MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna
University)
Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL

23ITC04 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

LABORATORY

NAME:

YEAR/SEM/BRANCH:

ROLL NUMBER:

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 Institution Vision and Mission
Vision

To be a Centre of Excellence in Engineering, Technology and Management on par with

International Standards.

Mission
 To prepare the students with high professional skills and ethical values
 To impart knowledge through best practices
 To instil a spirit of innovation through Training, Research and Development
 To undertake continuous assessment and remedial measures
 To achieve academic excellence through intellectual, emotional and social stimulation

Department Vision and Mission

Vision

Excellence in Information Technology by offering quality technical education providing

to research and development.

Mission
M1: Equip the students with high quality education and carrying out research in emerging
technologies in Information Technology

M2: Expose the students, faculty and staff to a globally competitive learning experience

M3: Motivate the students to realize the responsibility of being professionally proficient
information technocrats to serve the society by inculcating Ethical and Environmental
aspects.

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

PEO1: Graduates will have successful career in IT and related industries or pursue higher
education and research or evolve as entrepreneurs.

PEO2: Graduates will have the ability and attitude to adapt emerging technological
changes in Information Technology.

PEO3: Graduates will excel as socially committed engineers with high ethical values,
leadership qualities and empathy for the needs of society.

Program Outcomes (POs):

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design / Development Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,

and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions

PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with

the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Lifelong Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PSO1: Excel in software development including mobile technologies to solve complex
computation task with soft skills.

PSO2: Apply appreciable knowledge of IoT, Cloud Computing and Cyber Security to develop
reliable IT solutions.

PSO3: Exhibit proficiency in Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics for providing
solutions to real world problems in Industry and Research establishments

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
Do’s and Dont’s in the Laboratory:

DO’s

 Know the location of the fire extinguisher and the first aid box and how to use them in
case of an emergency.

 Read and understand how to carry out an activity thoroughly before coming to the
laboratory.

 Report fires or accidents to your lecturer/laboratory technician immediately.

 Report any broken plugs or exposed electrical wires to your lecturer/laboratory

technician immediately.

 Shut down your computer, when you leave from the laboratory.

DON’Ts

 Do not eat or drink in the laboratory.

 Avoid stepping on electrical wires or any other computer cables.

 Do not open the system unit casing or monitor casing

 Do not insert metal objects such as clips, pins and needles into the computer casings.

 Do not remove anything from the computer laboratory without permission.

 Do not touch, connect or disconnect any plug or cable without your lecturer/laboratory
technician’s permission.

 Do not misbehave in the computer laboratory.

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 LIST OF PROGRAMS

1. Data Definition Language commands in RDBMS

2. Data manipulation Language and Data control Language commands in
RDBMS
3. Apply Integrity constraints and Domain constraints for a Database
4. Creation of views, Nested Queries and Join Queries
5. Study of PL/SQL blocks
6. High level programming language extensions(Control structuresand Procedures)
7. Implementation of Functions
8. Implementation of Triggers
9. Design and Implementation of Banking System
10. Design and Implementation of Student Information System
11. Design and Implementation of payroll Processing System

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 Index

S.No Name of the Experiment Page No.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 7

 EXPERIMENT NO: 1

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE COMMANDS IN RDBMS

AIM:

To execute and verify the Data Definition Language commands.

OBJECTIVES

To understand DDL commands.

THEORY

The commands used are:

● CREATE - It is used to create a table.

● ALTER – The structure of a table can be modified by using the ALTER TABLE command.
This command is used to add a new column, modify the existing column definition and to
include or drop integrity constraint.

● DROP - It will delete the table structure provided the table should be empty.

● TRUNCATE - If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the

structure has to be retained, and then the records alone can be deleted.

● DESC - This is used to view the structure of the table

PROCEDURE
CREATION OF TABLE:

SYNTAX:

create table<table name>(column1 datatype,column2 datatype...);

EXAMPLE:

SQL>CREATE TABLE Employee ( EmpNo number(5), EName VarChar(15), Job

Char(10) , DeptNo number(3));

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 (a) To Add column to existing Table
Syntax:
Alter table table-name add(column-name datatype );

EXAMPLE:
ALTER TABLE Employee ADD (phone_no char (20));

(b) To Add Multiple columns to existing Table

Syntax:

Alter table table-name add(column-name1 datatype1, column-name2

datatype2, column-name3 datatype3);

EXAMPLE:
Alter table Employee add(salary number(7), age Number(5));

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 Dropping a Column from a Table

Syntax:

ALTER TABLE <Table Name>DROP COLUMN <ColumnName>;

