UNIT – 1

What Is Word Formation?

The English language is known for its wonderful quality of the way in which words and
sentences are formed and used. Formation of new words from an existing root word by
adding a syllable or another word is the general process; however, there are multiple ways in
which it can be done.
Types of Word Formation with Examples
The formation of words is classified into four types based on how the process of formation is
carried out. They are:
 By adding prefixes
 By adding suffixes

Adding Prefixes
The term ‘prefix’ refers to one or more alphabets added to the stem of a word, mostly to
make it negative. The most commonly used prefixes include ‘in-’, ‘un-’, ‘dis-’, ‘im-’, ‘ir-’,
etc. Look at the examples given below for a clearer understanding of how prefixes are used
to form new words.
Examples of Word Formation by the Addition of Prefixes
 Discipline – indiscipline
 Just – unjust
 Tidy – untidy
 Respect – disrespect
 Understand – misunderstand
 Comfortable – uncomfortable
 Comfort – discomfort
 Responsible – irresponsible
 Honest – dishonest
 Happy – unhappy
 Polite – impolite
 Experience – inexperience
 Practical – impractical
 Important – unimportant
 Legal – illegal
 Ethical – unethical
 Potent – impotent

Adding Suffixes
A suffix is a short syllable added at the end of a base word. The addition of suffixes usually
changes the word class of the particular word. The most common suffixes include ‘-ment’, ‘-
ness’, ‘-ity’, ‘-ous’, ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’, ‘-al’, ‘-able’, ‘-ible’, ‘-ive’, ‘-ly’, ‘-ate’, ‘-er’, ‘-or’, etc.
Check out the following examples to see how suffixes are added.
Examples of Word Formation by the Addition of Suffixes
 Comprehend (verb) – comprehension (noun) – comprehensible (adjective)
 Inform (verb) – information (noun) – informative (adjective)
 Invest (verb) – Investment (noun) – Investor (noun)
 Write (verb) – writer (noun)
 Authorise (verb) – authorisation (noun)
 Move (verb) – movement (noun)
 Add (verb) – addition (noun)
 Happy (adjective) – happiness (noun)
 Conserve (verb) – conservation (noun)
 Wide (Adjective) – widen (verb)
 Manage (verb) – manageable (adjective) – manager (noun)
 Courage (noun) – courageous (adjective)
 Brave (adjective) – bravery (noun)
 Profit (noun) – profitable (adjective)
 Quick (adjective) – quickly (adverb)
 Happy (adjective) – happily (adverb)
 Sad (adjective) – sadness (noun)

English Prefixes & Suffixes

Prefix and Suffix are common in English and their correct use can help enhance the language
skills and deal with the unknown vocabulary easily. Let us understand what does prefix and
suffix mean.
What is Prefix?
A Prefix is a word that is added at the beginning of the root word to form a new word. A
prefix word does not have any meaning of its own but when added to a root word it modifies
the meaning of the word. Prefix makes a word negative, indicate opinion or show repetition.
Prefix examples:
 Un (Prefix) + Happy (Root Word) = Unhappy (new word)
 Dis (Prefix) + Organised (Root word) = Disorganised (new word)
What is Suffix?
Like Prefixes, Suffixes are also words that are added to the root word to form a new word
but suffixes are added at the end of the root word. Suffix does change the meaning of the
word it is added to but not make the word opposite or negative as prefix do, it simply
changes the class of the root word like a verb is changed into an adjective by adding a
suffix.
Suffix examples:
 Forget (root word) + Ful (Suffix) = Forgetful (New word)
 Happy (root word) + Ness (Suffix) = Happiness (New word)
To understand the concept of English Root Words candidates can visit the linked page.
Rules to Add Prefixes & Suffixes
 Use a hyphen (-) when adding a prefix to a common noun. For example Pro-
American, Anti-religion, etc.
 Hyphen is must to be used after prefixes Self and Ex, example, Self-dependant, self-
esteem, Ex-husband, Ex-employee, etc.
 When adding a Prefix, do not change the spelling of the original word or root word;
Examples: Undo, disappear, irrelevant, cooperation, irrational, etc.
 Repetition of letters is possible when adding a prefix. Basically, point number 3 (do
not change spelling) is to be followed even if the spelling results in double
consonants after adding the prefix.
 There are certain words that start with prefix but do not have any prefix added to them
like the word Uncle.
 Many Prefixes can have the same meaning such as ‘in’ ‘im’ ‘un’ all these prefixes
mean ‘opposite of’ or ‘not’.
 Similarly, many Suffixes also have the same meaning. Like the suffix, ‘er’ when
added to any word will denote the action performed by the person. Example –
Teacher, Gardener, Performer etc.
 Suffix ‘er’ is also added towards the end of adjectives or adverbs to help compare two
things. Example- Slow becomes slower, soon becomes sooner, fast becomes faster etc.
 When suffix is added, the spelling of the base word can change. This is mostly the
case when the base words end with y or e. For example – happy becomes happier,
costly become costlier with the suffix ‘er’, manage becomes managing, make becomes
making with the suffix ‘ing’.
 The Prefix that ends in a vowel, ‘a’ than the base word starting with a consonant will
use it as it is, like atypical, amoral, etc.
List of Suffixes & Prefixes
The Prefixes and Suffixes are based on English vocabulary which is asked in the form of fill
in the blanks under the Verbal Ability section of competitive exams. Check the list of
Suffixes and prefixes with examples and download the Prefix and Suffix PDF for reference.

List of Prefix in English

Prefix Word Meanings Prefix Examples
a without amoral, apolitical, atypical
ante before antecedent, antedate
anti against, opposing anti-war, anti-bacterial
arch more, extreme arch-capitalist, arch-rebel
auto self auto-dial, auto-rotate
bi two, twice bilingual, bisect, bi-monthly
 circum round circumnavigate, circumvent
co with co-author, co-edit
col, com, con with collaborate, combine, connect
contra, counter against, opposing contraception, counterclaim, counteract
de opposite action declassify, destroy
dia across diagonal, diameter
dis not, opposite of disagree, disprove, distrust, disbelief
dys abnormal dyslexia, dysfunctional
e electronic e-book, e-mail, e-governance
eco related to environment eco-tourism, eco-disaster
en(m) cause to encode, embrace
equi equal equidistant, equilateral
ex previously, former ex-president, ex-student
extra very extra-bright, extra-strong
extra outside extra-curricular, extrasensory, extraordinary
fore before Forecast, forelimb,
hyper too much hyperactive, hypersensitive
il, im, in, ir not, opposite of illogical, impossible, indistinct, irrational
in(m) movement to, in input, inset, intake, implant, import
inter between, connected interrelated, interact
intra within intra-generational, intramuscular
kilo thousand kilogram, kilometer, kilowatt
macro large macroeconomics, macro-scale
mal bad, badly malfunction, malpractice
micro small micro-economics, micro-scale
mid middle midway, midsummer
mis wrongly, incorrect mistake, mistranslate, misunderstanding
mono one mono-centric, monoculture
multi many multicultural, multi-level
something old in new
neo Neoclassical,
form
non not non-believer, non-competitive, nonsense
out more, to a great extent outnumber, outlive, outburst, outrage
over over, above, too much overlook, overcook, overhead, overheat
post after post-examination, post-modern, post-independence
pre before pre-industrial, preview, pre-war, pre-independence
pro in favour of pro-feminist, pro-liberal, proactive
pseudo false, pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-science
quasi almost, not quite quasi-academic, quasi-legal
re again rediscover, redefine, rename, return, rejuvenate
retro backwards retrogressive, retrospective
semi partly, half semicircle, semi-organic, semi-precious, semi-
 finals
part of something, under,
sub subway, submarine, subsection
beneath,
super above or bigger superpower, supersonic, superstar
trans across transcontinental, transcribe, transport, transit
ultra extreme ultra-sensitive, ultrasound, ultramodern
unusual, uncertain, unusual, unscrew, unplug,
un not
unfriendly
under, beneath,
under underpower, underemployed, undersea
insufficient
well useful, successful well-designed, well-written. well-established

