+1)
Theory
Categories of insect pests and diseases, IPM: Introduction, history, importance, concepts, principles and
tools of IPM. Economic importance of insect pests, diseases and pest risk analysis. Methods of detection
and diagnosis of insect pest and diseases. Calculation and dynamics of economic injury level and
importance of Economic threshold level. Methods of control: Host plant resistance, cultural, mechanical,
physical, legislative, biological and chemical control. Ecological management of crop environment.
Introduction to conventional pesticides for the insect pests and disease management. Surveysurveillance
and forecasting of Insect pest and diseases. Development and validation of IPM module. Implementation
and impact of IPM (IPM module for Insect pest and disease. Safety issues in pesticide uses. Political,
social and legal implication of IPM. Case histories of important IPM programmes.

Practical
Methods of diagnosis and detection of various insect pests, and plant diseases, Methods of insect pests
and plant disease measurement, Assessment of crop yield losses, calculations based on economics of
IPM,Identification of biocontrol agents, different predators and natural enemies. Mass multiplication of
Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Trichogramma, NPV etc. Identification and nature of damage of important
insect pests and diseases and their management. Crop (agro-ecosystem) dynamics of a selected insect pest
and diseases. Plan & assess preventive strategies (IPM module) and decision making. crop monitoring
attacked by insect, pest and diseases . Awareness campaign at farmers fields.

Elective Courses:-
Course title: Biopesticides & Biofertilizers Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
History and concept of biopesticides. Importance, scope and potential of biopesticide. Definitions,
concepts and classification of biopesticides viz. pathogen, botanical pesticides, and biorationales.
Botanicals and their uses. Mass production technology of bio-pesticides. Virulence, pathogenicity and
symptoms of entomopathogenic pathogens and nematodes. Methods of application of biopesticides.
Methods of quality control and Techniques of biopesticides. Impediments and limitation in production
and use of biopesticide.
Biofertilizers - Introduction, status and scope. Structure and characteristic features of bacterial
biofertilizers- Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Frankia; Cynobacterial
biofertilizers- Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon and fungal biofertilizers- AM mycorrhiza and
ectomycorhiza. Nitrogen fixation -Free living and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mechanism of phosphate
solubilization and phosphate mobilization, K solubilization. Production technology: Strain selection,
sterilization, growth and fermentation, mass production of carrier based and liquid biofertiizers. FCO
specifications and quality control of biofertilizers. Application technology for seeds, seedlings, tubers,
sets etc. Biofertilizers -Storage, shelf life, quality control and marketing. Factors influencing the efficacy
of biofertilizers.

47
Practical
To study about mass production technology of important biopesticides. Identification of important
botanicals. Visit to biopesticide lab. working in nearby area. Field visit to explore naturally infected
cadavers. Identification of entomopathogenic entities in field condition. Quality control of biopesticides.
Isolation and purification of Azospirillum , Azotobacter, Rhizobium, P-solubilizers and cyanobacteria.
Mass multiplication and inoculums production of biofertilizers. Isolation of AM fungi -Wet sieving
method and sucrose gradient method. Mass production of AM inoculants.
VIII.

VIII. Horticulture
Course Title Credit Hours Sem.
Fundamentals of Horticulture 2(1+1) 1st
Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops 2(1+1) 4th
Production Technology for Vegetables and Spices 2(1+1) 3rd
Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAP and 2(1+1) 4th
Landscaping
Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and 2(1+1) 6th
Vegetables
Total 10(5+5)
Elective courses
Landscapping 3(2+1)
*Protected Cultivation 3(2+1)
Micro propagation Technologies 3(1+2)
Hi-tech Horticulture 3(2+1)

*To be handled with the department of Agricultural Engineering.

48
 Syllabus
1. Fundamentals of Horticulture Credit hours: 2(1+1)
Theory
Horticulture-Its definition and branches, importance and scope; horticultural and botanical classification;
climate and soil for horticultural crops; Plant propagation-methods and propagating structures; principles
of orchard establishment; Principles and methods of training and pruning, juvenility and flower bud
differentiation; unfruitfulness; pollination, pollinizers and pollinators; fertilization and parthenocarpy;
kitchen gardening; garden types and parts; lawn making; medicinal and aromatic plants; species and
condiments; use of plant bio-regulators in horticulture. Irrigation & fertilizers application-method and
quantity.

Practical
Identification of garden tools. Identification of horticultural crops. Preparation of seed bed/nursery
bed. Practice of sexual and asexual methods of propagation. Layout and planting of orchard plants.
Training and pruning of fruit trees. Transplanting and care of vegetable seedlings. Making of herbaceous
and shrubbery borders. Preparation of potting mixture, potting and repotting. Fertilizer application in
different crops. Visits to commercial nurseries/orchard.

2. Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crop industry in India; High density planting; Use of
rootstocks; Production technologies for the cultivation of major fruits-mango, banana, citrus, grape,
guava, litchi, papaya, apple, pear, peach and; minor fruits- pineapple, pomegranate, jackfruit, strawberry,
nut crops; plantation crops-coconut, arecanut, cashew, tea, coffee & rubber.

Practical
Seed propagation. Scarification and stratification of seeds. Propagation methods for fruit and plantation
crops including Micro-propagation. Description and identification of fruit. Preparation of plant bio
regulators and their uses, Pests, diseases and physiological disorders of above fruit and plantation crops,
Visit to commercial orchard.

3. Production Technology for Vegetable and Spices Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Importance of vegetables & spices in human nutrition and national economy, brief about origin, area,
production, improved varieties and cultivation practices such as time of sowing, sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, weed management, harvesting, storage,
physiological disorders, disease and pest control and seed production of important vegetable and spices.

Practical
Identification of vegetables & spices crops and their seeds. Nursery raising. Direct seed sowing and
transplanting. Study of morphological characters of different vegetables & spices. Fertilizers applications.

49
Raising of nursery of vegetables & spices. Vegetables & spices seed extraction. Harvesting & preparation
for market. Economics of vegetables and spices cultivation.

4. Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAPs and Landscaping Credit hours: 2(1+1)
Theory
Importance and scope of ornamental crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and landscaping.Principles
of landscaping. Landscape uses of trees, shrubs and climbers. Production technology of important cut
flowers like rose, gerbera, carnation, lilium and orchids under protected conditions and gladiolus, tuberose,
chrysanthemum under open conditions. Package of practices for loose flowers like marigold and jasmine
under open conditions. Production technology of important medicinal plants like asparagus, aloe, costus,
Cinnamomum, periwinkle, isabgol and aromatic plants like mint, lemongrass, citronella,palmarosa,
ocimum, rose, geranium, vetiver.Processing and value addition in ornamental crops and MAPs produce.

Practical
Identification of Ornamental plants. Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Nursery bed
preparation and seed sowing. Training and pruning of Ornamental plants. Planning and layout of
garden. Bed preparation and planting of MAP. Protected structures – care and maintenance. Intercultural
operations in flowers and MAP. Harvesting and post harvest handling of cut and loose flowers. Processing
of MAP. Visit to commercial flower/MAP unit.

5. Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables Credit hours: 2(1+1)
Theory
Importance of fruits and vegetables, extent and possible causes of post harvest losses; Pre-harvest factors
affecting postharvest quality, maturity, ripening and changes occurring during ripening; Respiration and
factors affecting respiration rate; Role of ethylene; Post harvest disease and disorders; Heat, chilling and
freezing injury; Harvesting and field handling; Storage (ZECC, cold storage, CA, MA, and hypobaric);
Value addition concept; Principles and methods of preservation; Intermediate moisture food- Jam,
jelly, marmalade, preserve, candy – Concepts and Standards; Fermented and non-fermented beverages.
Tomato products- Concepts and Standards; Drying/ Dehydration of fruits and vegetables – Concept and
methods, osmotic drying. Canning -– Concepts and Standards, packaging of products.

Practical
Applications of different types of packaging containers for shelf life extension. Effect of temperature
on shelf life and quality of produce. Demonstration of chilling and freezing injury in vegetables and
fruits. Extraction and preservation of pulps and juices. Preparation of jam, jelly, RTS, nectar, squash,
osmotically dried products, fruit bar and candy and tomato products, canned products. Quality evaluation
of products -- physico-chemical and sensory. Visit to processing unit/ industry.

Elective courses:-
1. Landscaping Credit hours: 3(2+1)
Theory
Importance and scope of landscaping. Principles of landscaping, garden styles and types, terrace
50
gardening, vertical gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making, rockery, water garden,
walk-paths, bridges, other constructed features etc. gardens for special purposes. Trees: selection,
propagation, planting schemes, canopy management, shrubs and herbaceous perennials: selection,
propagation, planting schemes, architecture. Climber and creepers: importance, selection, propagation,
planting, Annuals: selection, propagation, planting scheme, Other garden plants: palms, ferns, grasses
and cacti succulents. Pot plants: selection, arrangement, management. Bio-aesthetic planning: definition,
need, planning; landscaping of urban and rural areas, Peri-urban landscaping, Landscaping of schools,
public places like bus station, railway station, townships, river banks, hospitals, play grounds, airports,
industries, institutions. Bonsai: principles and management, lawn: establishment and maintenance. CAD
application.

Practical
Identification of trees, shrubs, annuals, pot plants; Propagation of trees, shrubs and annuals, care and
maintenance of plants, potting and repotting, identification of tools and implements used in landscape
design, training and pruning of plants for special effects, lawn establishment and maintenance, layout of
formal gardens, informal gardens, special type of gardens (sunken garden, terrace garden, rock garden)
and designing of conservatory and lathe house. Use of computer software, visit to important gardens/
parks/ institutes.

2. Protected Cultivation Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Protected cultivation- importance and scope, Status of protected cultivation in India and World types
of protected structure based on site and climate. Cladding material involved in greenhouse/ poly house.
Greenhouse design, environment control, artificial lights, Automation. Soil preparation and management,
Substrate management. Types of benches and containers. Irrigation and fertigation management.
Propagation and production of quality planting material of horticultural crops. Greenhouse cultivation
of important horticultural crops – rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, gerbera, orchid, anthurium, lilium,
tulip, tomato, bell pepper, cucumber, strawberry, pot plants, etc. Cultivation of economically important
medicinal and aromatic plants. Off-season production of flowers and vegetables. Insect pest and disease
management.

Practical
Raising of seedlings and saplings under protected conditions, use of protrays in quality planting material
production, Bed preparation and planting of crop for production, Inter cultural operations, Soil EC and
pH measurement, Regulation of irrigation and fertilizers through drip, fogging ad misting.

3. Micro propagation Technologies Credit hours: 3(1+2)

Theory
Meaning and concept of in vitro culture and micro-propagation; Historical milestones, advancement
and future prospects of micro-propagation; totipotency, dedifferentiation; Tissue culture methodology:
Sterile techniques, synthetic and natural media components, growth regulators, environmental

51
requirement, genetic control of regeneration; Plant regeneration pathways - Organogenesis and Somatic
embryogenesis;
Micro-propagation- Definition, methods, stages of micro-propagation and its significance; Axillary
bud proliferation approach- Shoot tip and meristem culture; Organogenesis- Purpose, methods and
requirements for organogenesis, indirect and direct organogenesis; Somatic embryogenesis- Procedures
and requirements for organogenesis, indirect and direct embryogenesis; Differences between somatic and
gametic embryogenesis, Synthetic seed- Concepts, necessity, procedure and requirements for production
of synthetic seeds.

Practical
Laboratory organization, sterilization techniques for explants, glassware, plastic wares, lab wares and
working platform. Preparation of stocks and working solution. Preparation and sterilization of growth
regulators. Preparation of working medium and experimentation on determining optimum concentration
of growth regulators. Callus induction and regeneration of whole plants from different parts of plants.
Direct regeneration into whole plants using bud, node and other tissues. Induction of somatic embryos.
Experiments of synthetic seeds production and testing storability and germination efficiency.

4. Hi-tech. Horticulture Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Introduction & importance; Nursery management and mechanization; micro propagation of horticultural
crops; Modern field preparation and planting methods, Protected cultivation: advantages, controlled
conditions, method and techniques, Micro irrigation systems and its components; EC, pH based fertilizer
scheduling, canopy management, high density orcharding, Components of precision farming: Remote
sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), Differential Geo-positioning System (DGPS), Variable
Rate applicator (VRA), application of precision farming in horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables and
ornamental crops); mechanized harvesting of produce.