EXAMPLE:

ALTER TABLE Employee DROP COLUMN phone_no ;

Modifying Existing Columns

Syntax:

ALTER TABLE <Table Name>MODIFY (<ColumnName><Newdata type>(<size>));

EXAMPLE:

ALTER TABLE Employee MODIFY (EName VarChar(25));

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 RENAMING TABLES

Syntax:
Rename <oldtable> to <new table>;
EXAMPLE:
rename Employee to Employee1;

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 TRUNCATE TABLE

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

Example:

Truncate table Employee1;

DESTROYING TABLES

Syntax:
DROP TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

Example:
DROP TABLE Employee;

RESULT:

The DDL commands have been executed successfully

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 11

 EXPERIMENT NO: 2

IMPLEMENTATION OF DML AND DCL COMMANDS IN RDBMS

AIM:

To execute the Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands and DCL statements in RDBMS.

OBJECTIVES

To understand Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands

THEORY

DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and
manipulate the existing database objects. Some of the commands are
1. INSERT
This is used to add one or more rows to a table. The values are separated by commas and the
data types char and date are enclosed in apostrophes. The values must be entered in the same
order as they are defined.
2. SELECT
It is used to retrieve information from the table.it is generally referred to as querying the table.
We can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the table.
3. UPDATE
It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be updated or more than
one column could be updated.
4. DELETE
After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete command consists
of a from clause followed by an optional where clause

PROCEDURE
INSERT COMMAND
(a) Inserting a single row into a table:
Syntax:
insert into <table name> values (<expression1>,<expression2>)

Example:

SQL>INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(101,'MANU','LECTURER',15000);

(b) Inserting more than one record using a single insert commands:
Syntax:
insert into <table name> values (&col1, &col2, ….)
Example:
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN'&SALARY');

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 (c) Skipping the fields while inserting:

Insert into <tablename>(<column name1>,<column name3>)>values

(<expression1>,<expression3>);
Other way is to give null while passing the values

Example :

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(101,'MANU','LECTURER',150);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(102,'RAMU','STAFF',100);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(103,'SENU','AP',200);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(102,'ANNU','PROF',500);

SELECT COMMAND

(a)View all rows and all columns

Syntax:

Select * from tablename;

Example:

Select * from Employee;

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 (a) Selected Columns And All Rows

Syntax:

Select<column1>,<column2>fromtablename;

Example:

Select empno, ename from Employee;

(b) Selected Columns And selected Rows

Syntax:

SELECT<column1>, <column2> FROM <tablename> WHERE <condition> ;

Example:

Select empno, ename from Employee where job=’LECTURER’;

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 14

 (c) Eliminating duplicate rows

Syntax:

SELECT DISTINCT <column1>, <column2> FROM <tablename>

Example:

Select distinct empno from Employee;

UPDATE COMMAND
(a) updating all rows
Syntax:

update tablename set

columnname1>=<exprssion1>,<columnname2>=<exprssion2>;

Example:

Update Employee set job = ‘PROF’;

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 (b) updating records conditionally
Syntax:

update tablename set field=values where condition;

Example:

Update Employee set salary = 800 where empno=103;

DELETE COMMAND

(a) removal of specific rows

Syntax:

Delete from <table name> where <condition>;

Example:
delete from Employee where empno=101;

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 (b) Removal of all rows
Syntax:
Delete from <table name>;

Example:
Delete from Employee;

OBJECTIVES

To understand DCL commands

THEORY:

Data Control Language (DCL) consists of various commands which are related to data
sharing and security of data in database.
They are
GRANT
REVOKE
Granting Privileges:
Objects that are created by a user are owned and controlled by that user. If user wishes to
access any of the objects belonging to another user, the owner of the object will have to
give permissions for such access. This is called Granting of Privileges.
Granting privileges using the GRANT statements:
The GRANT statements provide various types of access to database objects such as
tables, views.
Syntax:
GRANT {object privileges} ON
object name
TO username;
Object Privileges:

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 17

 each object privilege that is granted authorizes the grantee to perform some operation on
the object. The user can grant all the privileges or grant only specific object privileges.
The list of object privileges is as follows:
• ALTER: allows the grantee to change the table definitions with the ALTER table
command.
• DELETE: allows the grantee to remove the records from the table with the DELETE
command.
• INDEX: allows the grantee to create an index on the table with the CREATE INDEX
command.
• INSERT: allows the grantee to add records to the table with the INSERT
command.
• SELECT: allows the grantee to query the table with SELECT command.
• UPDATE: allows the grantee to modify the records in the table with the UPDATE
command.
Revoking privileges given:
Privileges once given can be denied to a user using the REVOKE command. The object
owner can revoke privileges granted to another user. A user of an object who is not
owner, but has been granted the GRANT privilege, has the power to REVOKE the
privileges from the grantee.
Revoking permission using the REVOKE statement:
The REVOKE statement is used to deny the grant given on an object.
Syntax:
REVOKE {object privileges} ON
object name
FROM username;
The REVOKE command is used to revoke object privileges that the user previously granted to the
Revoke.
The REVOKE command cannot be used to revoke the privileges granted through operating system.