List of Suffix in English

Suffix Word Meaning Suffix Examples
-able, ible can be done doable, identifiable, predictable, possible
-al, ial has property of personal, partial, legal,
-ant having an effect disinfectant, coolant, accelerant
–based performing a major part of computer-based, oil-based, genetic-based
–cy state or quality accuracy, literacy, urgency,
-ed past tense of verb turned, ruined, cooked, cleaned
–ee person affected by something employee, interviewee, trainee, addressee
-en made of, being made golden, broaden, lighten
-er comparative higher, lighter, sooner, later
-er one who perform or do something doer, painter, singer, performer
-est superlative slightest, lightest, best, biggest
–free without hasslefree, carefree, debt-free, pain-free
–ful full of grateful, forgetful, fearful, careful, joyful
–hood condition, period, state childhood, brotherhood, adulthood,
motherhood
linguistic, photographic, electric,
–ic having property of
democratic, heroic
–ics study of genetics, electronics, aeronautics
–ify giving quality to something defy, clarify, purify, solidify, classify
–ing present participle cooking, dancing, running
–ism behaviour or belief liberalism, modernism, heroism
-ist one who follows certain Philanthropist, anarchist, optimist, activist
behaviours or belief
–(t)ion act or process reaction, action, projection
–(i)ty state of extremity, infinity, sanity
–(t)ive adjective active, motive, positive
–ize, -ise bring about a condition or state modernize/modernise, colonize/colonise
 –less without fearless, careless, meaningless
–like resemble another alike, bird-like, child-like
–ly, -y having \quickly, quietly, wordy, handy
–ment action, process fulfilment, enjoyment, development
Happiness, newness, kindness,
–ness state of, quality
effectiveness, openness
–ocracy type of ruling body democracy, autocracy, meritocracy,
bureaucracy
–ocrat person ruling autocrat, technocrat, democrat
–ology, - archaeology, geology, biology,
study of
ological physiological, biological,
–ous having callous, joyous, religious
–proof safe, protected against stain-proof, waterproof, dustproof,
soundproof
state or experience of specific partnership, entrepreneurship, professorship,
–ship
position leadership

Prefixes & Suffixes Practice Questions

Directions – Fill in the blanks in the given sentences by adding correct prefixes or suffixes to
the given base word.
1. He cracked the Civils Service Examination, he was ___ (success) for the second time.
2. Ria is ___ (child), she was crying a minute ago and suddenly she started laughing.
3. They are ___ (practice), perhaps they will win the ___ (champion) trophy.
4. My brother’s ___ (aim) is to be a ____ (mathematics) when he grows up.
5. He is ___ (manners), he does not know how to behave with elders.
6. The current ___ (govern) did as promised, the roads of the old city are now ___
(broad).
7. A ___ (combine) of motivation and hard work can fulfil your dreams.
8. The doctors have advised her to be ___ (stress) only then she can overcome the __
(weak).
9. She ___ (behave) in the class because of which teachers ___ (agree) to let her sit in the
class.
10.College days are ___ (memory) days because here only we build ___ (relation) that
are never ___ (forget).
How Prefixes and Suffixes Work Together
When combining prefix and suffix with a root word, you can create a wide range of new
words with varying meanings. Here are some examples:
 1. Unhappy: Prefix "un-" changes the meaning of "happy" to its opposite.
2. Restart: Prefix "re-" adds the idea of repetition or starting again.
3. Happiness: Suffix "-ness" turns the root word "happy" into a noun indicating a state.
4. Unpredictable: Prefix "un-" negates the predictability of the root word "predict", while
suffix "-able" makes it an adjective.
5. Unforgetting: Prefix "un-" negates the idea of forgetting, while suffix "-ing" makes it a
verb.
Tips and Tricks
1. Root word recognition: Familiarize yourself with common root words and their
meanings.
2. Prefix and suffix recognition: Learn common prefixes and suffixes and their functions.
3. Word formation analysis: Break down unfamiliar words into their component parts to
understand their meanings.
4. Practice: Practice creating new words by combining prefix and suffix with root words.
By understanding the basics of word formation, including root words, prefixes, and suffixes,
you'll become more proficient in analyzing and creating new words in English.
Example 1: Root Word "ACT"
Root Word: Act Meaning: To perform or do something
 Original Word: Act
 New Words formed using the root word:
o Action (suffix "-ion" adds the idea of a noun)
o Active (prefix "ac-" emphasizes the idea of being active)
o Activate (prefix "ac-" and suffix "-ate" add the idea of making something
active)
o Actor (suffix "-or" adds the idea of a person who performs an action)
Exercise 1: Identify Root Words
Read the following words and identify the root word, its meaning, and any prefixes or
suffixes added to form the new word.
1. Action Root Word: _______________________ Meaning:
_______________________ Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
2. Activate Root Word: _______________________ Meaning:
_______________________ Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
 3. Actor Root Word: _______________________ Meaning:
_______________________ Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
Example 2: Root Word "VIT"
Root Word: Vit Meaning: Life
 Original Word: Vit
 New Words formed using the root word:
o Vital (prefix "vi-" emphasizes the importance of life)
o Vitalize (prefix "vi-" and suffix "-ize" add the idea of giving life or energy)
o Vitamin (prefix "vi-" and suffix "-in" add the idea of a substance important for
life)
o Vitality (suffix "-ity" adds the idea of a state or quality related to life)
Exercise 2: Identify Root Words and Form New Words
Read the following words and identify the root word, its meaning, and any prefixes or
suffixes added to form the new word. Then, use the root word to form new words by adding
prefixes or suffixes.
1. Vital Root Word: _______________________ Meaning: _______________________
Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
New Word Formed:
2. Vitamin Root Word: _______________________ Meaning:
_______________________ Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
New Word Formed:
3. Vitality Root Word: _______________________ Meaning:
_______________________ Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
New Word Formed:
Example 3: Root Word "FID"
Root Word: Fid Meaning: Trust
 Original Word: Fid
 New Words formed using the root word:
o Fide (prefix "fi-" adds the idea of trust)
o Fidelity (prefix "fi-" and suffix "-ity" add the idea of faithfulness or loyalty)
o Fiduciary (prefix "fi-" and suffix "-ary" add the idea of a person who is
responsible for managing something)
Exercise 3: Identify Root Words and Fill in the Blanks
Read the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct root word, its meaning,
and any prefixes or suffixes added to form the new word.
1. The lawyer's _______________ (root word) to her clients was exceptional. Root
Word: _______________________ Meaning: _______________________
Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
2. The company's _______________ (root word) to its employees was strong. Root
Word: _______________________ Meaning: _______________________
Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
3. The government's _______________ (root word) to protect its citizens was vital. Root
Word: _______________________ Meaning: _______________________
Prefix/Suffix: _______________________
Here are the answers to Exercise 3:
1. The lawyer's _______________ (root word) to her clients was exceptional.
Root Word: Fid Meaning: Trust Prefix/Suffix: -ary (Fiduciary, a person who is responsible
for managing something)
2. The company's _______________ (root word) to its employees was strong.
Root Word: Fid Meaning: Trust Prefix/Suffix: -ity (Fidelity, faithfulness or loyalty)
3. The government's _______________ (root word) to protect its citizens was vital.
Root Word: Vit Meaning: Life Prefix/Suffix: -al (Vital, important for life)
Note: In these exercises, the root words are Fid and Vit, which are combined with prefixes
and suffixes to form new words.