Practical
Types of playhouses and shade net houses, Intercultural operations, tools and equipments identification
and application, Micro propagation, Nursery-portrays, micro-irrigation, EC, pH based fertilizer
scheduling, canopy management, visit to hi-tech orchard/nursery.

IX. Food/Home Science

Course Title Credit Hours Sem.
Principles of Food Science & Nutrition 2(2+0) 6th
Elective Courses
Food Safety Issues 3(2+1)

52
 Syllabus

Principles of Food Science and Nutrition Credit hours: 2(2+0)

Theory
Concepts of Food Science (definitions, measurements, density, phase change, pH, osmosis, surface
tension, colloidal systems etc.); Food composition and chemistry (water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals, flavours, colours, miscellaneous bioactives, important reactions); Food microbiology
(bacteria, yeast, moulds, spoilage of fresh & processed foods, Production of fermented foods); Principles
and methods of food processing and preservation (use of heat, low temperature, chemicals, radiation,
drying etc.); Food and nutrition, Malnutrition (over and under nutrition), nutritional disorders; Energy
metabolism (carbohydrate, fat, proteins); Balanced/ modified diets, Menu planning, New trends in food
science and nutrition.

Elective Courses:-
1. Food Safety Issues Credit hours: 3(2+1)
Theory
Food Safety – Definition, Importance, Scope and Factors affecting Food Safety. Hazards and Risks,
Types of hazards - Biological, Chemical, Physical hazards. Management of hazards - Need. Control
of parameters. Temperature control. Food storage. Product design. Hygiene and Sanitation in Food
Service Establishments- Introduction. Sources of contamination and their control. Waste Disposal.
Pest and Rodent Control. Personnel Hygiene. Food Safety Measures. Food Safety Management Tools-
Basic concepts. PRPs, GHPs, GMPs, SSOPs etc. HACCP. ISO series. TQM - concept and need for
quality, components of TQM, Kaizen. Risk Analysis. Accreditation and Auditing, Water Analysis,
Surface Sanitation and Personal Hygiene. Food laws and Standards- Indian Food Regulatory Regime,
FSSA. Global Scenario CAC. Other laws and standards related to food. Recent concerns- New and
Emerging Pathogens. Packaging, Product labeling and Nutritional labeling. Genetically modified foods\
transgenics. Organic foods. Newer approaches to food safety. Recent Outbreaks.
Practical
Water quality analysis physico-chemical and microbiological. Preparation of different types of media.
Microbiological Examination of different food samples. Assessment of surface sanitation by swab/rinse
method. Assessment of personal hygiene. Biochemical tests for identification of bacteria. Scheme for the
detection of food borne pathogens. Preparation of plans for Implementation of FSMS - HACCP, ISO:
22000.

53
X. Agricultural Extension and Communication
Course Title Credit Hours Sem.
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education 3(2+1) 2nd
Rural Sociology & Educational Psychology 2(2+0) 1st
Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication 2(1+1) 5th
Communication Skills and Personality Development 2(1+1) 2nd
Total 09(6+3)
Elective courses
Agri-business Management 3(2+1)
Non-Gradial Courses
Human Values & Ethics 1(1+0) 1st
Common Course
Communication Skills and Personality Development
*Information and Communication Technology
Entrepreneurship Development and Business Management
*To be handled in a association with departments of Statistics and computer Application.

54
 Syllabus
1. Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education Credit hours: 3(2+1)
Theory
Education: Meaning, definition & Types; Extension Education- meaning, definition, scope and process;
objectives and principles of Extension Education; Extension Programme planning- Meaning, Process,
Principles and Steps in Programme Development. Extension systems in India: extension efforts in pre-
independence era (Sriniketan, Marthandam, Firka Development Scheme, Gurgaon Experiment, etc.) and
post-independence era (Etawah Pilot Project, Nilokheri Experiment, etc.); various extension/ agriculture
development programmes launched by ICAR/ Govt. of India (IADP, IAAP, HYVP, KVK, IVLP, ORP,
ND,NATP, NAIP, etc.). New trends in agriculture extension: privatization extension, cyber extension/
e-extension, market-led extension, farmer-led extension, expert systems, etc.
Rural Development: concept, meaning, definition; various rural development programmes launched by
Govt. of India. Community Dev.-meaning, definition, concept & principles, Physiology of C.D. Rural
Leadership: concept and definition, types of leaders in rural context; extension administration: meaning
and concept, principles and functions. Monitoring and evaluation: concept and definition, monitoring
and evaluation of extension programmes; transfer of technology: concept and models, capacity building
of extension personnel; extension teaching methods: meaning, classification, individual, group and mass
contact methods, media mix strategies; communication: meaning and definition; models and barriers to
communication. Agriculture journalism; diffusion and adoption of innovation: concept and meaning,
process and stages of adoption, adopter categories.

Practical
To get acquainted with university extension system. Group discussion- exercise; handling and use
of audio visual equipments and digital camera and LCD projector; preparation and use of AV aids,
preparation of extension literature – leaflet, booklet, folder, pamphlet news stories and success stories;
Presentation skills exercise; micro teaching exercise; A visit to village to understand the problems
being encountered by the villagers/ farmers; to study organization and functioning of DRDA and other
development departments at district level; visit to NGO and learning from their experience in rural
development; understanding PRA techniques and their application in village development planning;
exposure to mass media: visit to community radio and television studio for understanding the process of
programme production; script writing, writing for print and electronic media, developing script for radio
and television.

2. Rural Sociology & Educational Psychology Credit hours: 2(2+0)

Theory
Sociology and Rural sociology: Definition and scope, its significance in agriculture extension, Rural
society, Social Groups, Social Stratification, Culture concept, Social Institution, Social Change &
Development. Educational psychology: Meaning & its importance in agriculture extension. Behavior:
Cognitive, affective, psychomotor domain, Personality, Learning, Motivation, Theories of Motivation,
Intelligence.