RESULT:

The DML commands are executed successfully and Familiarized DCL statements.

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 3

APPLY INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS AND DOMAIN

CONSTRAINTS FOR A DATABASE

AIM: To implement Domain Constraints and Integrity Constraints

THEORY:

Constraints are the Rules which are enforced on the data being stored in a table

Types of Data Constraints

1. Integrity Constraint
Integrity Constraints are the protocols that a table's data columns must follow. It is divided
into two different types
● The Primary Key Constraint
● The Foreign Key Constraint

2. Domain rule Constraint

This type of constraint is applied to data prior the data being inserted into table
columns.They are
 CHECK Constraint
 UNIQUE Constraint
 NOT NULL constraint
 DEFAULT Constraint

Oracle allows programmer to define constraints at

● Column level
● Table level
PROCEDURES
Creation of the PRIMARY KEY defined at column level

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE tablename

(Columnname1 DATATYPE CONSTRAINT <constraintname1> PRIMARY KEY,
Columnname2 DATATYPE, columnname3 DATATYPE, ..... );
Example :

CREATE TABLE Employee (

EmployeeID INT CONSTRAINT PK_sample PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
BirthDate DATE,
DepartmentID INT);

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The PRIMARY KEY defined at table level

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE tablename

(Columnname1 DATATYPE, columnname2 DATATYPE, columnname3 DATATYPE,
PRIMARY KEY (columnname1, columnname2));

Example:
CREATE TABLE example_table (
employee_id INT,
department_id INT,
employee_name VARCHAR(50),
PRIMARY KEY (employee_id, department_id)
);

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The FOREIGN KEY defined at column level
Syntax:

CREATE TABLE tablename (

Columnname1 DATATYPE REFERENCES referenced_table(columnname) ON
DELETE CASCADE,
columnname2 DATATYPE,
columnname3 DATATYPE

);

Example :

CREATE TABLE products (

product_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
product_name VARCHAR(50),
price DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

CREATE TABLE orders (

order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
product_id INT,
quantity INT,
order_date DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(product_id) ON DELETE
CASCADE
);

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 The table in which FOREIGN KEY is defined is called FOREIGN TABLE or DETAIL
TABLE.
The table in which PRIMARY KEY is defined and referenced by FOREIGN KEY is called
PRIMARY TABLE or MASTER TABLE.

ON DELETE CASCADE is set then DELETE operation in master table will trigger the
DELETE operation for corresponding records in the detail table.

The FOREIGN KEY defined at table level

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE tablename (

Columnname1 DATATYPE,
columnname2 DATATYPE,
columnname3 DATATYPE,
PRIMARY KEY (Columnname1, columnname2),
FOREIGN KEY (columnname2) REFERENCES tablename2(columnname2)
);

A CONSTRAINT can be given User Defined Name, the syntax is: CONSTRAINT < constraint
name><constraint definition>

Example code :

CREATE TABLE tablename2 (

columnname2 INT PRIMARY KEY,
data_column VARCHAR(50)
);

CREATE TABLE tablename (

Columnname1 INT,
columnname2 INT,
columnname3 VARCHAR(50),
PRIMARY KEY (Columnname1, columnname2),
FOREIGN KEY (columnname2) REFERENCES tablename2(columnname2)
);

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22
The CHECK Constraint defined at column level

CREATE TABLE tablename (

Columnname1 DATATYPE,
columnname2 DATATYPE,
columnname3 DATATYPE,
CHECK (Condition)
);
Example :

CREATE TABLE samtable (

id INT CHECK (id > 0),
name VARCHAR(50),
dob DATE
);

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 The CHECK Constraint defined at table level

CREATE TABLE examtable (

Columnname1 INT,
columnname2 VARCHAR(50),
columnname3 DATE,
CHECK (Columnname1 > 0),
CHECK (columnname2 > 0)
);