USE OF ARTICLES
The English language uses articles to identify nouns. Articles act much like adjectives.
Articles clarify whether a noun is specific or general, singular or plural. An article appears
before the noun it accompanies.

There are two types of articles Definite article : the, Indefinite article : a, a.

General rules Place the article before the noun.

e.g., the house, the cat, a dog, a book.

Place the article before the adjective when the noun is modified by an adjective.
e.g., the purple house, the black cat, a white dog, an open book.

Do not add an article when the noun has a possessive pronoun (my, his, her, our, their) or a
demonstrative pronoun (this, that).
e.g., my house her book that house this book < Correct the my house or the this book
Incorrect
DEFINITE ARTICLE : the

Use the to identify specific or definite nouns: nouns that represent things, places, ideas, or
persons that can be identified specifically.

Use the with both singular and plural definite nouns.

e.g., the house the houses the business the businesses

Use the to identify things, places, ideas, or persons that represent a specific or definite group
or category.
e.g., The students in Professor Smith’s class should study harder.

The automobile revolutionized travel and industry. (the automobile identifies a specific category of
transportation)

INDEFINITE ARTICLE : a or an

Use a or an to identify nouns that are not definite and not specific.
Think of a and an as meaning any or one among many.
e.g., a book (any book) a dog (any dog) a cat (one cat) a house (one among many houses)

Use a or an only for singular nouns. Do not use an article for a plural,
indefinite noun. Think of a plural, indefinite noun as meaning all.
e.g., Students should study hard. (All students should study hard.)

When to use a and when to use an

Choose when to use a or an according to the sound of the noun that follows it.

Use a before consonant sounds. e.g., a book a dog

Use a before a sounded h, a long u, and with the sound of w

e.g., a hat a house a union a uniform a one-hour appointment

Use an before vowel sounds (except long u).

e.g., an asset an essay an index an onion an umbrella

Use an when h is not sounded.

e.g., an honor an hour .

Omission of the Articles

Before uncountable nouns
We do not use articles before uncountable and abstract nouns used in a general sense.
Honey is sweet. (NOT The honey is sweet.)
Sugar is bad for your teeth.
Wisdom is better than riches.
Virtue is its own reward.
Note that uncountable nouns take the article the when used in a particular sense.
Would you pass the sugar? (= the sugar on the table)

Before plural countable nouns

We do not use articles before plural countable nouns used in a general sense.
Children usually rush about.
Computers are useful machines.
Note that plural nouns take the article the when they are used in a particular sense.
Where are the children? (Which children ? Our children)

Before proper nouns

We do not use articles before the names of countries, people, continents, cities, rivers and
lakes.
India is a democratic country. (NOT The India …)
Paris is the capital of France. (NOT The Paris …)

Before the names of meals

We do not use articles before the names of meals.
Mother is cooking lunch.
Dinner is ready.
We use a when there is an adjective before breakfast, lunch, dinner etc. We use the when we
are talking about a particular meal.
I had a late dinner yesterday.
The lunch we had at the restaurant was very good.

Before languages
We do not use articles before the names of languages.
Can you speak English? (NOT Can you speak the English?)
They speak French at home.

Before school, college, university, church, bed, hospital, prison etc.

His dad is still in hospital.
We learned English at school.
He is at university.
The is used before these words when the reference is to the building or object rather than to
the normal activity that goes on there.
I met her at the church. (Here the reference is to the building and not to the activity that is
going on there.)
I went to the hospital to see my friend.
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a
sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in
front of nouns.
According to Merriam-Webster, the technical definition of a preposition is “a word or group
of words that is used with a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, location, or
time, or to introduce an object.” Simply put, prepositions are connector words. These
connectors customarily tie a noun to an idea.
An example of this is in the sentence, “I went to the store.” “To” connects the location of
“store” to where the person went.

Examples of Prepositions
Prepositions are common in the English language. There are about 150 used with the most
common being: above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, to, toward, under, upon,
with and within.

I prefer to read in the library.

He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.
Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
Go down the stairs and through the door.
He swam across the pool.
Take your brother with you.

Preposition List
There are around 150 prepositions in the English language, and we’re going to list all of
them we could find. They are broken down into categories of prepositions, based on how that
type of preposition functions.
This list contains one-word prepositions as well as complex prepositions. Complex
prepositions are when more than one word works together as a preposition. This is not the
same as a prepositional phrase, which is a phrase starting with a preposition but ending in a
noun.
Some of these prepositions can function in multiple categories, depending on how they’re
used. They will appear in more than one list. Some of these words also fit into other speech
categories, especially adverbs and conjunctions.

Types of Prepositions
Because there are so many prepositions, differentiating them helps to understand when and
how to use them properly. The word directly following a preposition is called its
complement, and how it relates to the preposition determines what type of preposition you
are using.

Transitive Prepositions
A transitive preposition always uses a complement with a preposition. For example, the word
“amongst” is a transitive preposition. You cannot write “she lived amongst the wildflowers”
without the complement “the wildflowers.” Some traditional grammars believe transitive
prepositions are the only true prepositions.

Intransitive Prepositions
Intransitive prepositions do not need to use the complement to complete the thought. For
example, “outside” can be used in the following sentence without a complement, “she lived
outside.” You could add a complement to this, “She lived outside the city limits,” but it is
unnecessary when using it. Traditional grammars believe intransitive prepositions are
actually adverbs. The argument for intransitive prepositions parallels the use of transitive or
intransitive verbs. “He runs” versus “he runs a marathon.”
Conjunctive Preposition
This type of preposition uses a clause as the complement. Traditional grammar may
categorize these are subordinating conjunctions instead of conjunctive prepositions. One
common example of a conjunctive preposition is the word “because.”