55
3. Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics of entrepreneurs; Assessment
of entrepreneurship skills, SWOT Analysis & achievement motivation, Entrepreneurial behavior,
Government policy and programs and institutions for entrepreneurship development, Entrepreneurial
Development Process; Business Leadership Skills; Communication skills for entrepreneurship
development, Developing organizational skill , Developing Managerial skills, Problem solving skill,
Achievement motivation; time management; Supply chain management and Total quality management,
Project Planning Formulation and report preparation; Opportunities for entrepreneurship and rural
entrepreneurship.

Practical
Assessing entrepreneurial potential, problem solving ability, managerial skills and achievement
motivation, exercise in creativity, time audit, preparation of business plan and proposal writing, visit to
entrepreneurship development institute and entrepreneurs.

4. Communication Skills and Personality Development Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Communication Skills: Structural and functional grammar; meaning and process of communication,
verbal and nonverbal communication; listening and note taking, writing skills, oral presentation skills;
field diary and lab record; indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures. Reading and comprehension
of general and technical articles, precise writing, summarizing, abstracting; individual and group
presentations, impromptu presentation, public speaking; Group discussion. Organizing seminars and
conferences.

Practical
Listening and note taking, writing skills, oral presentation skills; field diary and lab record; indexing,
footnote and bibliographic procedures. Reading and comprehension of general and technical articles,
precise writing, summarizing, abstracting; individual and group presentations.

Elective courses:-
1. Agri-businessManagement Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Transformation of agriculture into agribusiness, various stakeholders and components of agribusiness
systems. Importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy and New Agricultural Policy. Distinctive
features of Agribusiness Management: Importance and needs of agro-based industries, Classification
of industries and types of agro based industries. Institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro
based industries. Constraints in establishing agro-based industries. Agri-value chain: Understanding
primary and support activities and their linkages. Business environment: PEST & SWOT analysis.
Management functions: Roles & activities, Organization culture. Planning, meaning, definition, types
of plans. Purpose or mission, goals or objectives, Strategies, polices procedures, rules, programs and

56
budget. Components of a business plan, Steps in planning and implementation. Organization staffing,
directing and motivation. Ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control. Capital Management
and Financial management of Agribusiness. Financial statements and their importance. Marketing
Management: Segmentation, targeting & positioning. Marketing mix and marketing strategies. Consumer
behavior analysis, Product Life Cycle (PLC). Sales & Distribution Management. Pricing policy, various
pricing methods. Project Management definition, project cycle, identification, formulation, appraisal,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Project Appraisal and evaluation techniques.

Practical
Study of agri-input markets: Seed, fertilizers, pesticides. Study of output markets: grains, fruits,
vegetables, flowers. Study of product markets, retails trade commodity trading, and value added
products. Study of financing institutions- Cooperative, Commercial banks, RRBs, Agribusiness Finance
Limited, NABARD. Preparations of projects and Feasibility reports for agribusiness entrepreneur.
Appraisal/evaluation techniques of identifying viable project- Non-discounting techniques. Case study
of agro-based industries. Trend and growth rate of prices of agricultural commodities. Net present worth
technique for selection of viable project. Internal rate of return.

Non-Gradial Courses:-
1. Human Value and Ethics Credit hours: 1(1+0)

Theory
Values and Ethics-An Introduction. Goal and Mission of Life. Vision of Life. Principles and Philosophy.
Self Exploration. Self Awareness. Self Satisfaction. Decision Making. Motivation. Sensitivity. Success.
Selfless Service. Case Study of Ethical Lives. Positive Spirit. Body, Mind and Soul. Attachment and
Detachment. Spirituality Quotient. Examination.

Common Courses:-
1 Communication Skills and Personality Development
Theory
Communication Skills: Structural and functional grammar; meaning and process of communication,
verbal and nonverbal communication; listening and note taking, writing skills, oral presentation skills;
field diary and lab record; indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures. Reading and comprehension
of general and technical articles, precise writing, summarizing, abstracting; individual and group
presentations, impromptu presentation, public speaking; Group discussion. Organizing seminars and
conferences.

Practical
Listening and note taking, writing skills, oral presentation skills; field diary and lab record; indexing,
footnote and bibliographic procedures. Reading and comprehension of general and technical articles,
precise writing, summarizing, abstracting; individual and group presentations.

57
2 Information and Communication Technology
Theory
IT and its importance. IT tools, IT-enabled services and their impact on society; computer fundamentals;
hardware and software; input and output devices; word and character representation; features of machine
language, assembly language, high-level language and their advantages and disadvantages; principles
of programming- algorithms and flowcharts; Operating systems (OS) - definition, basic concepts,
introduction to WINDOWS and LINUX Operating Systems; Local area network (LAN), Wide area
network(WAN), Internet and World Wide Web, HTML and IP; Introduction to MS Office - Word, Excel,
Power Point. Audio visual aids - definition, advantages, classification and choice of A.V aids; cone of
experience and criteria for selection and evaluation of A.V aids; video conferencing. Communication
process, Berlo’ s model, feedback and barriers to communication

Practicals
Exercises on binary number system, algorithm and flow chart; MS Word; MS Excel; MS Power Point;
Internet applications: Web Browsing, Creation and operation of Email account; Analysis of fisheries data
using MS Excel. Handling of audio visual equipments. Planning, preparation, presentation of posters,
charts, overhead transparencies and slides. Organization of an audio visual programme.

3 Entrepreneurship Development and Business Management

Theory
Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Assessment of entrepreneurship skills,
SWOT Analysis & achievement motivation, Entrepreneurial behavior, Government policy and plan for
entrepreneurship development, Developing Leadership Skills, Encoding and decoding communication
skills; Communication skills for entrepreneurship development, Developing Speaking Skills, Developing
Listening Skills, Developing organizational skill , Developing Managerial skills, Problem solving skill,
Supply chain management and Total quality management, Project Planning Formulation and report
preparation,
.