The UNIQUE Constraint defined at the column level

CREATE TABLE example_table (

Columnname1 INT UNIQUE,
columnname2 VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE,
columnname3 DATE
);

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 The UNIQUE Constraint defined at the the table level

CREATE TABLE tablename (

Columnname1 DATATYPE,
columnname2 DATATYPE,
columnname3 DATATYPE,
UNIQUE (Columnname1)
);

Example :

CREATE TABLE example_table (

employee_id INT,
employee_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
UNIQUE (employee_id)
);

NOT NULL constraint

CREATE TABLE tablename (
Columnname1 DATATYPE NOT NULL,
columnname2 DATATYPE NOT NULL,
columnname3 DATATYPE
);

Example :

CREATE TABLE employees (

employee_id INT NOT NULL,
employee_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
hire_date DATE);

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

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Note: The NOT NULL constraint can only be applied at column level.

DEFAULT Constraint

CREATE TABLE tablename (

Columnname1 DATATYPE DEFAULT (logical expression),
columnname2 DATATYPE,
columnname3 DATATYPE,

);

Example :

CREATE TABLE estable (

id INT DEFAULT 1,
name VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'John Doe',
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

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RESULT:
Thus, Domain Constraints and Integrity Constraints were executed successfully.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 4

VIEWS, NESTED QUERIES AND JOIN QUERIES

AIM : To implement views, nested queries and join queries.

THEORY:

SQL View

A view in SQL is a logical subset of data from one or more tables. View is used to restrict data access.

Syntax for creating a View

CREATE or REPLACE view view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM

table_name WHERE condition ;
Example code :

CREATE or REPLACE view sample AS SELECT empNo,Ename FROM Employee;

Syntax for Displaying a View

Syntax of displaying a view is similar to fetching data from table using Select statement.
Syntax:
SELECT * from view_name;

Types of View
There are two types of view,
 Simple View
 Complex View

Simple View Complex View

Created from one table Created from one or more table

Does not contain functions Contain functions

Does not contain groups of data Contains groups of data

CREATE A VIEW WITH SELECTED FIELDS:

SYNTAX:

SQL>CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW <VIEW NAME>AS SELECT <COLUMN

NAME1>…..FROM <TABLE NAME>;

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Example :

CREATE or REPLACE view sample AS SELECT empNo,Ename FROM Employee;

INSERT STATEMENT SYNTAX:

SQL> INSERT INTO <VIEW_NAME> (COLUMN NAME1, …) VALUES(VALUE1,….);

Example :
Insert into sam (empno,ename) values(110,'mec');

DELETE STATEMENT SYNTAX:

SQL> DELETE <VIEW_NMAE>WHERE <COLUMN NMAE> =’VALUE’;

Example :

DELETE sam WHERE ename ='mec';

UPDATE STATEMENT:
A view can be updated under certain conditions:
The SELECT clause may not contain the keyword DISTINCT.
The SELECT clause may not contain summary functions.
The SELECT clause may not contain set functions.
The SELECT clause may not contain set operators.
The SELECT clause may not contain an ORDER BY
clause. The FROM clause may not contain multiple tables.
The WHERE clause may not contain subqueries.
The query may not contain GROUP BY or
HAVING. Calculated columns may not be updated.
All NOT NULL columns from the base table must be included in the view in
order for the INSERT query to function.

UPDATE STATEMENT SYNTAX:

SQL>UPDATE <VIEW_NAME> SET< COLUMN NAME> = <COLUMN NAME>
+<VIEW>WHERE <COLUMN NAME>=VALUE;

DROP A VIEW:
Obviously, where you have a view, you need a way to drop the view if it is no longer needed.
SYNTAX:
SQL> DROP VIEW <VIEW_NAME>

Example :

drop view sam;

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SOLUTION:

CREATE A VIEW WITH SELECTED FIELDS:

CREATE TABLE Employee (EmpNO number(10),Ename Varchar(15),Job char(10),Deptno

number(10));

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(101,'MANU','LECTURER',15000);

CREATE or REPLACE view sample AS SELECT empno,Ename FROM Employee;
select * from sample;

UPDATE STATEMENT:
CREATE or REPLACE force view sam AS SELECT empNO,Ename FROM Employee;
UPDATE sam set empno = 105 WHERE ename = 'MANU';
select * from sam;
select * from employee;

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NESTED QUERIES

A nested query is a query that appears inside another query, and it helps retrieve data from
multiple tables or apply conditions based on the results of another query.

Q1: Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than minimum salary of
the company and job title starts with A.