Complex Preposition
When two or more words form a preposition, they are a complex preposition. This type of
preposition is also referred to as a compound preposition. Aside from being more than one
word, it functions essentially the same as any other preposition. “In light of” is an example
of a complex preposition. “In light of the recent traffic reports, the man drove a different way
to work.” Other examples are in addition to, on behalf of, in the middle of, or across from.
Complex prepositions are mostly found at the beginning and the middle of a sentence, but
rarely at the end. To find the correct complex preposition to use, focus on the relationship
between the beginning and the end of the sentence. When you have determined this
relationship, you can identify the proper complex preposition much easier.

Phrase propositions
Sometimes called prepositional phrases, phrase prepositions contain the preposition, the
object, and the optional object’s modifier (extra details about the object such as “smooth” to
describe a table). Some examples of these are “at home, with a little help, according to their
wishes.”
Difference between Prepositions and Postpositions

As mentioned earlier, a preposition is a word connecting an idea or action to a noun. The

example “I went to the store” describes where one went. The preposition “to” came before
its complement “store.” The word “pre” means before, so the preposition (to) comes before
the complement.
When this comes after the complement, instead of being called a PREposition, this is called a
POSTposition. Post means “after,” and the postposition comes after the complement. English
does not often use postpositions, although there are a few. Ago, as in “that was many years
ago,” or through, as in “We slept the whole night through,” are two of the few postpositions English uses.

English Postpositions

Ago Apart Aside Aslant Away Hence

Notwithstandin On Over Short Through Withal
g

List of Prepositions of Time

Prepositions of time are prepositions that we use to indicate something’s relationship with
time.
1. About 2. After 3. Ago 4. Around 5. At
6. Before 7. By 8. Circa 9. During 10.Following
11.For 12.From 13.Gone 14.In 15.On
16.Past 17.Prior to 18.Since 19.Until/till 20.Up to
 21.Up until 22. 23. 24. 25.

List of Prepositions of Place

Prepositions of place are ones that tell where one thing is in space compared to another.

Aboard Above Across Against Alongside

Apart
Amid Among Astride At
from
Atop Behind Below Beneath Beside
Between Beyond By Close to Far
Far from Forward of From In In between
In front of Inside Into Minus Near
Near to Next to Of Off On
On board On top of Onto Upon Opposite
Out Out of Outside Outside of Over
Round Through Throughout To Together with
Toward /
Under Underneath Up against With
towards
Within Without

List of Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions of movement (also known as prepositions of direction) tell how something
moves in relation to another thing. Many of these are also prepositions of place. Prepositions
of place tell where something is, and prepositions of movement tell how something is
moving.

1. Above 2. Across 3. Against

4. Ahead 5. Along 6. Along with
7. Amid 8. Around 9. Away
10.Away from 11.Behind 12.Below
13.Beneath 14.By means of 15.Down
16.Further to 17.In between 18.Into
19.Off 20.Off of 21.On
22.Onto 23.Over 24.Out of
25.Past 26.Round 27.Through
28.Toward/towards 29.Under 30.Up
31.Via 32. 33.

List of Prepositions of Manner and Phrase

Prepositions of manner (also known as prepositions of agency or prepositions of instrument)
tell us how something is done. This category also includes many legal phrases and whether
or not people are includes or excluded.

About According to Anti As As for

As per As to As well as Aside from Bar
Barring Because of Besides But for By
But Concerning Considering Contrary to Countin
 g
Cum Depending on Despite Due to Except
Except for Excepting Excluding Given In addition to
in case of In face of In favour of In light of In spite of
In view of Including Instead of Less Like
Notwithstanding Of On account of On behalf of Other than
Owing to Pending Per Plus Preparatory to
Pro Re Regarding Regardless of Save
Save for Saving Than Thanks to Unlike
Versus With With reference to With regard to Worth

Prepositions of Agent
Prepositions of agent are those which indicate the agent who has committed any action.
Some most common examples of these are with and by.
Examples
1. Harry Potter was written by J.K. Rowling
2. Jacob used to go to school every day with his brother.

Prepositions of Measure
Prepositions of measure are those which indicate some quantity. The most commonly used
examples of these are of and by.
Examples
1. A big section of the Indian population is still dependent on agriculture for survival.
2. The bookshops in daryaganj sell books by the kilo.

Prepositions of Source
The prepositions of source are those which indicate the source of something. The most
commonly used examples of these are by and from.
Examples
1. I received this book as a Christmas present from my brother.
2. This painting was made by a famous British painter.

Prepositions of Possession
The prepositions of possession are those which indicate ownership. The most common
examples of prep. of possession are with, to and of.
Examples
1. This blue umbrella belongs to Miss Rekha.
2. Who is that person with the black suitcase?
3. David is the owner of this house.

So, from what we have seen there are some prepositions which change their type depending
on the way they are used like “in” which is both a prep. of time and place.
Here are two more categories you must know :
1. Single Word Prepositions – As the name suggests, these are just one world long like
on, in, under, above, etc.
2. Complex Prepositions – Complex prepositions are those which are not one but two or
more word phrases like on account of, along with, apart from, in spite of, etc.
Simple Prepositions
Words that are used to describe space, time & location & determining the relation between
nouns & pronouns. Examples of simple prepositions are on, over, at, under, by, for, in, off,
over, and under.
 She lost her ring in the pool.
 We are running in the park today.
 I live near her office.

Compound Prepositions
When two prepositions are combined to form a single word are called compound
prepositions. Example – above, across, inside, within, beyond.
 He likes to play inside.
 Her apartment is just above mine.
 He lives across the street.

Phrasal & Group Prepositions

When grouped in phrases including adverbs, verbs by combining two or three words.
Example – in addition to, in order to, away from, in reference to, as long as.
 In order to be eligible for the entrance exam, students must score 55% in class 12.
 He lives 10 km away from the airport.
 They waste a lot of time selecting the game instead of playing.

Participle Prepositions
Present participle used without nouns or pronouns are knows as participle Prepositions.
Examples – Pending, considering, regarding, including.
 I have to complete yesterday’s pending work first.
 She hasn’t lost any weight considering her diet & work out routine
 All team members are scheduled for the meeting including the interns.

What is the Object of a Preposition ?

The noun or noun equivalent before which the preposition is placed is called the object of the
preposition (OP).
Examples
1. The mask is on the table. (In this example, the noun table is the OP.)
2. She is dependent on him for everything. (In this example the pronoun him is the OP.)

Here is the Complete List of Modals with Examples !