XI. Statistics, Computer Application

Course Title Credit Hours Semester
Statistical Methods 2(1+1) 3rd
Agriculture Informatics 2(1+1) 3rd
04 (2+2)
Remedial Courses
Elementary Mathematics 2(2+0) 1st
Common Courses
Agriculture Informatics
*Information and Communication Technology
NB- The course on Intellectual Property Rights has been transferred from department of Statistics
and Computer Application to the department of GPB
*To be handled in a association with departments of Agricultural Extension Education

58
 Syllabus

1. Statistical Methods Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Introduction to Statistics and its Applications in Agriculture, Graphical Representation of Data, Measures
of Central Tendency & Dispersion, Definition of Probability, Addition and Multiplication Theorem
(without proof). Simple Problems Based on Probability. Binomial & Poisson Distributions, Definition of
Correlation, Scatter Diagram. Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation. Linear Regression Equations.
Introduction to Test of Significance, One sample & two sample test t for Means, Chi-Square Test of
Independence of Attributes in 2 ´2 Contingency Table. Introduction to Analysis of Variance, Analysis of
One Way Classification. Introduction to Sampling Methods, Sampling versus Complete Enumeration,
Simple Random Sampling with and without replacement, Use of Random Number Tables for selection
of Simple Random Sample.

Practical
Graphical Representation of Data. Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped data) with Calculation
of Quartiles, Deciles & Percentiles. Measures of Central Tendency (Grouped data) with Calculation of
Quartiles, Deciles & Percentiles. Measures of Dispersion (Ungrouped Data). Measures of Dispersion
(Grouped Data). Moments, Measures of Skewness & Kurtosis (Ungrouped Data). Moments, Measures
of Skewness & Kurtosis (Grouped Data). Correlation & Regression Analysis. Application of One Sample
t-test. Application of Two Sample Fisher’s t-test. Chi-Square test of Goodness of Fit. Chi-Square test of
Independence of Attributes for 2 ´2 contingency table. Analysis of Variance One Way Classification.
Analysis of Variance Two Way Classification. Selection of random sample using Simple Random
Sampling.

2. Agricultural Informatics Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Introduction to Computers, Anatomy of Computers, Memory Concepts, Units of Memory, Operating
System, definition and types, Applications of MS-Office for creating, Editing and Formatting a document,
Data presentation, tabulation and graph creation, statistical analysis, mathematical expressions, Database,
concepts and types, creating database, uses of DBMS in Agriculture, Internet and World Wide Web
(WWW), Concepts and components.
Computer Programming, General Concepts, Introduction to Visual Basic, Java, Fortran, C/ C++, etc,
concepts and standard input/output operations.
e-Agriculture, concepts, design and development. Application of innovative ways to use information and
communication technologies (IT) in Agriculture. Computer Models in Agriculture: statistical, weather
analysis and crop simulation models, concepts, structure, inputs-outputs files, limitation, advantages
and application of models for understanding plant processes, sensitivity, verification, calibration and
validation. IT application for computation of water and nutrient requirement of crops, Computer-controlled
devices (automated systems) for Agri-input management, Smartphone mobile apps in Agriculture for
farm advises, market price, postharvest management etc; Geospatial technology, concepts, techniques,

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components and uses for generating valuable agri-information. Decision support systems, concepts,
components and applications in Agriculture, Agriculture Expert System, Soil Information Systems etc
for supporting Farm decisions. Preparation of contingent crop-planning and crop calendars using IT
tools.

Practical
Study of Computer Components, accessories, practice of important DOS Commands. Introduction of
different operating systems such as windows, Unix/ Linux, Creating, Files & Folders, File Management.
Use of MS-WORD and MS Power-point for creating, editing and presenting a scientific Document.
MS-EXCEL - Creating a spreadsheet, use of statistical tools, writing expressions, creating graphs,
analysis of scientific data, handling macros. MS-ACCESS: Creating Database, preparing queries and
reports, demonstration of Agri-information system. Introduction to World Wide Web (WWW) and its
components. Introduction of programming languages such as Visual Basic, Java, Fortran, C, C++. Hands
on practice on Crop Simulation Models (CSM), DSSAT/Crop-Info/CropSyst/ Wofost. Preparation of
Inputs file for CSM and study of model outputs, computation of water and nutrient requirements of crop
using CSM and IT tools. Use of smart phones and other devices in agro-advisory and dissemination of
market information. Introduction of Geospatial Technology, for generating information important for
Agriculture. Hands on practice on preparation of Decision Support System. Preparation of contingent
crop planning.

Remedial Courses:-
Elementary Mathematics Credit hours: 2(2+0)
Theory
Straight lines : Distance formula, section formula (internal and external division), Change of axes (only
origin changed), Equation of co-ordinate axes, Equation of lines parallel to axes, Slope-intercept form
of equation of line, Slope-point form of equation of line, Two point form of equation of line, Intercept
form of equation of line, Normal form of equation of line, General form of equation of line, Point of
intersection of two st. lines, Angles between two st. lines, Parallel lines, Perpendicular lines, Angle of
bisectors between two lines, Area of triangle and quadrilateral.Circle: Equation of circle whose centre
and radius is known, General equation of a circle, Equation of circle passing through three given points,
Equation of circle whose diameters is line joining two points (x1, y1) & (x2,y2), Tangent and Normal
to a given circle at given point (Simple problems), Condition of tangency of a line y = mx + c to the
given circle x2 + y2 = a2.Differential Calculus : Definition of function, limit and continuity, Simple
problems on limit, Simple problems on continuity, Differentiation of xn , ex , sin x & cos x from first
principle, Derivatives of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, Differentiation of
functions of functions (Simple problem based on it), Logarithmic differentiation (Simple problem based
on it), Differentiation by substitution method and simple problems based on it, Differentiation of Inverse
Trigonometric functions. Maxima and Minima of the functions of the form y=f (x) (Simple problems
based on it).
Integral Calculus : Integration of simple functions, Integration of Product of two functions, Integration
by substitution method, Definite Integral (simple problems based on it), Area under simple well-known
curves (simple problems based on it).
Matrices and Determinants: Definition of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Transpose
and Inverse up to 3rd order, Properties of determinants up to 3rd order and their evaluation.

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Common Courses:-
1 Agricultural Informatics
Theory
Introduction to Computers, Anatomy of Computers, Memory Concepts, Units of Memory, Operating
System, definition and types, Applications of MS-Office for creating, Editing and Formatting a document,
Data presentation, tabulation and graph creation, statistical analysis, mathematical expressions, Database,
concepts and types, creating database, uses of DBMS in Agriculture, Internet and World Wide Web
(WWW), Concepts, components and creation of web, HTML, XML coding.
Computer Programming, General Concepts, Documentation and Program Maintenance, Debugging
programs, Errors. Introduction to Visual Basic, Java, Fortran, C/ C++, etc, concepts and standard input/
output operations, Variables and Constants, Operators and Expressions, Flow of control, Inbuilt and
User defined functions, programming techniques for agriculture.
e-Agriculture, concepts, design and development. Application of innovative ways to use information and
communication technologies (IT) in Agriculture. ICT for Data Collection, formation of development
prorammes, monitoring and evaluation of Programmes. Computer Models in Agriculture: statistical,
weather analysis and crop simulation models, concepts, structure, inputs-outputs files, limitation,
advantages and application of models for understanding plant processes, sensitivity, verification,
calibration and validation. IT application for computation of water and nutrient requirement of crops,
Computer-controlled devices (automated systems) for Agri-input management, Smartphone mobile
apps in Agriculture for farm advises, market price, postharvest management etc; Geospatial technology,
concepts, techniques, components and uses for generating valuable agri-information. Decision support
systems, taxonomy, components, framework, classification and applications in Agriculture, DSS,
Agriculture Information/Expert System, Soil Information Systems etc for supporting Farm decisions.
Preparation of contingent crop-planning and crop calendars using IT tools.

Practical
Study of Computer Components, accessories, practice of important DOS Commands. Introduction of
different operating systems such as windows, Unix, Linux, Creating, Files & Folders, File Management.
Use of MS-WORD and MS Power point for creating, editing and presenting a scientific Document,
Handling of Tabular data, animation, video tools, art tool, graphics, template & designs. MS-EXCEL -
Creating a spreadsheet, use of statistical tools, writing expressions, creating graphs, analysis of scientific
data, handling macros. MS-ACCESS: Creating Database, preparing queries and reports, demonstration
of Agri-information system.
Introduction to World Wide Web (WWW) and its components, creation of scientific website, presentation
and management agricultural information through web. Introduction of various programming languages
such as Visual Basic, Java, Fortran, C, C++, and their components Hands on practice on writing small
programmes. Hands on practice on Crop Simulation Models (CSM), DSSAT/Crop-Info/CropSyst/
Wofost. Preparation of Inputs file for CSM and study of model outputs, computation of water and nutrient
requirements of crop using CSM and IT tools. Use of smart phones and other devices in agro-advisory
and dissemination of market information. Introduction of Geospatial Technology, demonstration of
generating information important for Agriculture. Hands on practice on preparation of Decision Support
System.

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2. Information and Communication Technology
Theory
IT and its importance. IT tools, IT-enabled services and their impact on society; computer fundamentals;
hardware and software; input and output devices; word and character representation; features of machine
language, assembly language, high-level language and their advantages and disadvantages; principles
of programming- algorithms and flowcharts; Operating systems (OS) - definition, basic concepts,
introduction to WINDOWS and LINUX Operating Systems; Local area network (LAN), Wide area
network(WAN), Internet and World Wide Web, HTML and IP; Introduction to MS Office - Word, Excel,
Power Point. Audio visual aids - definition, advantages, classification and choice of A.V aids; cone of
experience and criteria for selection and evaluation of A.V aids; video conferencing. Communication
process, Berlo’ s model, feedback and barriers to communication

Practicals
Exercises on binary number system, algorithm and flow chart; MS Word; MS Excel; MS Power Point;
Internet applications: Web Browsing, Creation and operation of Email account; Analysis of fisheries data
using MS Excel. Handling of audio visual equipments. Planning, preparation, presentation of posters,
charts, overhead transparencies and slides. Organization of an audio visual programme.

XII. Agro-meteorology and Environmental Science

Course Title Credit Hours Semester

Introductory Agro-meteorology & Climate Change 2(1+1) 4th

02 (1+1)

Common Courses

Environmental Studies and Disaster Management 3(2+1) 3rd

1. Introductory Agro-meteorology & Climate Change Cr. Hr. 2(1+1)

Theory
Earth atmosphere- its composition, extent and structure; Atmospheric weather variables; Atmospheric
pressure, its variation with height; Wind, types of wind, daily and seasonal variation of wind speed,
cyclone, anticyclone, land breeze and sea breeze; Nature and properties of solar radiation, solar constant,
depletion of solar radiation, short wave, longwave and thermal radiation, net radiation, albedo; Atmospheric
temperature, temperature inversion, lapse rate, daily and seasonal variations of temperature, vertical
profile of temperature, Energy balance of earth; Atmospheric humidity, concept of saturation, vapor
pressure, process of condensation, formation of dew, fog, mist, frost, cloud; Precipitation, process of
precipitation, types of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, and hail, cloud formation and classification;
Artificial rainmaking. Monsoon- mechanism and importance in Indian agriculture, Weather hazards -
drought, floods, frost, tropical cyclones and extreme weather conditions such as heat-wave and cold-
wave. Agriculture and weather relations; Modifications of crop microclimate, climatic normals for crop

62
and livestock production. Weather forecasting- types of weather forecast and their uses. Climate change,
climatic variability, global warming, causes of climate change and its impact on regional and national
Agriculture.

Practical:
Visit of Agrometeorological Observatory, site selection of observatory, exposure of instruments and
weather data recording. Measurement of total, shortwave and longwave radiation, and its estimation
using Planck’s intensity law. Measurement of albedo and sunshine duration, computation of Radiation
Intensity using BSS. Measurement of maximum and minimum air temperatures, its tabulation, trend and
variation analysis. Measurement of soil temperature and computation of soil heat flux. Determination
of vapor pressure and relative humidity. Determination of dew point temperature. Measurement of
atmospheric pressure and analysis of atmospheric conditions. Measurement of wind speed and wind
direction, preparation of windrose. Measurement, tabulation and analysis of rain. Measurement of open
pan evaporation and evapotranspiration. Computation of PET and AET

Common Courses
1. Environmental Studies and Disaster Management
(as per UGC guidelines-core module for under graduate courses of all branches of higher
education)
Theory
Unit 1 : Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies Definition, scope and importance
Unit 2: Natural Resources: Renewable and non-renewable resources Natural resources
and associated problems.
a) Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies. Timber extraction,
mining, dams and their effects on forest and tribal people.
b) Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts
over water, dams-benefitsh and problems.
c) Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral
resources, case studies.
d) Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects
of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies.
e) Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of
alternate energy sources. Case studies.
f) Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and
desertification. • Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources. • Equitable use of
resources for sustainable lifestyles.