1. Use select from clause.

2. Use like operator to match job and in select clause to get the result.

Ans: SQL>
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
employee_name VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
job_title VARCHAR(100)
);

select * from employees;

SELECT employee_name, salary

FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees)
AND job_title LIKE 'A%';

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 31

 Q2: Issue a query to find all the employees who work in the same job as John

Doe:

SQL>

SELECT * FROM employees

WHERE job_title = (SELECT job_title FROM employees WHERE

employee_name = 'John Doe');

JOIN QUERIES:

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between
them.
SYNTAX:

SELECT table1.column1,table1.column2,table2.column1,....
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.matching_column = table2.matching_column;

Example:

CREATE TABLE customers (

customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE orders (
order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id INT NOT NULL,
order_date DATE NOT NULL,
order_total DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(customer_id)
);
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SELECT customers.name, customers.email, orders.order_id, orders.order_date
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;

Result:

Thus views, nested queries and join queries were implemented Successfully.

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 5

STUDY OF PL/SQL BLOCK

AIM : To study PL/SQL Block.

THEORY:

PLSQL stands for "Procedural Language extensions to SQL", and can be used in
Oracle databases. PLSQL is closely integrated into the SQL language, yet it adds
programming constructs that are not native to SQL.

Advantages of PL/SQL
1. PL/SQL supports not only SQL data manipulation but also provides facilities of
conditional checking, branching and looping.
2. PL/SQL sends an entire block of statements to the Oracle engine at one time.
3. PL/SQL permits dealing with errors and displaying user friendly messages when
the error occurs.
4. Via PL/SQL all sorts of calculations can be done quickly without the use of
Oracle Engine
5. Applications written in PL/SQL are portable to any computer hardware and
operating system where Oracle is operational.
The different sections of PL/SQL block are as follows:
DECLARE SECTION
Declarations of memory variables, constants, cursors etc in PL/SQL

BEGIN
SQL executable statements
PL/SQL executable statements

EXCEPTION
SQL or PL/SQL code to handle errors that may arise during the execution of the
code blockStudy of PL/SQL block

In addition to SQL commands, PL/SQL can also process data using flow of statements. The
flow of control statements are classified into the following categories.
• Conditional control -Branching
• Iterative control - looping
• Sequential control

BRANCHING in PL/SQL:
Sequence of statements can be executed on satisfying certain condition .
If statements are being used and different forms of if are:
1.Simple IF
2.ELSIF
3. ELSE IF

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SELECTION IN PL/SQL(Sequential Controls)
SIMPLE CASE
Syntax:
CASE SELECTOR
WHEN Expr1 THEN statement1;
WHEN Expr2 THEN statement2;
ELSE
Statement n;
END CASE;

EXAMPLE :

DECLARE
day_of_week VARCHAR2(10) := 'Monday';
statement VARCHAR2(50);
BEGIN
CASE day_of_week
WHEN 'Monday' THEN
statement := 'It''s the start of the week.';
WHEN 'Wednesday' THEN
statement := 'Halfway through the week!';
WHEN 'Friday' THEN
statement := 'TGIF! It''s Friday!';
ELSE
statement := 'It''s a regular day.';
END CASE;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(statement);
END;

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SEARCHED CASE:
CASE
WHEN searchcondition1 THEN statement1
WHEN searchcondition2 THEN statement2
:
:
ELSE default_statement
END CASE;

EXAMPLE :
DECLARE
grade CHAR(1);
marks NUMBER := 85;
BEGIN
grade :=
CASE
WHEN marks >= 90 THEN 'A'
WHEN marks >= 80 THEN 'B'
WHEN marks >= 70 THEN 'C'
WHEN marks >= 60 THEN 'D'
ELSE 'F'
END;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Grade: ' || grade);

END;

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 36

ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL
Sequence of statements can be executed any number of times using loop construct.
It is broadly classified into:
• Simple Loop
• For Loop
• While Loop

SIMPLE LOOP
Syntax:
LOOP
statement1;
EXIT [ WHEN Condition];
END LOOP;

EXAMPLE :
DECLARE
counter NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration ' || counter);
counter := counter + 1;
EXIT WHEN counter > 5;
END LOOP;
END;

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WHILE LOOP
Syntax
WHILE condition LOOP
statement1;
statement2;
END LOOP;
EXAMPLE :
DECLARE
counter NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
WHILE counter <= 5 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration ' || counter);
counter := counter + 1;
END LOOP;
END;

FOR LOOP
Syntax:
FOR counter IN [REVERSE]
LowerBound..UpperBound
LOOP
statement1;
statement2;
END LOOP;
EXAMPLE :
DECLARE
loop_counter NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR loop_counter IN 1..5
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number: ' || loop_counter);
END LOOP;
END;