Rules
Here are some important rules regarding the use of prepositions :

Rule 1
When a relative pronoun is used in a statement, the prepositions can be placed at the
end of that sentence.
1. Here is the book that you were looking for.
2. This is the person whom I wanted to introduce you to.
Rule 2
In case of an interrogative sentence, a preposition could be placed at the beginning.
1. In which country do you parents live?
2. To whom were you talking on the phone?
Rule 3
There are some words which can be used as both prepositions (P) and adverbs (A) like
across, before, along, behind, besides, etc.
1. Before
P: Try to come home before it starts raining.
A: He has never done skydiving before.
2. Across
P: She threw the ball across the room.
A: This river has no bridge, we have no option but to swim across.
Rule 4
On v/s upon
On is used to talk about things at rest whereas, upon is used to talk about things in
motion.
1. Alina sat to rest on a roadside bench.
2. The dog sprang upon the running cat.
Rule 5
A preposition will always have an object.
1. I’ll meet you after a month.
2. Here is the pen that you were looking for.

Exercises
1. Adya went to Tokyo (at/in) the age of 3.
2. You will receive the payment (within/during) 20 days of joining.
3. In the absence of professional experience, you will be (in/at) a disadvantage here.
4. I have not seen her (for/since) the last six months.
5. You must travel by the train to reach (on/in) time.
6. I have been going to this cafeteria (for/since) a long time.
7. He is struggling (with/from) a heartbreak.
8. We drove (along/through) the coastline Flores..

Practice Questions on Prepositions

1. My mother will be here ____ (within/for) a week.

2. Take this home remedy & you will get rid___ (of/with) fever.
3. It gives me immense pleasure in welcoming you______ (Aboard/ to)
4. He wanted to go out ___ (for/to ) ice cream after lunch.
5. The result ____ (of/for) kavya will come around 2 week of march.
6. There are total 15 students _____ (in/for) maths class.
7. She comes to office _____ (by/in) her car.
8. Students have to go ______ (through/within) the whole process before applying.
9. There is a cockroach _______ (under/over) my bed.
10.The pen is ____ (on/of) the table

Ending with a Preposition

See if you can spot out the mistake in the sentences below :

Where did he go to ? Do you know where it is at ?

In each of these, the question ends with a preposition. Remember, you ordinarily place the
preposition before the object. There are some exceptions to this rule, but for the most part, it
applies.

Look at the sentences below :

Where did he go ? Do you know where it is ?

Like Or As
Another hiccup is often the words “like” and “as.” Use “like” when saying something is
similar to something else. Use “as” when comparing something to a verb.

Which of the following sentences is the proper use of “like ?”

You look like your mother.

You look like you are angry.

If you said the first one, you are correct. Again, think of replacing “like” with “similar.”
Which sentence makes sense ?

You look similar to your mother.

You look similar to angry.

The first one makes sense. Moreover, if you add “do” or “does” to the end of the sentence,
the preposition may no longer be modifying the same subject. For example, in the first
sentence, if you wrote, “you look like your mother does,” you would need to change “like”
to “as” because no one says, “you look similar to your mother does.”

When not to use Of and From

“Of” is often misused. When using the preposition of, make sure the verb “have” is not
really what you are requiring. For example, “I should of taken the money to the bank,”
should be written as “I should have taken the money to the bank.”
“From” is another tricky one. Skilled linguists will insist the phrase “different than” is
rewritten as “different from” when at all possible. For example, “that shirt is different than
the others,” should instead be, “that shirt is different from the others.”

In vs Into
This rule is often one that is mixed up in the speech of even most native English speakers.
When using “into,” pair it with movement towards something. In contrast, “in” is used when
talking about a location.

Compare the two sentences below and their meanings :

She is walking on the street.
She walked into the street.

The first sentence means she is going for a walk on the street.
The second says she has walked onto the street, maybe from her yard or out of the car.

List of English Prepositions with their Meaning and an Example of Use.

Preposition Meaning Example

about on the subject of; connected Have you heard about the party? We're all
with invited.

above higher than, or over The sun is above the clouds.

across from one side to the other It's dangerous to run across the road.

after - following something; behind - The boy ran after the ball.
- later than - I'll phone you after lunch.

against - in opposition to - Stealing is against the law.

- in contact with - The sofa is against the wall.

along from one end to the other They are walking along the street.

among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators.

around - in a circle - He walked around the table.

- near, approximately - It costs around 50 euros.

- place - Carla will wait for me at the cinema.

at - age - He left home at the age of fourteen.
- time - Driving is more difficult at night.

away at a distance from The boy ran away from home.

(from)

before - earlier than - The day before yesterday.

- in front of - He bowed before the king.

behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver.

below lower than His shorts are below his knees.

beneath under The pen was beneath the books.

beside next to The bank is beside the cinema.

between in the space separating two Mary sat between Tom and Jane.
things
 by - near, at the side of - The restaurant is by the river.
- not later than - The boss wants the report by Friday.

close to near The school is close to the church.

down from higher to lower She pulled down the blind.

during through a period of time There are fewer flights during the winter.

for what is intended I bought this book for you.

from where something starts or The wind is blowing from the north.
originates

- at a point within an area - The pen is in the drawer.

in - time - In the afternoon, in the past/future
- location/place - She works in an office in New York.

in front of directly before The child ran out in front of the bus.

inside on the inner part of The bird is inside the cage.

into enter a closed space He went into the shop.

near close to The school is near the church.

next to beside The bank is next to the cinema.

off down or away from He fell off the horse.

- position touching a surface - The plate is on the table.

on - time - Christmas is on December 25th.
- location/place - The offices are on 5th Avenue.

onto move to a position on a The cat jumped onto the roof of the car.
surface

opposite facing, on the other side Eva sat opposite Tom at the table.

out of - move from a closed space - He got out of the taxi.

- without - She's out of work.

outside - opposite of inside

- on the outer side The garden is outside the house.

- above/across - The plane flew over the Atlantic.

over
- on the surface of - She put a sheet over the furniture.

past beyond She drove past the supermarket.

round in a circular movement The earth moves round the sun.

 since starting at a point in the past She's been here since September.

through from one side to the other The Seine flows through Paris.

throughout in every part of The virus spread throughout the country.

to in the direct of; towards On the way to the station.

towards in the direction of The child ran towards her father.

under beneath, below Water flows under the bridge.

underneath beneath There was dust underneath the rug.

up towards or in a higher position She walked up the stairs.

including -Vegetables are served with the fish.

with as a result of -The boss was annoyed with Tom for
arriving late.

within inside They live within the old city.

without not have, or lack something I don't like coffee without milk.