Unit 3: Ecosystems • Concept of an ecosystem. • Structure and function of an ecosystem. •

Producers, consumers and decomposers. • Energy flow in the ecosystem.
• Ecological succession. • Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. • Introduction,
types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystem :-

63
 a. Forest ecosystem
b. Grassland ecosystem
c. Desert ecosystem
d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

Unit 4: Biodiversity and its conservation:- Introduction, definition, genetic, species &
ecosystem diversity and biogeographical classification of India.
Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option
values. Biodiversity at global, National and local levels, India as a mega-diversity nation.
Hot-sports of biodiversity.
Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts. Endangered
and endemic species of India.
Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

Unit 5 : Environmental Pollution: definition, cause, effects and control measures of :-

a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Soil pollution
d. Marine pollution
e. Noise pollution
f. Thermal pollution
g. Nuclear hazards.
Solid Waste Management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes.
Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.
Pollution case studies.

Unit 6: Social Issues and the Environment:

From Unsustainable to Sustainable development
Urban problems related to energy
Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management
Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions, climate change, global warming, acid rain,
ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust. dyes.
Wasteland reclamation.
Consumerism and waste products.
Environment Protection Act.
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act

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 Wildlife Protection Act
Forest Conservation Act
Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.
Public awareness.

Unit 7: Human Population and the Environment: population growth, variation among
nations, population explosion, Family Welfare Programme.
Environment and human health: Human Rights, Value Education, HIV/AIDS.
Women and Child Welfare.
Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health.
Case Studies.

Unit 8: Field work: Visit to a local area to document environmental assets river/forest/
grassland/hill/mountain, visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural,
study of common plants, insects, birds and study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, hill
slopes, etc.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Theory:
UNIT-1 :-Natural Disasters- Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and effects.
Floods, drought, cyclone, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, Heat
and cold waves, Climatic change: global warming, Sea level rise, ozone depletion.
UNIT-2 :-Man Made Disasters- Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters,
building fire, coal fire, forest fire, oil fire, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation,
industrial waste water pollution, road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea
accidents.
UNIT-3:-Disaster Management- Effect to migrate natural disaster at national and global levels.
International strategy for disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national
disaster management framework; financial arrangements; role of NGOs, community –
based organizations and media. Central, state, district and local administration; Armed
forces in disaster response; Disaster response; Police and other organizations.

XIII. Animal Production (LPM)

Course Title Credit Hours Sem. Deptt.

Livestock and poultry Management 4(3+1) 3 rd
LPM

65
 Syllabus

1. Livestock & Poultry Management Credit hours: 4(3+1)

Theory
Role of livestock in the national economy. Reproduction in farm animals and poultry. Housing principles,
space requirements for different species of livestock and poultry. Management of calves, growing
heifers and milch animals. Management of sheep, goat and swine. Incubation, hatching and brooding.
Management of growers and layers.
Important Indian and exotic breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine and poultry. Improvement of
farm animals and poultry.
Digestion in livestock and poultry. Classification of feedstuffs. Proximate principles of feed. Nutrients
and their functions. Feed ingredients for ration for livestock and poultry. Feed supplements and feed
additives. Feeding of livestock and poultry.
Introduction of livestock and poultry diseases. Prevention (including vaccination schedule) and control
of important diseases of livestock and poultry.

Practical
External body parts of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine and poultry. Handling and restraining of
livestock. Identification methods of farm animals and poultry. Visit to IDF and IPF to study breeds of
livestock and poultry and daily routine farm operations and farm records. Judging of cattle, buffalo and
poultry. Culling of livestock and poultry. Planning and layout of housing for different types of livestock.
Computation of rations for livestock. Formulation of concentrate mixtures. Clean milk production,
milking methods. Hatchery operations, incubation and hatching equipments. Management of chicks,
growers and layers. Debeaking, dusting and vaccination. Economics of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat,
swine and poultry production.

XIV. Forestry
Course Title Credit Hours Sem. Deptt.

Introduction to Forestry 2(1+1) 1st Silviculture

N.B. To be handled jointly by Department of Agronomy and Department of Silviculture (Forestry)

66
 Syllabus

1. Introduction to Forestry Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
Introduction – definitions of basic terms related to forestry, objectives of silviculture, forest classification,
salient features of Indian Forest Policies. Forest regeneration, Natural regeneration - natural regeneration
from seed and vegetative parts, coppicing, pollarding, root suckers; Artificial regeneration – objectives,
choice between natural and artificial regeneration, essential preliminary considerations. Crown
classification. Tending operations – weeding, cleaning, thinning – mechanical, ordinary, crown and
advance thinning. Forest mensuration – objectives, diameter measurement, instruments used in diameter
measurement; Non instrumental methods of height measurement - shadow and single pole method;
Instrumental methods of height measurement - geometric and trigonometric principles, instruments used
in height measurement; tree stem form, form factor, form quotient, measurement of volume of felled and
standing trees, age determination of trees. Agroforestry – definitions, importance, criteria of selection of
trees in agroforestry, different agroforestry systems prevalent in the country, shifting cultivation, taungya,
alley cropping, wind breaks and shelter belts, home gardens. Cultivation practices of two important fast
growing tree species of the region.

Practical
Identification of tree-species. Diameter measurements using calipers and tape, diameter measurements
of forked, buttressed, fluted and leaning trees. Height measurement of standing trees by shadow method,
single pole method and hypsometer. Volume measurement of logs using various formulae. Nursery lay
out, seed sowing, vegetative propagation techniques. Forest plantations and their management. Visits of
nearby forest based industries.

XV. Biotechnology

Course Title Credit Hours Sem. Deptt.