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 38

Result:

PL/SQL blocks were implemented Successfully.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 39

 EXPERIMENT NO: 6

HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE EXTENSIONS(CONTROL

STRUCTURES AND PROCEDURES)

AIM:

To Implement Procedures

THEORY:
Procedure is a subprogram used to perform a specific action. A subprogram is a
named block of PL/SQL. There are two types of subprograms in PL/SQL namely Procedures
and Functions. Every subprogram will have a declarative part, an executable part or body,
and an exception handling part, which is optional. Declarative part contains variable
declarations. Body of a subprogram contains executable statements of SQL and PL/SQL.
Statements to handle exceptions are written in exception part.

Procedure specification begins with CREATE and ends with procedure name or
parameters list. Procedures that do not take parameters are written without a parenthesis. The
body of the procedure starts after the keyword IS or AS and ends with keyword END.

Syntax for Procedure:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS} BEGIN
procedure_body
EXCEPTION
Exception handling
END procedure_name;

Procedure is created using CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

OR REPLACE specifies the procedure is to replace an existing procedure if present. One

can use this option to modify an existing procedure.

A procedure may be passed multiple parameters. IN | OUT | IN OUT specifies the mode of
the parameter. Type specifies the datatype of the parameter.

IN - The parameter can be referenced by the procedure or function. The value of the
parameter cannot be overwritten by the procedure or function.

OUT - The parameter cannot be referenced by the procedure or function, but the value of the
parameter can be overwritten by the procedure or function.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 40

 IN OUT - The parameter can be referenced by the procedure or function and the value of the
parameter can be overwritten by the procedure or function.

Procedure body contains the SQL and PL/SQL statements to perform the procedure's task.

Exception Section:

The Exception section of a PL/SQL Block starts with the reserved keyword
EXCPTION. This section is optional. Any errors in the program can be handled in this
section, so that the PL/SQL Blocks terminates gracefully. If the PL/SQL Block contains
exceptions that cannot be handled, the Block terminates abruptly with errors.

Advantages:

When client executes a procedure or a function, the processing is done in the server.
Server is likely to me more powerful than the clients which in turn mean that stored procedures
should run faster. This reduces network traffic.
As the procedures/functions are stored in the Oracle database there is no need to transfer
the code from the clients to the database server or to transfer intermediate results from the
server to the clients. This results in much less network traffic and again improves scalability
The subprograms are compiled and stored in the Oracle database as stored programs
and can be invoked whenever required. As they are stored in compiled form when called,
they only need to be executed. Hence they save time needed for compilation. They allow
breaking the program into manageable modules. They provide reusability and maintainability
for the code.

Disadvantages:
There is an overhead involved in embedding or calling PL/SQL procedures from SQL
in Oracle due to the context switching that the Oracle database has to perform. This may be
significant in terms of performance but usually this overhead is outweighed by performance
advantages of using PL/SQL.
More memory may be required on the Oracle database server when using Oracle
PL/SQL packages as the whole package is loaded into memory as soon as any object in the
package is accessed

PROCEDURE TO INSERT NUMBER

SQL> create table emp1(id number(3),First_name varchar2(20));

Table created.
SQL> insert into emp1 values(101,'Nithya');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp1 values(102,'Maya');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from emp1;

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 41

 ID FIRST_NAME

101 Nithya
102 Maya

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE insert_num(p_num NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp1 (id, First_name)
VALUES (p_num, USER);
END insert_num;
Output:
Procedure created.

SQL> exec insert_num(3);

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 42

 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 43

Result:

High level programming language extensions such as Control structuresand Procedures

were implemented Successfully.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 44

 EXPERIMENT NO: 7

IMPLEMENTATION OF FUNCTIONS

AIM : To Implement Function

THEORY :

A function is a named PL/SQL Block which is similar to a procedure. The major

difference between a procedure and a function is, a function must always return a value, but a
procedure may or may not return a value.
Syntax for Function:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION function_name (

parameter1 datatype1,
parameter2 datatype2,
-- add more parameters as needed
) RETURN return_datatype IS
-- Declaration section
variable1 datatype1;
variable2 datatype2;
-- add more variables as needed
BEGIN
-- Execution section
-- Your logic here
-- Set values to variables, perform calculations, etc.
-- Return statement
RETURN return_variable;
EXCEPTION
-- Exception section
RETURN default_value;
END function_name;
Return Type: The header section defines the return type of the function. The return datatype
can be any of the oracle datatype like varchar, number etc.
The execution and exception section both should return a value which is of the datatype
defined in the header section.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 45

 SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fact(n NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
i NUMBER(10);
f NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
f := f * i;
END LOOP;
RETURN f;
END fact;
/
Function created.