Prepositions – Place

Englis Usage Example

h

room, building, street, town, We sleep in our bedroom. We live

country, in Texas.
book, paper, etc. I live in the United States.
transportation I read about it in Harry Potter.
in
picture, world We are going in a bus to the
sports game.
You look great in that picture.
Where in the world were you?

next to or by an object Leave your shoes at the door.

for sitting at a table We have dinner at the table.
at for events I told him I would meet him at
place where you are to doing school.
something We are studying at the library.

on attached The mirror is on the wall.

being on an object The keys are on the desk.
 for a certain side The stage is on the right side.
for a floor in a house We live on the first floor.
for public transportation I talked to him on the bus.
for media I saw it on Twitter.

by,
next to, left or right of an object or The school is next to the church.
beside person

on the ground or lower than

under The ants are under the rock.
something else

lower than something else The glasses go below the cups in

below
the pantry.

covered by something else Put a blanket over your lap.

meaning more than You can drive if you are over 16
over getting to the other side years of age.
overcoming an obstacle Drive over the bridge.
Climb over the wall.

higher than something else, but The plates go above the glasses in
above
not directly over it the pantry.

go to the other side Walk across the bridge.

across
Swim across the pool.

to move from one place to Drive through the tunnel.

throug
another by entering the inside Enter through the breezeway.
h
of something

movement to person, building, Go to the restaurant.

to place or country Go to California.
can also indicate bedtime Go to bed.

enter a room or a building Go into the house. Once there, go

into
into the bedroom.

movement in the direction of She walked towards the house.

toward
something, as opposed to away
s
from it

onto moving to the top of something Jump onto the bench.

 where did object come from We bought a fruit from the
from
grocery store.

Prepositions – Time

Englis Usage Example

h

on days of the week on Friday

months / seasons in September / in

time of day autumn
in year in the evening
after a certain period of time in 2020
(when?) in thirty minutes

for night at night

at
a certain point of time at half past seven

from a certain point of time in the since 1999

since
past

for a certain past time until present for 10 years

ago a time in the past 4 years ago

before earlier than a specified date before 2020

to telling the time ten to 10 (9:50)

past telling the time ten past five (5:10)

to / till the beginning and end of a period from Wednesday to/till

/ until of time Friday

till / how long something is going to last He is on vacation until

until Sunday

by I will be done with

indicating the latest something will work by 6 o’clock.
 happen by By 7 pm, I had finished
up to a certain time my chores.

FAQs

What is the difference between simple and compound prepositions ?

Simple prepositions determine the relationship between nouns & pronouns, while compound
prepositions are formed by combining two.

When is a preposition used at the end of a sentence ?

When there is a relative pronoun used in the sentence, prepositions are used at the end of the
sentence.

When is a preposition used at the beginning of a sentence ?

In interrogative sentences, prepositions are used at the beginning of a sentence.

What is the difference between prepositions of time & place ?

The preposition that indicates time are prepositions of time & prepositions that indicate place
are prepositions of place. Example of prepositions of time, I will be home before Christmas.
Example of prepositions of place- Meet me in the cafe before you leave for home.

What are some examples of simple prepositions ?

Single words like on, in, under, above are its examples.

I got this dress from my sister for this Christmas, What kind of preposition is used in
this sentence ?
The preposition of the source is present in this statement. It indicates that she received that dress
from the source i.e. her sister.

The 4 English Sentence Types

There are four types of English Sentence, classified by their Purpose :
 Declarative Sentence (Statement)

 Interrogative Sentence (Question)

 Imperative Sentence (Command)

 Exclamative Sentence (Exclamation)

Sentence types are sometimes called Clause Types .

For
Function Example Sentence (Clause) Final Punctuation
m

Statement : It tells us
1 Declarative John likes Mary. .
something
 Question: It asks us
2 Interrogative Does Mary like John ? ?
something

Command: It tells us to do Stop !

3 Imperative ! or .
something Close the door.

Exclamation: It expresses What a funny story he told

4 Exclamative !
surprise us !

(form = structure / function = job)

1. Declarative Sentence (Statement)

Declarative Sentences make a Statement. They tell us something. They give us

information, and they normally end with a full-stop/period.

The usual word order for the declarative sentence is:

 Subject + Verb...

Declarative sentences can be Positive Or Negative. Look at these examples :

Positive Negative

I like coffee. I do not like coffee.

We watched TV last night. We did not watch TV last night.

Declarative sentences are the most common type of sentence.

2. Interrogative Sentence (Question)
Interrogative Sentences ask a Question. They ask us something. They want
information, and they always end with a question mark.
The usual word order for the interrogative sentence is :
 (Wh-Word +) Auxiliary + Subject + Verb...

Interrogative sentences can be Positive Or Negative. Look at these examples :

Positive Negative

Do you like coffee? Don't you like coffee ?

Why did you go? Why didn't you go ?

3. Imperative Sentence (Command)
Imperative Sentences give a Command. They tell us to do something, and they
end with a full-stop/period (.) or exclamation mark/point (!).
The usual word order for the Imperative Sentence is :
 Base Verb...
Note that there is usually no subject—because the subject is understood, it
is YOU.

Imperative sentences can be Positive Or Negative. Look at these examples :

Positive Negative

Stop ! Do not stop !

Give her Don't give her coffee.

coffee.

4. Exclamative Sentence (Exclamation)

Exclamative Sentences express strong Emotion/Surprise—an Exclamation—and
they always end with an exclamation mark/point (!).
The usual word order for the Exclamative Sentence is :
 What (+ Adjective) + Noun + Subject + Verb

 How (+ Adjective/Adverb) + Subject + Verb

Look at these Examples :

 What a liar he is !

 What an exciting movie it was !

 How he lied !

 How exciting the movie was !

Note the form and function of the above four types. In general, we use the
declarative form to make a statement. We use the interrogative form to ask a
question. We use the imperative form to issue a command. We use the
Exclamative form to make an exclamation.

But function and form do not always coincide, especially with a change in
intonation. For example, we can use the declarative form to give a command —
You will now start the exam. Or we can use the interrogative form to make an
exclamation — Wow, can Jo play the piano ! We can even ask a question with
the declarative form — Bangkok is in Thailand ? So it is important to recognize
this and not be confused when the function does not always match the form.

4 Types of Sentences Quiz

A. Decide which Sentence Type each of the Ten Sentences below :

1. How was school today ?

2. I’m so worried about this science test.
3. The fireworks lasted over an hour !
4. I told you to sit down.
5. Agnes won the spelling bee !
6. Turn to page 152 in your textbook.
7. Wait for me !
8. It’s impossible for kangaroos to jump backwards.
9. Do rose plants need to be watered often ?
10.Please hand me the smallest scalpel.

How to Use Sentence Variety in Writing

Mixing the four types of sentences can be a great way to make your writing more
dynamic and interesting to read. Compare these Two Pieces Of Writing :
Kamla ran down the street. As she turned a corner, a man suddenly appeared. She ran
into him and tumbled to the ground. The man helped her up and asked why she was
running. He told her to be more careful next time. Kamla nodded and went on her way,
this time at a slower pace.

Kamla ran down the street. As she turned a corner, a man suddenly appeared ! She ran
into him and tumbled to the ground.
“Why are you running ?” the man asked as he helped her up. “Please be more careful
next time.”
Kamla nodded and went on her way, this time at a slower pace.

The first example isn’t that interesting, right ? It’s made only of declarative sentences, which
explain what happened but in a pretty boring way. The second example includes all four
sentence types and is more interesting to read. It shows how sentence variety can improve
the quality of your writing. However, you don’t want to overdo it.

