123. Explain Stub Area and different types of Stub area?
Stub Area
Sometimes we need to control the advertisement of external routes into an area. This area
is called stub area. Stub area are not capable of importing routes external to OSPF. Type 4,
& Type 5 LSA are filtered from stub areas and a default route is injected into that area by
ABR in place of external routes.
Three restriction apply to OSPF stub area: -
1. No virtual links are allowed in the stub area.
2. Stub area cannot be a backbone area.
3. No Autonomous System Boundary Router are allowed
Totally Stubby Area
Like stub areas, totally stubby area does not receive type4 and type5 LSA from their ABRs.
However, they also do not receive type 3 LSAs. It allows advertisement of internal router in
that area.
Not-So-Stubby Areas
The motivation behind NSSA is to allow OSPF stub area to carry external routes. External
router is imported into OSPF NSSA as Type 7 LSA by ASBR. Type 7 LSA cannot go into area 0
so it is converted back into Type 5 LSA by ABR and injected into area 0.
Totally NSSA
Along with Type4 & Type5, Type3 LSA will also be filtered in Totally NSSA
124. Can we have OSPF run over a GRE Tunnel?
Yes, we can have OSPF run over a GRE tunnel.
125. How do we configure the OSPF Routing Protocol?
m Router (Config)#router ospf 100
m Router (Config-router) #network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
m Router (Config-router) #network 10.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
m Router (Config-router) #exit
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
126. Explain the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)?
m Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed
to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on
the Internet. BGP is classified as a path-vector routing protocol, and it makes routing
decisions based on paths, network policies, or rule-sets configured by a network
administrator.
m BGP used for routing within an autonomous system is called Interior Border Gateway
Protocol, Internal BGP (iBGP). In contrast, the Internet application of the protocol is
called Exterior Border Gateway Protocol, External BGP (eBGP).
127. What are the BGP features?
m Path vector protocol
m Open standard protocol.
m Classless routing protocol.
m Used the Path vector algorithm.
m Administrative distance for eBGP is 20,iBGP-200
m BGP exchange router information between autonomous system.
m Hello timer is 60 sec; hold on timer is 180 sec.
m BGP used TCP port number 179.
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128. Can Router on different subnet become BGP Neighbors?
Can does not require neighbours to be attached to the same subnet. Instead, BGP routers
use a TCP connection between the routers to pass BGP message allowing neighbouring
routers to be on the same or different subnet.
129. Different between eBGP & iBGP neighbors?
m IBGP - neighborship is formed between routers within the same AS (autonomous
system)
m EBGP - neighborship is formed between routers different AS (autonomous system)
130. Explain Loop prevention mechanism in BGP?
BGP used two mechanisms to prevent loops: -
m When a router learns route from an iBGP peer, that router does not advertise the same
routes to another iBGP peer.
m By using AS_PATH- When advertising to an eBGP peer, a BGP router adds its own
ASN to the AS_PATH. If a BGP router receives an Update and the route advertisement
lists an_AS_PATH with its own ASN, the router ignores that route.
Note: - A BGP router does not add its ASN when advertising to an iBGP Peer.
131. What is different between the hard reset and soft rest in BGP?
m Hard Reset - In case of hard reset the local router brings down the neighborship,
brings down the underlying TCP connection and all the BGP table entire learning from
neighbour are removed #clear ip bgp command used for hard reset.
m Soft Reset - In case of a soft reset the router does not bring down the BGP
neighborship or the underlying TCP connection.
m However, the local router resends outgoing Updates and reprocesses incoming
Update adjusting the BGP table base on the current configuration #clear ip bgp * soft
command used for soft reset.
132. What are different BGP Message Types?
m Open - It is Used to establish a neighbour relationship and exchange parameters,
including autonomous system number and authentication values.
m Keepalive - are sent periodically (every 60 seconds by default) to ensure that the
remote peer is still available. If a router does not receive a KEEPALIVE from a peer for a
Hold - time period (by default, 180 seconds), the router declares that peer dead.
m Update - It exchange Path Attributes and the associated prefix/length (NLRI) that use
those attributes.
m Notification - It is used to report BGP error. It results in a reset of neighbour
relationship.
133. Explain various state of BGP?
m Idle - the initial BGP state.
m Connect - The BGP process is waiting for the TCP Connection to be completed. If
it is successful, it will be continuing to the Open Sent State. In case it fails, it will be
continuing to active state.
m Active - BGP will try another TCP three-way handshake to establish a connection with
the remote BGP neighbour. If it successful, it will be move to the Open Sent State.
m Open sent - BGP has both established the TCP connection and sent an OPEN
Message and is awaiting a reply OPEN Message. Once it receives a reply OPEN
Message, the BGP peer will send a KEEPALIVE message.
m Open confirm - BGP listens for a reply KEEPALIVE message
m Established - All neighbour parameters matched, the neighbour relationship has been
established and the peers can now exchange update message.