Fundamental of Plant Biochemistry and
3(2+1) 1st Biotech
Biotechnology
N.B. To be handled in collaboration with Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry

67
 Syllabus

1. Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Credit hours: 3(2+1)

Theory
Importance of Biochemistry. Properties of Water, pH and Buffer. Carbohydrate: Importance and
classification. Structures of Monosaccharides, Reducing and oxidizing properties of Monosaccharides,
Mutarotation; Structure of Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Lipid: Importance and classification;
Structures and properties of fatty acids; storage lipids and membrane lipids. Proteins: Importance
of proteins and classification; Structures, titration and zwitterions nature of amino acids; Structural
organization of proteins. Enzymes: General properties; Classification; Mechanism of action; Michaelis
& Menten and Line Weaver Burk equation & plots; Introduction to allosteric enzymes. Nucleic acids:
Importance and classification; Structure of Nucleotides, A, B & Z DNA; RNA: Types and Secondary
& Tertiary structure. Metabolism of carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Glyoxylate cycle, Electron
transport chain. Metabolism of lipids: Beta oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids.
Concepts and applications of plant biotechnology: Scope, organ culture, embryo culture, cell suspension
culture, callus culture, anther culture, pollen culture and ovule culture and their applications; Micro-
propagation methods; organogenesis and embryogenesis, Synthetic seeds and their significance; Embryo
rescue and its significance; somatic hybridization and cybrids; Somaclonal variation and its use in
crop improvement; cryo-preservation; Introduction to recombinant DNA methods: physical (Gene gun
method), chemical (PEG mediated) and Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer methods; Transgenics
and its importance in crop improvement; PCR techniques and its applications; RFLP, RAPD, SSR;
Marker Assisted Breeding in crop improvement; Biotechnology regulations.

Practical
Preparation of solution, pH & buffers, Qualitative tests of carbohydrates and amino acids. Quantitative
estimation of glucose/ proteins. Titration methods for estimation of amino acids/lipids, Effect of pH,
temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme action, Paper chromatography/ TLC demonstration
for separation of amino acids/ Monosaccharides. Sterilization techniques. Composition of various tissue
culture media and preparation of stock solutions for MS nutrient medium. Callus induction from various
explants. Micro-propagation, hardening and acclimatization. Demonstration on isolation of DNA.
Demonstration of gel electrophoresis techniques and DNA finger printing.

XVI. Crop Physiology

Course Title Credit Hours Semester

Fundamentals of Crop Physiology 2(1+1) 2nd

Total 2(1+1)

68
 Syllabus

1. Fundamentals of Crop Physiology Credit hour: 2(1+1)

Theory
Introduction to crop physiology and its importance in Agriculture; Plant cell: an Overview; Diffusion
and osmosis; Absorption of water, transpiration and Stomatal Physiology; Mineral nutrition of Plants:
Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients, nutrient uptake mechanisms; Photosynthesis: Light
and Dark reactions, C3, C4 and CAM plants; Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport
chain; Fat Metabolism: Fatty acid synthesis and Breakdown; Plant growth regulators: Physiological
roles and agricultural uses, Physiological aspects of growth and development of major crops: Growth
analysis, Role of Physiological growth parameters in crop productivity.

Practical
Study of plant cells, structure and distribution of stomata, imbibitions, osmosis, plasmolysis,
measurement of root pressure, rate of transpiration, Separation of photosynthetic pigments through paper
chromatography, Rate of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, tissue test for mineral nutrients,
estimation of relative water content, Measurement of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by Infra Red Gas
Analyser (IRGA).

XVII. Language
Course Title Credit Hours Sem.

Comprehension & Communication Skills in 2(1+1) 1st

English (Gradial course)

Total 2(1+1)

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 Syllabus
1. Comprehension and Communication Skills in English Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory
War Minus Shooting- The sporting Spirit. A Dilemma- A layman looks at science Raymond B. Fosdick.
You and Your English – Spoken English and broken English G.B. Shaw. Reading Comprehension,
Vocabulary- Antonym, Synonym, Homophones, Homonyms, often confused words. Exercises to Help
the students in the enrichment of vocabulary based on TOEFL and other competitive examinations.
Functional grammar: Articles, Prepositions, Verb, Subject verb Agreement, Transformation, Synthesis,
Direct and Indirect Narration. Written Skills: Paragraph writing, Precise writing, Report writing and
Proposal writing. The Style: Importance of professional writing. Preparation of Curriculum Vitae and
Job applications. Synopsis Writing. Interviews: kinds, Importance and process.

Practical
Listening Comprehension: Listening to short talks lectures, speeches (scientific, commercial and general
in nature). Oral Communication: Phonetics, stress and intonation, Conversation practice. Conversation:
rate of speech, clarity of voice, speaking and Listening, politeness & Reading skills: reading dialogues,
rapid reading, intensive reading, improving reading skills. Mock Interviews: testing initiative, team
spirit, leadership, intellectual ability. Group Discussion.

XVIII. Non-Gradial Courses

Course Title Credit Hours Sem. Deptt.

NSS 2(0+2) 1st Programme Officer, NSS
Educational Tour 2(0+2) Between 6th and Professor in charge
7th

NSS/NCC/Physical Education & Yoga Practices Credit hours: 2(0+2)

Theory
Course aims at evoking social consciousness among students through various activities viz., working
together, constructive and creative social work, to be skilful in executing democratic leadership,
developing skill in programme development to be able for self employment, reducing gap between
educated and uneducated, increasing awareness and desire to help sections of society.
Following activities are to be taken up under the NSS course:
• Introduction and basic components of NSS: Orientation
• NSS programmes and activities
• Understanding youth
• Community mobilisation
• Social harmony and national integration
• Volunteerism and shramdan

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• Citizenship, constitution and human rights
• Family and society
• Importance and role of youth leadership
• Life competencies
• Youth development programmes
• Health, hygiene and sanitation
• Youth health, lifestyle, HIV AIDS and first aid
• Youth and yoga
• Vocational skill development
• Issues related environment
• Disaster management
• Entrepreneurship development
• Formulation of production oriented project
• Documentation and data reporting
• Resource mobilization
• Additional life skills
• Activities directed by the Central and State Government
All the activities related to the National Service Scheme course is distributed under four different courses
viz., National Service Scheme I, National Service Scheme II, National Service Scheme III and National
Service Scheme IV each having one credit load. The entire four courses should be offered continuously
for two years. A student enrolled in NSS course should put in at least 60 hours of social work in different
activities in a semester other than five regular one day camp in a year and one special camp for duration of
7 days at any semester break period in the two year. Different activities will include orientation lectures
and practical works. Activities directed by the Central and State Government have to be performed by
all the volunteers of NSS as per direction.

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