Any piece of writing whose main purpose is to deliver facts (such as a research paper or
newspaper article) should be written almost exclusively with declarative sentences.
Declarative sentences will be the most common sentence type you use for almost any piece
of writing, but for these fact-based pieces, you may not even use the other types of sentences.
This is because declarative sentences are what deliver facts most objectively and move
writing along most coherently.
In other pieces of writing, such as Fiction Or Opinion Pieces, you’ll likely use different
types of sentences more often. Dialogue can be a great place to use the other sentence
types, as characters ask each other questions, make exclamations, or give commands.

One thing to always be aware of is to use exclamatory sentences sparingly. Including an

exclamation point every once in a while can add drama and excitement to your writing, but if
you use them too often, they’ll lose their effectiveness, and your writing may appear overly
dramatic and unprofessional.

B. Identify the Type Of Sentence.

There are 4 types of sentences in English.
Declarative – Imperative – Interrogative – Exclamatory

1. How well she sings

2. What is your name
3. Did I say anything to make you angry
4. What is your name
5. Who told you this
6. She is a successful writer
7. It is raining cats and dogs
8. I want to become a writer
9. She does not eat meat or fish
10. Go at once
11. Bring me that file
12. My mother makes delicious cookies
13. Get lost
14. Fetch me a glass of water
15. Please be seated
16. Sit down
17. She writes with her left hand
18. What a tragedy
19. How beautiful she is
20. I have two sisters
21. How ridiculous this is
22. I have lost my way.
23. Do you drink milk daily
24. Stars are twinkling in the sky
25. Ah! What a lovely rose
26. Let us go for a river bath
27. Let us go to the river to swim
28. The train is not running on time
29. Where has Rohan gone
30. Call in the doctor please
31. Kindly lend me your book
32. I like this book
33. May God Bless you
34. What a pleasant weather
35. Keep quiet

Q. Change the type of sentence as indicated in the bracket.

1. It is a lovely rose. (Exclamatory)
2. Bravo! A nice kick. (Assertive)
3. She did not behave well there. (Interrogative)
4. Will you lend me your book ? (Imperative)
5. Show me your house. (Interrogative)

DETERMINERS
What is a Determiner ?

In grammar, a determiner is a word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to

indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one
thing or several. Common English determiners are 'a', 'the', 'some', 'this', and 'each'.

Essentially, these words explain whether you’re speaking about something general or
something specific. In addition, it can tell your reader or listener how much or how many of
something you’re referring to. Let’s discuss these clarifying words, learn why they’re
necessary, and discover how to use them properly.

Determiners are used with nouns to clarify the noun.

The type of determiner used depends on the type of noun.

 Singular Nouns - always needs a determiner

 Plural Nouns - the determiner is optional
 Uncountable Nouns - the determiner is also optional

In English grammar, a determiner is a word or a group of words that specifies, identifies, or

quantifies the noun or noun phrase that follows it. It is also known as a prenominal modifier.
Basically, determiners come at the start of a noun phrase and tell more about what comes
after it (or them, in the case of a phrase that has more than one determiner before the noun).

Determiners include articles (a, an, the), cardinal numbers (one, two, three...) and ordinal
numbers (first, second, third...), demonstratives (this, that, these, those), partitives (some of,
piece of, and others), quantifiers (most, all, and others), difference words (other, another),
and possessive determiners (my, your, his, her, its, our, their).

"Determiners signal nouns in a variety of ways: They may define the relationship of the noun
to the speaker or listener (or reader); they may identify the noun as specific or general; they
may quantify it specifically or refer to quantity in general."

Rules on Multiple Determiners

English has rules on word order, such as when there are multiple adjectives in a row
modifying the same noun (quantity before age, before color, for example). The same goes for
when you use multiple determiners in a row.
"When there is more than one determiner, follow these

Useful Rules :

a) Place all and both in front of other determiners.

E.g. We ate all the food. Both my sons are at college.

b) Place what and such in front of a and an in exclamations.

E.g. What an awful day! I've never seen such a crowd !

c) Place many, much, more, most, few, little after other determiners.
E.g. His many successes made him famous. They have no more food. What little money I
have is yours."

Count and Non-Count Nouns

Some determiners work with count nouns, and some don’t. For example, many attaches to
count nouns, such as “The child has many marbles.” In contrast, you would not use much to
attach to count nouns such as marbles but non-count nouns such as work, for example, in,
“The college student had much work to finish before finals week." Other determiners work
with either one, such as all : “The child had all the marbles” and “The college student had
all the work to finish before finals week.”

There are about 50 different determiners in the English language they include :

 Articles - a, an, the

 Demonstratives - this, that, these, those, which etc.
 Possessive Determiners - my, your, our, their, his, hers, whose, my friend's, our friends',
etc.
 Quantifiers - few, a few, many, much, each, every, some, any etc.
 Numbers - one, two, three, twenty, forty
 Ordinals - first, second, 1st 2nd, 3rd, last, next, etc.
Determiners Exercise
 I would like to ask ……………………… questions. ...
 I didn't find …………………………… there. ...
 Very …………………………… politicians are really honest. few. ...
 Only ………………………… politicians are really honest. few. ...
 ………………………… agreed to come with me. ...
 She doesn't have ………………………… ...
 I had …………………………… to help me. ...
 There are ……………………………..

1. Lisa saw _____ shooting star yesterday.

a. a b. an c. the

2. Don't look directly at _____ sun.

a. a b. an c. the

3. Is there any milk left in _____ fridge ?

a. a b. an c. the

4. I need to pack _____ apple for my lunch.

a. a b. an c. the

5. The dogs were _____ given a bone.

a. each b. any c. every

6. The police spoke separately to _____ suspect.

a. every b. each c. some

7. She was wearing a bracelet on __________ wrist.

a. each b. any c. every

8. She got her license without _____ problems.

a. some b. any c. every

9. He went with __________ younger sisters.

a. his both b. both his c. two his

10. I always keep _____ money in my wallet for emergencies.

a. any b. every c. some

Fill in the blanks with an Appropriate Determiner.