SQL> select fact(4) from dual;

FACT(4)

24

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 46

Result
Thus the functions were implemented successfully.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 47

 EXPERIMENT NO: 8

IMPLEMENTATION OF TRIGGERES

Aim :
To implement of triggers

TRIGGER FOR DISPLAYING GRADE OF THE STUDENT

SQL> CREATE TABLE stdn (

rollno NUMBER(3),
name VARCHAR2(50),
m1 NUMBER(3),
m2 NUMBER(3),
m3 NUMBER(3),
tot NUMBER(4),
avrg NUMBER(4, 1),
result VARCHAR2(10)
);

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER t1

BEFORE INSERT ON stdn
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:new.tot := :new.m1 + :new.m2 + :new.m3;
:new.avrg := :new.tot / 3;

IF (:new.m1 >= 50 AND :new.m2 >= 50 AND :new.m3 >= 50) THEN
:new.result := 'pass';
ELSE
MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 48
 :new.result := 'Fail';
END IF;
END;
/

SQL> insert into stdn values(101,'SM',67,89,99,'','','');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from stdn;

ROLLNO NA M1 M2 M3 TOT AVRG RESULT

101 SM 67 89 99 255 85 pass

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 49

PROGRAM TO INDICATE INVALID CONDITION USING TRIGGER

SQL> create table emp (name varchar(10),empno number(3),age number(3));

Table created.

SQL>

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER t2

BEFORE INSERT ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (new.age > 100)
BEGIN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20998, 'INVALID ERROR');
END;
/
Trigger created.

SQL> insert into emp values('nithya',101,24);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values('nithya',101,103);

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-20998: INVALID

ERROR ORA-06512: at

"SCOTT.T2", line 2

ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SCOTT.T2'

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 50

 RESULT:

Thus the triggers were implemented successfully.

MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY 51

 EXPERIMENT NO: 9

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BANKING SYSTEM

AIM:
To design and implement banking System

STEPS:

1. Create the DB for banking system source request the using SQL
2.Establishing ODBC connection
3. Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90 click finished
window will appear give the data source name as oracle and give the user id as scott
5.Now click the test connection a window will appear with server and user name give user
as scott and password tiger Click ok.
6.Visual Basic Application:-
 Create Standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format.
 To add ADODC Project Select Component and check ms ADO data control click ok.
 Now the Control is added in the tool book.
 Create Standard exe project in to.
7.ADODC CONTEOL FOR ACCOUNT FROM:- Click customs and property window and
window will appear and select ODBC data source name as oracle and click apply as the some
window

CREATE A TABLE IN ORACLE

SQL>create table account(cname varchar(20),accno number(10),balance number);
Table Created
SQL> insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance);
Enter value for cname: Mathi
Enter value for accno: 1234
Enter value for balance: 10000
old 1: insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance)
new 1: insert into emp values('Mathi',1234,10000) 1 row created.

SOURCE CODE FOR FORM1

Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 2
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DELETE_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.DELETE MsgBox "record deleted"
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
INSERT_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub UPDATE_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE MsgBox "record updated
successfully"
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 3
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DEPOSIT_Click()

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deposited")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) + Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "CURRENT BALANCE IS
Rs" + Str(A) Adodc1.Recordset.Save Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
Sub Private
Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me End
Sub Private
Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show End
Sub Private Sub
WITHDRAW_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deleted")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) - Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "current balance is Rs" +
Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub

OUTPUT:

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 Result:
Thus the banking system was designed and implemented successfully.

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 EXPERIMENT NO: 10

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

AIM:
To design and implement Student Information System.

STEPS:

1. Create a database for library which request the using SQL

2. Establish ODBC connection

3. In the administrator tools open data source ODBC

4. Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90, click finish

5. A window will appear given the data source home as oracle and select TNS source name as
lion and give the used id as SWTT

6. ADODC CONTROL FOR library FORM:-

7. The above procedure must be follow except the table , A select the table as library

8. Write appropriate Program in form each from created in VB from each from created in VB
form project.

i. ADMINISTRATOR Table
This table holds the profile information of the application super users otherwise
known as system administrators. They have control of the software meaning that they can
perform additional tasks that other users cannot ordinarily perform. Every software of this
nature has such users and this one is no exception. The table contains the following
columns; ADMIN_ID, TITLE, FRIST_NAME, LAST_NAME, and DEPARMENT_ID.