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NH Interview Guide 17
BGP States
Idle
Connect Active
Open Sent
Open Confirm
Established
134. Explain BGP Path Attributes?
BGP utilizes several attributes to determine the best path to a destination.
m Next Hop - It lists the next-hop IP address used to reach a prefix. If next hop is reach-
able? If no route to reach Next hop, the router cannot use this route.
m Weight - The Weight attribute is applied to inbound routes, dictating the best outbound
path. It is a Cisco-proprietary attribute, and is only locally significant (and thus, is never
passed on to BGP neighbours). The weight value can range from 0 – 65535, and the
highest weight is preferred. By default, a route originated on the local router will be as-
signed a weight of 32768. All other routes will be assigned a weight of 0, by default.
m Local Preference - The Local Preference attribute is applied to inbound external
routes, dictating the best outbound path. Unlike the Weight attribute, Local Preference is
passed on to iBGP peers when sending updates. Local Preference informs iBGP rout-
ers how to exit the AS if multiple paths exist. Local Preference is a 32-bit number and
can range from 0 to 4294967295. The highest Local Preference is preferred, and the
default preference is 100.
m Locally injected routes - Locally injected routes (routes injected using network com-
mand) are better than iBGP/eBGP learned.
m AS Path - The AS-Path attribute is applied to outbound routes, dictating the best in-
bound path. Two things can be accomplished with the AS-Path attribute, prepend or
filter. Smaller is preferred.
m Origin - The Origin attribute identifies the originating source of the route. The origin
codes are as follows (listed in order of preference for route selection): • i (IGP) – Origi-
nated from an interior gateway protocol, such as OSPF. This usually indicates the route
was injected into BGP via the network command under the BGP process. An origin
code of “i” is most preferred. • e (EGP) – Originated from an external gateway protocol.
• ? (incomplete) - Unknown origin. This usually indicates the route was redistributed
into BGP (from either connected, static, or IGP routes). An origin code of “?” is the least
preferred.
m Multi - Exit Discriminator (MED)- The MED (MultiExit Discriminator) attribute is applied
to outbound routes, dictating the best inbound path into the AS (assuming multiple
paths exist). The MED is identified as the BGP metric when viewing the BGP routing
table. A lower metric is preferred, and the default MED value is 0. Smaller is preferred.
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m Neighbour type - eBGP is preferred over iBGP
m IGP metric - Route with nearest IGP neighbour (lowest IGP metric) is preferred.
m eBGP route - Oldest (longest known) route is preferred.
m Neighbour Router ID - Lowest is preferred.
m Neighbour IP Address - Lowest is preferred.
135. Explain BGP Local preference?
The local preference BGP attribute is the second attribute and used to choose the exit path
to an autonomous system from a local perspective. It is not exchanged between routers; its
default value is 100 and the path with the highest local preference is preferred.
136. Explain BGP MED?
MED is an optional nontransitive attribute. MED is a hint to external neighbours about the
preferred path into an autonomous system (AS) that has multiple entry points. The MED is
also known as the external metric of a route. A lower MED value is preferred over a higher
value.
137. Explain BGP local preference?
The local preference BGP attribute is the second attribute and used to choose the exit path
to an autonomous system from a local perspective. It is not exchanged between routers, it's
default value is 100 and the path with the highest local preference is preferred.
138. What is Recursive Lookup?
A Recursive lookup refers to routes for which the router must look up the connected route
to a next-hop gateway to route the packet to its ultimate destination.
139. What is router reflector and why it is required?
In BGP, route learned from an iBGP neighbour will not be advertised to another iBGP
neighbour. To overcome this situation route reflector is used. It is acts as a route reflector
server and makes iBGP neighbours as route reflector client enabling route advertisements
between them.
140. What is the command to administratively disable BGP neighborship?
#neighbor neighbor-ip shutdown
# no neighbor neighbor-ip shutdown (to enable to again)
Switching
141. What is switching?
The function of switching is to switch data packets between devices on the same network.
142. What is switching?
A switch is a device which is used to connect multiple devices inside Local Area Network
(LAN). Unlike hubs, a switch examines each packet and process it accordingly rather than
simply repeating the signal to all port. Switches operate at Layer Two (Data Link layer) of the
OSI model.
143. What is the different between a HUB, Switch & Router?
144. What are functions of the switch?
The Switch performs three major function: -
m Address learning
m Packet forwarding.
m Loop avoidance by Spanning Tree Protocol
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NH Interview Guide 19