1. I would like to ask ……………………… questions.

Few a few the few
2. I didn’t find …………………………… there.
no one anyone someone
3. Very …………………………… politicians are really honest.
Few a few the few
4. Only ………………………… politicians are really honest.
Few a few the few
5. ………………………… agreed to come with me. (Please select 2 Correct Answers)
Someone Anyone No one

6. She doesn’t have ………………………… friends.

Many much
7. I had …………………………… to help me.
Anyone no one
8. There are …………………………….. birds on the tree.
Some any
9. Does …………………………. know the answer ?
Someone anyone no one
10. I would like to find …………………………… books on western philosophy.
Some any
11. I don’t have ……………………….. money.
Many much
12. Does ………………………. know where she lives ?
Anybody somebody nobody
13. ........................... of these authors is known to me.
Neither Either Both
14. I don't know ........................... of these authors.
Either neither both
15. There are very ............................ good restaurants in this town.
Few hardly little
16. There are .............................. any good restaurants in this town.
very few hardly few
17. I haven't got cats ............................. dogs.
Nor or neither
18. I have got ............................. cats ........................ dogs. (Please select 2 Correct Answers)
neither, nor either, or both, and
19. I haven't got ............................. cats ....................... dogs.
neither, nor either, or both, and
20. ........................... the participants were given a prize.
Each All Every
21. ............................ the participants was given a prize.
Each All of Each of
22. He is a good friend of ..................................
Me my mine
23. I wanted to kill that ....................................
your friend friend of your friend of yours
24. You are not better than ....................................
He him
25. Could you bring me ..................... books I left in the garden ?
Those that these
26.The sun rises from ............... east.
a the an
27. The doctor advised me to eat ................ apple every morning.
The a an
28. There aren't .................. students in the library.
More most many
29. I haven't got .................... pictures in my bedroom.
all many any
30. She gave a cookie to .................. child.
Every many each
31. I've got to solve ................... math problems before I go to sleep.
Some all more
32. (With a bowl of cherries on your lap) ............... cherries are delicious !
Those these that
33. My mother doesn't drink ................. coffee.
More all much
34. I always keep .................. money in my wallet for emergencies.
All some much

GUIDED WRITING
Write a paragraph on A morning walk using hints given below and your own in 80-100
words.
good for young and old..... refresh mind.... makes us smart and active.... light exercise.... see
nature.. birds fly.... flowers lough.... leaves dance... ponds.... canals.... full of water......
running water produces..... sweet music.... regular walk.... enjoy most.
A morning walk is the best exercise. It costs nothing but it is suitable for all. The atmosphere
at that time is very cool and refreshing. Everything looks fresh and gay. A cool breeze blows
and a walk at that time is really very enjoyable.
I daily go out for a walk. I never miss it and do our without fail. I get up early in the
morning. It put on my clothes and go out towards the canal which is at a distance of two
kilometres from our house. Atmosphere is very calm and quiet. I pass through the fields.
They look charming and fresh.

Developing Hints is developing the phrases into full sentences and not merely filling up
dashes.

Develop the following hints into a readable passage and give a suitable title.

A rich farmer - lot of land - cattle and servants - two sons - happy life - After some years
younger son unhappy - asked for his share of the property - wouldn't listen to father's advice
- got his share - sold them all - went away to another country - fell into bad ways - soon all
money gone - poor - no one to help him - understood his mistake.

Answer : The Disobedient Son

Once there was a rich farmer in a Village. He had a lot of land, cattle and many servants. He
had two sons. He led a happy life with them. After some years the younger son became
unhappy.

He asked his father for his share of the property. His father advised him not to demand like
that. But he would not listen to his father's advice. He got his share and sold them. He had a
huge amount with him.

With this amount he travelled to a distant country. He had bad company there and fell into
evil ways. All the money was gone. He became poor and no one helped him. Then he
understood his mistake and returned to his country. His father and brother took him into their
fold and supported him forever. We should obey our parents.

Assignment Questions
Develop the following hints into a readable passage and give a suitable title.

Dick – actor – brilliant - strange character - insists on realism - headache to the manager - a
new drama - first drinking scene - water provided in a cup as usual - Dick insists on liquor -
manager has to buy a bottle of liquor - second scene – fight - insists on real swords - refuses
to handle wooden swords - steel swords brought - third scene - hero drinks poison - manager
has real poison - actor in a fix - promises to be sensible in future.

Develop the following hints into a readable passage and give a suitable title.

Devan - clever thief - robs the rich - gives all to the sick and the needy - other thieves jealous
- plan to get rid of him - challenge Devan to steal the King's pyjamas - Devan accepts
challenge - finds king sleeping - opens a bottle of red ants on the bed - King badly bitten -
cries for help - servants rush in pretends to look for ants - Devan removes King's pyjamas –
escapes - other thieves dumbfounded - accept Devan their leader

Story Assignments :

Question 1.
Write a short story with the help of the following outline :

Tortoise and hare – good friends – tortoise – known for his slow speed – hare has fast speed
– makes fun of tortoise – challenges him – referee selected – race starts – hare
overconfident – takes a nap – tortoise wins.

Question 2.
Write a short story based on the following outline :

two cats – hungry – a loaf of bread – can’t divide – each greedy – wants more – a clever
monkey – offered to help – bit by bit – rate the bread – his fee – bread finished – cats
foolish – still hungry.

Question 3.
Complete the following story. Give a suitable title to the story.

Bunya was a foolish boy, who liked to be given plenty of attention and was always
seeking it. He was a woodcutter and would go deep into the jungle to cut trees. One
day he wanted to do an act of mischief. He shouted at the top of his voice, “There’s a
tiger, there’s a
tiger.”……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

Question 4.
Complete the following story. Some lines are given to help you start.

Suraj was a very foolish man. He had no common sense and was often seen doing the
silliest of things. He earned his livelihood by cutting wood.

Question 5.
Complete the following story. Some lines are given to help you start.

Last week I went to market on bicycle to buy some books. I placed my bicycle outside the
shop.

Question 6.
Complete the following story. Some lines are given to help you start.

Yesterday I was going to school. On the way I saw a child in the middle of the road. A
car was coming at full speed. …………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

Question 7.
Complete the following story. Some lines are given to help you start.

Once there was an old man. He had four sons. They always quarrelled with one
another. ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………

Question 8.
Complete the following story. Some lines are given to help you start.

One day a dog found a piece of meat. He reached the bank of the river.
………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………

Question 9.
I got up in the middle of the night, I was sweating profusely……….
Complete the story in 150 – 200 words.

Question 10.
Knowledge is power. Based on the following visual along with your ideas, develop a story
based on the theme of helping children from economically weaker sections of society (EWS)
and below the poverty line (BPL) learn, in 200–250 words.

Question 11.
Complete the story in 200–250 words.
It was a hot day. A blind man was crossing the road, suddenly a car came…….............
Question 12.
Write a story in 200–250 words. Use the clues provided to begin the story. Provide a suitable
title.

Aman – sixteen years old – returns after school – next door building – thick smoke
from window – old couple lives there – A man must take immediate action.

Question 13.
Meena is a 12-year-old girl. She is staying with her mother. No one was there for their help.
One day a stranger came to Meena’s house. Her mother was not in the house at that time.
The man caught hold of Meena. She began to cry loudly. But no one was there to hear her.
Complete the story in about 150-200 words.

Question 14.
Write a short story on the basis of the hints provided in about 150–200 words :

Loved reading about life on other planets_ One day_ walking in the school. Suddenly
heard a noise strange man, no creature –an alien saying something then more came
abducted me

Begin the story with :

I loved reading about life on other planets………

15. Write a story that ends with the following words in 200–250 words.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
On that day I learnt a lesson in my life. “Better remain alone than in a bad company.”