Project Identification

Learning Outcome

 Knows the meaning of Project Identification

 Understand different idea project identification
 Knows the different project identification entities
 Knows techniques of project identification
 Understand the steps of Project identification
 Learning Outcome

 Meaning of Project Evaluation

 Explain ideas of project identification
 Knows the Importance of different types Project
Evaluation
 Knows Seven Criteria of Project Evaluation
 Understand the steps of Project Evaluation
 Meaning of Project
Identification
 Project identification is slotted in the Project Initiation
Phase.
 Project identification is process of considering or
thinking of an ideas to set up a project.
 These ideas are then transformed into a project goal.
 Meaning of Project
Identification
 Economists often think in terms of problem,
opportunities, and constraints, and
 this provides a ground with which to generate project
ideas
 Idea of Project Identification

(1) Unused or underused natural or human resources

and opportunities for their conversion to more
productive purposes; or,
(2) Overused natural resources that need to be
conserved or restored
(3) Unsatisfied demands or needs and possible means to
meet them including opportunities arising from new
technology or technological development,
 Idea of Project Identification

(4) The need to support other investments Such as,

 Transportation, packaging and marketing facilities for an
agricultural development project, or
 providing railway and port links for a mining project,
 access roads for a sugar factory
 Idea of Project Identification

(5) Initiatives by local private or public entrepreneurs

who wish to take advantage of opportunities they
perceive or who are responding to government
incentives
 Idea of Project Identification

(6) Community initiatives (often supported by national

or international NGOs)
(7) A government response to local political or social
pressures originating, for example, from economic, social,
or regional inequalities
 Idea of Project Identification

(8) The pursuit of national objectives such as food

security
(9) The occurrence of natural events (drought, floods,
earthquakes) and the short-term responses to crisis
(10) As a response to long-term trends such as
migration, environmental degradation, and climate change
 Idea of Project Identification

Finally, project ideas originate not only from within a

country but also from abroad as a result of
 Investment proposals of multinational firms
 Programming activities of bilateral and multilateral aid
agencies and their ongoing projects in the country
 Project Identification Entity

(1) Government agencies preparing the national, regional

or local development plan;
(2) Bilateral or multilateral aid agencies/international
development agencies conducting country
economic/sector studies or ex-post evaluation of
completed projects;
 Project Identification Entity

(3) Public or private-sector

(4) National policy makers;
(5) local residents/group of people/communities,
(6) non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
(7) academician
Project Identification Techniques

 There are two major techniques or approaches to

project identification
 a) Top-down technique/approach
 b) Bottom-up technique/approach
Project Identification Techniques

(1) Top-down technique/approach

 In this approach, projects are identified based on
demands from beyond the community.
 This may include directives from:
(a) International conventions; international institutions or
NGOs that have determined particular priorities and
thus projects;
(b) National policy makers identifying projects that
pertain to party manifestos and/or national plans.
 Top-down Project Identification
Techniques
(1) The household (socio-economic) survey
 This technique studies social and economic situations
of a given area e.g. climate, geographical set-up,
economic activities, political set up, education system,
culture, diet, social services, physical infrastructure etc.
 Top-down Project Identification
Techniques
(2) Rapid appraisal
 This is also called Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) when
carried out in a rural area, and Rapid Urban
Appraisal(RUA) in an urban area.
 It is rapid because investigation, assessment and
identification of projects are done at the same time
 Top-down Project Identification
Techniques
(3) Needs Assessment Survey
 It is also referred to as situation analysis (SITAN).
 It involves fact finding about problems or needs in a
given area or community analyze the causes of the
problems and seek likely solutions to the problems
leading to project identification.
 Top-down Project Identification
Techniques
 Advantages of Top-Down Approach
 1. It may be a rapid response to disasters like floods,
fire outbreak because there is limited time and chance
to consult the beneficiaries.
 2. Providing important services like education, health,
water, roads etc.
 Top-down Project Identification
Techniques
 Disadvantages of Top-Down Approach
(1) Assumes external entity know better than the
beneficiaries of the service.
(2) Communities have little say in planning process
rendering approach lacking of human resource
development.
(3) Community develops dependency condition on
outside assistance and does not exploit their own
potential.
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
(2). Bottom-Up Technique/Approach
 In this approach community/beneficiaries are
encouraged to identify the problems or opportunities
and plan the projects themselves with or without
outsiders.
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
(a) Needs Assessment Survey
 It is also referred to as situation analysis (SITAN).
 The project need should come out of what people say
they want and not from assumptions that we make;
 Needs assessment gives people an opportunity to
priorities their needs, which leads to a more
sustainable development project.
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
(b) Capacity Assessment Survey
 Communities should be encouraged to use their own
capacities and resources to address the problems they
face.
 It is therefore important to carry out a capacity
assessment after needs assessment to identify
strengths that the community could use to address the
problems they identified earlier.
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
(b) Capacity Assessment Survey
 By doing this, we are facilitating the community to
address their problems rather than addressing their
problems for them.
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
 Capacity Assessment involves Five Types of
Assets
 Human asset : They include skills, knowledge, ability
to work and good health.
 Natural asset : These include land, trees, water, air,
climate and minerals.
 Social asset : These are based on relationships and
include organizations and groups within the community,
political structures and informal networks.
 Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
 Economic asset : These are things that people can use
to sustain their livelihoods, such as money and savings,
grain stores, livestock, tools and equipment.
 Physical asset: These are man-made material, such as
building, transport, water supply and sanitation services,
energy sources and telecommunications.
 Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
(c) Focus Groups
 Focus groups consist of 10 to 20 elderly and experience
people where they are given opportunity voice out some
of the problems they face and the needs they have.
 What are the main pressures that people in the
community are facing?
 What simple things could be done to improve the
situation?
 If you could change one thing in this community, what
would it be? Why?
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
 Advantages of Bottom-Up Approach
(a) Project sponsor accomplish more with limited
resources since people tend to safeguard what they have
provided for themselves.
(b) Develops people‘s capacity to identify problems and
needs and to seek possible solutions to them.
(c) Helps people to work as a team and develop a WE
attitude - makes project progressive and sustainable.
Bottom-Up Project Identification
Techniques
 Limitations of Bottom-Up Approach
(a) Time-consuming and requires patience and tolerance.
(c) People sometimes dislike approach because they do
not want to take responsibility for action.
(c) The priorities of communities may not fit with
national or international priorities that seek to have a
broader impact
 Data Collection for Project
Identification
 Tools for Data Collection among Project Identification
Techniques
 Questionnaire
 Interviewing
 Listening
Thanks for Listening