The column ADMIN_ID is the primary key column (primary key disallows duplicate values
and nulls in a column) every table should have a primary key column, as this acts like table
indexing.

ii.ALL_COURSE Table
This table keeps the courses offered by students in different departments in the school. The
table contains the following columns; COURSE_ID, COURSE_TITLE, and COURSE_CODE.
The COURSE_ID is the primary key column.

iii. APP_USER_A Table

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 This table contains application login details for application administrators. The table
columns are; USRNAME, PASSWD and ADMIN_ID. The column ADMIN_ID is the primary key
column.

iv.APP_USER_L Table
This table contains application login details for application lecturers. The table columns are;
USRNAME, PASSWD and LECTURER_ID. The column LECTURER_ID is the primary
key column.

v.APP_USER_S Table
This table contains application login details for application students.
The table columns are;
USRNAME, PASSWD and MATRIG_NO. The column MATRIG_NO is the primary key
column.

vi.DEPARTMENTS Table
This table holds information about the schools departments. The table contains the following
columns; DEPARTMENT_ID and DEPARTMENT_NAME. The column DEPARTMENT_ID is
the primary key column.

vii.GRADES Table
This is more like the main table in the database as all other tables relate to this table
directly or in some other way. This table holds students examination records. The table
contains the following columns;
GRADES_ID, SESSION1, REG_NUMBER, DEPARTMENT_ID, LEVEL1,
MATRIG_NO,FRIST_NAME,LAST_NAME,COURSE_CODE,GRADE,CREDIT_UNIT,
SCORE, LECTURER_ID and GRADE_POINT. The column GRADES_ID is the primary
key column.

viii.LECTURERS Table
This table holds the profile information of the application lecturers. The table contains the
following columns; LECTURER_ID, TITLE, FRIST_NAME, LAST_NAME, and
DEPARMENT_ID. The column LECTUTER_ID is the primary key column.

REG_TABLE Table
ix.
This table contains student‟s registration details i.e. if a student is registered for the
semester this table is used to store that information. The table contains the following
columns; REG_ID, REG_NUMBER, MATRIG_NO, FRIST_NAME,LAST_NAME,
LEVEL1, DEPARTMENT_ID and SESSION1. The column REG_ID is the primary key
column.

x. STUDENTS Table
This table holds the profile information of the application students. The table contains the
following columns; MATRIG_NO, TITLE, FRIST_NAME, LAST_NAME, and

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 DEPARMENT_ID. The column MATRIG_NO is the primary key column.

RESULT:

Thus the student information system was designed and implemented successfully.

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 EXPERIMENT NO: 11

DATABASE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PAY ROLL PROCESSING

AIM:

To Design the database and implement Pay Roll Processing

STEPS:
 Create a database for payroll processing which request the using SQL
 Establish ODBC connection
 In the administrator tools open data source ODBC
 Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90, click finish
 A window will appear given the data source home as oracle and select TNS source name as
lion and give the used id as SWTT
 ADODC CONTROL FOR SALARY FORM:-
 The above procedure must be follow except the table , A select the table as salary
 Write appropriate Program in form each from created in VB from each from created in VB
form project.

SQL>create table emp(eno number primary key,enamr varchar(20),age number,addr

varchar(20),DOB date,phno number(10));
Table created.

SQL>create table salary(eno number,edesig varchar(10),basic number,da number,hra

number,pf number,mc number,met number,foreign key(eno) references emp);
Table created.
TRIGGER to calculate DA,HRA,PF,MC
SQL>
create or replace trigger employ
2 after insert on salary
3 declare
4 cursor cur is select eno,basic from salary;
5 begin
6 for cur1 in cur loop
7 update salary set
8 hra=basic*0.1,da=basic*0.07,pf=basic*0.05,mc=basic*0.03 where hra=0;
9 end loop;
10 end;
11 / Trigger created.

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 PROGRAM FOR FORM 1

Private Sub emp_Click() Form

2.Show End
Sub Private
Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub Private
Sub salary_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub

PROGRAM FOR FORM 2

Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub Private Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = "" Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = ""
End Sub Private Sub delte_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox "Record Deleted"
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True
Then Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End
Sub Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub

PROGRAM FOR FORM 3

Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub
Private Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = "" End
Sub
Private Sub delte_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox "Record Deleted"
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True
Then Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click() Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub

OUTPUT:

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
 RESULT:
Thus payroll system was designed and implemented successfully.

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MEC / IT / DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY