Ethiopian Engineering

Corporation -
Construction

WOLKITE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT

HOSTING COMPANY: - Ethiopia Engineering Corporation Construction (EEC)

DURATION OF INTERNSHIP: - From September 2024 G.C to December 2024 G.C

PREPARED BY: - ADDISU MESFIN

ID NO_ ENG/013/09

MONTER’S NAME: - Mr. Bruki Mulu

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 SUMMISSION DATE: - July 2025 G.C

DECLARATION

This final intern ship report is prepared by me, Addisu Mesfin. I assure that this report contains
what I saw and actively participated in activity both at the site and office during my fourth month
internship program from September 2024 G.C to December 2024 G.C. I prepared this report
using my own skill and a little advice from my mentor Mr.Bruki and project Engineer, Hailelul
Mickael .

Mentor’s Name: - Mr. Bruki Mulu. Signature ……………..

Project Engineer’s Name: - Mr. Hailelul Mickael Signature …………….

Student’s Name: - Addisu Mesfin Signature …………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thanks God to permit me for this internship program and give to me the
ultimate love and courage through my life. Next, I would like to thank Wolkite University
especially School of Civil Engineering department for setting up this internship program that I
can gain practical skills and hence upgrade my theoretical skills.

Then, I also thank EEC construction Workers for their willingness acceptance for training on
their company and encouragement to create good environment for this internship program with
their trainer material Engineer and QA/QC as well as all DC and lab. Technician who gives
detailed information concerning the whole high way construction process with their full wish and
effort for the last couple of days.

Also, I would like to thank my adviser Instructor Bruki Mulu for his collaboration and advice
when I want support.

Lastly, I also thank all peoples who help me in the internship program through their advice and
giving good feedback.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I spent my internship program starting from September, 2024 to December, 2024 at Ethiopia
Engineering Corporation Construction (EEC) at Construction Works for the remaining works of
Bishoftu-Chefe Donsa-Sendafa Road Project between Section (Km 29+286 - Km 44+000).

This internship activity can be broadly divided into earth work, structure work, office work,
laboratory work and other over all internship experience.

From the internship program I really know about road construction process, upgrade technical
skills like theoretical knowledge and practical skill, management skill and acquaintance
acquired.

The report contains four chapters that clearly explain about office work, laboratory work, site
works, over all internship experience and general conclusions and recommendations.

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 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................8
PREFACE........................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................10
1.1 GENERAL ABOUT THE REPORT.............................................................................................10
1.2 BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEWS OF THE COMPANY.............................................................10
1.2.2 VISION...............................................................................................................................11
1.2.3 Mission......................................................................................................................11
1.2.4 Values of the company...............................................................................................11
1.2.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE COMPANY...........................................................................................11
1.2.6 COMPANY OVERALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW....................................................12
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................14
2. ACTIVITY, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ASSIGNMENT OF INTERN.............................14
2.1 OFFICE WORK......................................................................................................................14
2.1.1. MANAGEMENT SKILL.......................................................................................................14
2.1.2. Technical Skill.............................................................................................................14
2.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TEST.........................................................................................15
2.2.1 FIELD TEST........................................................................................................................15
2.2.1.1 FIELD DENSITY TEST (FDT)..........................................................................................15
2.2.1.2. SLUMP TEST..................................................................................................................18
2.2.2 LABORATORY TESTS.........................................................................................................19
2.2.2.1 Proctor test................................................................................................................19
2.2.2.2. ATERBERGE LIMIT TEST........................................................................................21
2.2.2.3 Classification test......................................................................................................23
2.2.2.4 Linear shrinkage........................................................................................................24
2.2.2.5 Californian bearing ratio (CBR) test........................................................................25
OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................................................25
2.2.2.6 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN.................................................................................................26
2.2.2.7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST.....................................................................................27
2.2.2.6 HOT MIX ASPHALT BINDER COURSE MIX DESIGN WORK............................................28
2.2.2.8 GRADATION TEST...........................................................................................................32
2.3 SITE ACTIVITIES...................................................................................................................34
2.3.1 BASIC SURVEYING WORKS................................................................................................34

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 2.3.1.1 TRAVERSE SURVEYING...................................................................................................34
2.3.1.2. LEVELING INSTRUMENT................................................................................................35
2.3.1.3 DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING...............................................................................................37
2.3.2 EARTH WORK....................................................................................................................38
2.3.2.1 CLEARING AND GRABBING.............................................................................................38
2.3.2.2 EXCAVATION AND WASTE DISPOSAL............................................................................39
2.3.2.3 PREPARATION OF ROADBED AND SHOWERING...............................................................41
2.3.2.4 COMPACTION AND BACKFILL.........................................................................................42
2.3.3. TYPICAL X-SECTION OF THE ROAD PAVEMENT................................................................42
2.3.3.0 ASPHALT WEARING SURFACE (5C.M COMPACTED THICKNESS)......................................43
2.3.3.1 Base course (17.5c.m compacted thickness).............................................................45
2.3.3.2 SUB-BASE (22.5C.M COMPACTED THICKNESS)...............................................................46
2.3.3.3 SUB-GRADE....................................................................................................................46
2.3.4 STRUCTURAL SECTIONS....................................................................................................47
2.3.4.2 Lean concrete and reinforced pad.............................................................................47
2.3.4.3 Drainage Structures..................................................................................................48
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................50
3. THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE..................................................................50
3.1 TO IMPROVE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL.......................................................51
3.2 TO IMPROVE TEAM SPRIT SKILL...........................................................................................51
3.3. TO KNOW LEADERSHIP SKILL..............................................................................................51
3.4 TO KNOW WORK ETHICS.......................................................................................................52
3.5 TO INCREASE ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL.............................................................................52
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................54
4. CONCUIUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................54
4.1 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM..........................................54
4.2 GENERAL SUGGESTIONS GIVEN FOR THE COMPANY.............................................................54
4.3 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................55
4.4 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................................55
REFERENC...................................................................................................................................57

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 List of figure

Figure 1 - Flowchart of organizational work flow.........................................................................13

Figure 2 - FDT test........................................................................................................................16
Figure 3 - Slump test......................................................................................................................18
Figure 4 Modified Procter test.......................................................................................................20
Figure 5 Attemberg limit test.........................................................................................................22
Figure 6 Soil Classification test.....................................................................................................23
Figure 7 - linear shrinkage test......................................................................................................24
Figure 8 CBR test..........................................................................................................................26
Figure 9 Aggregate sampling, concrete mix design, and cube casting..........................................27
Figure 10 compressive strength test..............................................................................................28
Figure 11 Preparation and HMA Mix Design by Marshal Method..............................................29
Figure 12 Hot Mix Asphalt Sampling, quartering and extraction.................................................31
Figure 13 Crusher Plant and Asphalt Plant....................................................................................32
Figure 14 Gradation test................................................................................................................33
Figure 15 Leveling Instrument......................................................................................................35
Figure 16 Total Station..................................................................................................................36
Figure 17 clearing and grubbing....................................................................................................39
Figure 18 borrow site.....................................................................................................................40
Figure 19 blasting store and blasting site......................................................................................41
Figure 20 Rodbed prepation and showering..................................................................................42
Figure 21 Compaction and Backfill...............................................................................................42
Figure 22 Asphalt Paving Activities..............................................................................................44
Figure 23 Base Course Dumping, Placing, FDT, Application of Prime Coat...............................45
Figure 24 Sub-base Compaction and showering...........................................................................46

List of Table

Table 1 Marshal test data...............................................................................................................30

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ERA…………………………………………Ethiopian Roads Administration

m…………………………………………. Meter
cm……………………………………. Centimeter
RC…………………………………………. Reinforced Concrete
CBR ………………………………………California Bearing Ratio Test
MDD……………………………………… Maximum Dry Density
OMC……………………………………… Optimum Moisture Content
FDT………………………………………Field Density Test
Br ------------------------------------------------Birr
BOQ-----------------------------------------------Bill of Quantity
DC6------------------------------------------------Design Construction 6
RIF--------------------------------------------------Request Inspection Format

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 PREFACE

Ethiopia Engineering Corporation construction and white knight Construction Management

Consultant Plc in Sub-Consultancy with Stride Consulting Engineers Plc have an agreement with
ERA for the Construction Works for the remaining works of Bishoftu-Chefe Donsa-Sendafa
Road Project between Section (Km 29+286 - Km 44+000). Covers 15. kilometers and will be
constructed at a total cost of 925,263,761.90 million birr and per kilometer 66.67million Br.

Construction Works for the remaining works of Bishoftu-Chefe Donsa-Sendafa Road Project
between Section (Km 29+286 - Km 44+000) has lanes with a 7meter width and the road also has
sidewalks 1.5 m width on both sides, it has (6) slab culvert as well as 20 crossing drainage pipes.

The road project has constructing through a BOQ delivery system. The road constructed to DC6
road class. The work includes the investigation, survey, design and construction of the road to a
DC6 (ERA- Geometric Design Manual-2013 and Asphalt Concrete with the accompanying
structures and protection works.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General about the report

This report presents the overview of my internship experience at EEC Corporation construction
from September, 2017 to December, 2017 as back ground for your reading of this report I have
included the brief description of the host company and internship objective.

1.2 Background and overviews of the company

EEC Construction key activities are: - high-end complex construction projects, predominately
high-rise
Commercial & residential buildings, real-estate, infrastructure (roads, railways & airports), water
& energy sectors.
In addition to operating as a main contractor, EEC will establish related businesses which
complement its core activities.
Related Businesses:
• EEC Piling, Underground& Foundation Works
• EEC Fit out
• EEC Energy (Solar Solutions)
• EEC MEP (Electromechanical Solutions)
• EEC Facility Management
• EEC Landscape
• EEC Construction Material
The company is registered under Ethiopian law. Ever since its establishment the company has
successfully accomplished different construction works estimated as 925,263,761.90 ETB of birr
for the federal government, regional government Currently the company is undertaking a number
of construction activities in different parts of the country. The company is engaged in both
building and road construction works.

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 1.2.2 Vision

 To be the best construction company in our geographical area of operation.

1.2.3 Mission

To have empowered employees that will collaborate & innovate with all project stake holders
to successfully deliver high end construction projects with an international standard, so that
we can contribute to sustainable economic development of Ethiopia

1.2.4 Values of the company

 Courage

• Integrity

• Reliability

• Value Our People

• Innovation

• Sustainability

1.2.5 Objective of the company

1. To ensure that 95% the projects executed by the company and accomplished with in the
contract time.
2. To ensure that all non-recyclable and non-disposable (by selling) wastes are disposed
without causing adverse effect to the environment.
3. To assess our customer satisfaction level once per year to ensure continual improvement
of the service and delivery performance.
4. To build the capacity of our employees through training two times per year and at
demand on quality and environmental management and on other training identifying
according to competence check list.
5. To conduct internal audit and management review twice per year and at demand.

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 Experience of the company
1. Debre Birhan University - Rigid pavement parking, water supply and Girder box
bridge project
2. Minister of Finance head office renovation project
3. Ethiopia police university Force project
4. Ethiopia Engineering Group Head quarter renovation project
5. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia head quarter renovation project
Ongoing Projects
• Construction Works of the Remaining Works of Bishoftu - Chefe Donsa Sendafa
Road Project Between Section Km 29+286 and Km 44+000 - Oromia Region
• 5B+ G+ 30 Mixed use Office Building - Addis Ababa
• Design & Build 2B+G+10 Giorigis - Addis Ababa
• B+G+2 Offices building with site work construction, master plan and detail
design study Amhara Region, Bahir Dar
• Gheralta Guh Lodge Phase I Tigray Region, Geralta
• 2B+G+14 building and fuel retail Station
• Main Building, White House Cover, Café and Meeting Hall, Walkway,
Compound Work Lideta federal high court

1.2.6 Company overall organization and work flow

In order to make the working environment smooth and efficient, the project needs proper work
flow. Even though the workflow depends on location of project site, number of employees
involved and time required for finishing.

Work division

 Project manager: - He controls the overall activities in the site. He organizes different
component of the site and assign professionals such as engineers, Forman and other to the
components. Control and allocating different resources to the various section of the site
among thus he deciding on how much worker should be included under each engineer or
under each Forman, deciding on how much worker should be distribution of budget. He
organizes and prepares meeting with different stake holders in the site. By doing so one
can evaluate the performances of the site, discuss on problems and create ideas on how to
solve those problems, talk about the plans and work schedules.

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 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Figure 1 - Flowchart of organizational work flow

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CHAPTER TWO

2. ACTIVITY, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ASSIGNMENT OF INTERN

2.1 Office Work

During this internship program, from the office work I get management and technical skill.

I have seen the following main activities:

2.1.1. Management Skill:

Mainly executed work with respect to plan made.

 Master plane

 To draw up the construction schedule and program

 daily schedule

 monthly schedule
 weekly schedule
 To fix up the completion period
 Letter to concerned body:
 consultant
 client
 contractor
 Society peoples and Company
 RIF report record and response
 daily
 weekly
 monthly

2.1.2. Technical Skill: mainly executed work with contract document specification and

ERA manual.

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 Design
 Preparing structural working drawing for culvert, Retaining Wall, and pipe.
 Use to software highway design by auto cad and eagle point
 Know the concept of typical cross- sectional elements, geo-metrical structures, horizontal
and vertical alignments, supper elevation and grading.
 Calculating
 earth work: cut and fill
 Volume: lean, pad, culvert slab, and Retaining Wall.
 Quantity estimate
 the amount of money required
 the quantities of materials required
 the tools and equipment required for the construction
 the different workers to be employed
 Cost estimate
 volume of work
 determine actual cost per unit of item
 work out economical use of materials, labor and equipment's

2.2 Construction Material Test

Construction material test is inspecting and control the quality of material. The test and selects
the appropriate materials and effect of the material in the moment and future on the structure.
The test leads by laboratory technician in both side in contractor and evaluate by consultant
specified according to specification (contract document) and standards (usually ERA and
AASHTO, ACI). It can be classified as in to field and laboratory tests.

2.2.1 Field Test

The test work in the site check the quality of material and any construction work activities like
FDT test, Slump test and etc.

2.2.1.1 Field Density Test (FDT)

Objective

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The main objective of this test is to determining percentage of compaction. FDT known as
Density of Soil In-Place by Sand-Cone Replacement Method.
Apparatus
 Steel chisel and Peg
 Large & Small Sand Scoop
 Steel Hammer
 Field Density Plate
 Plastic Jug (Jar)
 Sand Cone & brush
 River Sand 600 µm sieve pass & 300 µm sieve Retained and
 Balance
Procedure
1. After compaction excavate 20c.m (each layer 20c.m)
2. Weight mass of wet soil from hole
3. Weight mass of sand + jar before pouring
4. Weight mass of sand + jar after pouring
5. Take sieve 600 µm pass & 300 µm retained then calculate bulk density wet soil
6. Next burn soil with alcohol or benzene to determine moisture content
7. Weight mass of wet soil + container
8. Weight mass of dry soil + container
9. Weight mass of container then calculate moisture content

Figure 2 - FDT test

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 Determination of parameters from FDT test

Take taste reference from lab

- Density of sand (Ds) from calibration sand cone

- Mass of sand in cone (WSC) from calibration sand cone
-Max dry density (DMAX) from proctor test
- Opt. moisture content (MOPT) from proctor test

Bulk Density Determination

-Mass of Wet Soil from Hole (WWS)

- Mass of Sand + jar before pouring (Wsb1)
-Mass of sand + jar after pouring (Wsb2)
- Mass of sand in hole and cone (WSBC= Wsb1– Wsb2)
-Mass of Sand in Hole (WSH = WSBC – WSC)

W SH
-Volume of test hole VSH =
Ds

-Bulk density of wet soil W WS

WD =
V SH

Moisture content determination

-Wt. of wet soil + container (A)

- Wt. of dry soil + container (B)
- Wt. of container (C)
-Wt. of water (A- B)
-Wt. of dry soil (B-C)

-Moisture content A−B

Mc = *100
B−C

% Compaction determination

WD∗100 DD∗100
↔Dry Density of soil (DD = ) ↔% compaction =
Mc +100 MDD

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Criteria

Accordance with contract document the sub grade over 95% and in sub base over 97% modified
AASHTO compaction and the value moisture content plus or minus 2% optimum moisture
content during the construction period (time of compaction) at the depth of 20c.m.

2.2.1.2. Slump Test

It is the field test which is used to measure the consistency or Workability of the fresh concrete
material.

Objective: - To determine the workability of concrete mix

Figure 3 - Slump test

APPARATUS

 Slump cone
 Tamping rod
 Base Plate
 Scoop
 Meter
 Rubber Malate

PROCEDURE

1. The internal surface of the cone is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil.

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 2. The cone is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and nonabsorbent surface.
3. The cone is then filled in three layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to
one-third of the height of the cone.
4. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded ↔ end of the tamping rod (strokes are
distributed evenly over the cross section).
5. After the top layer is rodded, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.
6. The cone is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical
direction.
7. The difference in level between the height of the cone and that of the highest point of the
subsided concrete is measured.
8. This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

Criteria

Our slump value should be from 25-75mm based on our project standards.

2.2.2 Laboratory Tests

A test which is conducted from the laboratory in order to select the appropriate materials, control
or assure the quality of construction materials and decrease damages on the structure. Tests done
at laboratory session.

 2.2.2.1 Proctor test

Objective

To determine the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of soil according to
the standard or the contract document of the project (modified AASHTO T 180 compaction
method.

APPARATUS

 Balance
 Mold
 Hand rammer
 Sieve
 Water cylinder

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  Moisture Can
 Straight edge
 Drying Oven
 Wash bottle

Procedure

1. Take samples from the site

2. Expose the sample to the sun light
3. Sieve the sample by 19 mm sieve size (5-6k. g of Sample is taken for each trial)
4. Compact the soil by trial use initial water 200-300ml (Depending on the types of
material) up to fail compact mass of wet soil. Use hand rammer (4.9 k.g) 56 blows five
times or five layer.
5. Calculate OMC and MDD at biggest mass of wet soil or from the graph.
To determine the OMC & MDD we have to use the following formulas
Determine bulk density implies that

Mass wet soil MW

BD= BD∗100 MC%=
volume of mold DD= MD
MC+
Where: MC%=mass of moisture /mass of dry soil 100 and
*1oo%
MW
↔OMC%=
MD
DD
↔MDD=
100+OMC
Generally, in order to determine OMC, we have to take the points where the DD is
maximum on the graph of dry density and moisture content.

Figure 4 Modified Procter test

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Result

From the result to determine the CBR water content and test compaction test (FDT) use Max dry
density (DMAX) and Opt. moisture content (OMC) from proctor test.

2.2.2.2. ATERBERGE LIMIT TEST

It is laboratory test which is used determine the ability of the soil material to be deform when the
load is applied and return to its original shape when the force is removed.
Objective

 Liquid limit the maximum water content at which the soil starts to flow under the
application standard shearing force or dynamic load.
 Plastic limit is the moisture toughness that the moisture content at which the soil starts to
fracture when it rolled into 3mm diameter thread.
 Plastic index is the numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit and
this indicates the range moisture contents over which the soil remains deformable.

APPARATUS

 Casagrande liquid limit device

 Moisture cane
 Spatula
 Balance
 Grooving tools, Oven and others

Procedures

1. Take samples from the site

2. Dry the sample for one days by exposing to the sun light
3. Sieve the sample with 0.425mm sieve size and take the passes
4. Sock with water then after 16-24hrs we mix, the socked soil sample by water till it
reaches SSD condition
5. Added the mixed sample on the CASAGRANDE equipment and smooth it with spatula
and split it with grooving tools at the center and rotating the cup by counting the no of
blows till turns to its original shape

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 6. We have to take the first sample from 25-35blows, the second from 20-30blows and the
third 15-25 blows.
7. Finally put to 110 0C oven for 24hr and determine the LL, PL and PI and to draw the
graph to know moisture content at 25 blows.

See how to calculate MC and PI

Mass of wet soil + container=a

Mass of dry soil + container=b
Mass of container=c
Mass of moisture=d=a-b
Mass of dry soil=e=b-c

Figure 5 Attemberg limit test

Result

According to the contract agreement of our project: -

Liquid limit ≤60% for sub-grade

Plastic index ≤30%for sub-grade.

However, their value varies based on the material property

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  2.2.2.3 Classification test

Soil classification is the separation of soil into classes or groups each having similar behavior. A
classification for engineering purposes should be based mainly on mechanical properties e.g.,
permeability, stiffness and strength etc.

Procedure

1. Take samples from the required place

WR
2. Dry the sample for one days by exposing to the sun light %R=
T . W∗100
3. Quartering is carried out after the sample is drying
4. Put to oven for 16-24hrs
%P=100-%R
5. Measuring it with balance (let mass before wash)
6. Washing with water by 0.075mm sieve size and take the retained
7. Put to oven again for 16- 24hrs
8. Sieve the sample with sieve size 9.5mm, 4.75mm, 2mm, 0.425mm, 0.075mm and pan

Measure each retained in order to calculate the percent retained and percent pass implies that: -

↔GI= (0.075mm passing-35) [0.2+0.005(LL-40)] +0.01(0.075mm passing-15) (PL-10)

Figure 6 Soil Classification test

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Crteria

Classified by AASHTO method general classsification total sampling percent passing for
granular materials ≤35% and silty clay materials >35%passing. By general classification group

classification, GI, types of significant constituent materials and general rate soil classifeied.

 2.2.2.4 Linear shrinkage

The test determianation the length of soil at dry and moisture condtion. Linear shrinkage test part
two test of LL and PL. The test procudere the same as LL and PL the only differnce the linear
shrinkage air dry for 24hr first then put to oven.

See how to calculate linear shrinkage

Weight of wet soil + container=a

c
Weight of dry soil + container=b Water content (%) =f= *100
e

Weight of water=c=a-b

Mass of container=d

Mass of dry soil=e=b-d

And calculate linear shrinkage Length of shrinkage (LS) = 1- ¿*100)

Initial length (Lo)

Oven dried length (LD)

Change length (∆)

Then take average linear shrinkage

Figure 7 - linear shrinkage test

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Criteria

The linear shrikage should be for sub base ≤ 6mm and sub grade ≤10mm.

 2.2.2.5 Californian bearing ratio (CBR) test

CBR test is a penetration test used to measure the strength and swelling potential of soil and
evalute the subgrade strength of roads and other flexible pavement materials for pavement
design. The results of these tests are used with the emprical curves from the graph to determine
the thickness of pavement and its component layers.

Objective

1. To know the strength of sub-grade, sub-base and base course materials

2. To get swelling percent and observe the effect of rain on soil
3. To know the bearing capacity of the soil
4. To determine how much soil shrinks when it loses water and swell in water
5. To know the thickness of pavement and component layers by empirical curve test.

Procedure
1. Take samples from the site
2. Dry the sample for one day by exposing to the sun light
3. Sieve the sample by 19 mm pass sieve size
4. Quarter the sample measure it 5000 or 6000 gram
5. Water to be added to CBR test during soaking time is: -

Determination of water to be added to the CBR CBR Water =

OMC−NMC
NMC +100∗sample
6. Compact the soil in to the mold. There are two types CBR penetration test one point (56
blows) and three-point test. Our project is applying 3-point CBR method (10,30 and 65
blows)
7. Trim the compacted sample by street edge carefully
8. Measure the wet soil mold and container to determine its density and moisture content
9. Read the percent swell by Swell gauge equipment
10. Soak surcharge (4.5k. g) in to water for 96 hrs. or four days

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 11. Measure the percent swell after socking
12. Measure the wet soil mold and container after soak
13. Apply CBR –penetration test to determine the bearing capacity of the soil

Finally calculate CBR value see how to calculate corrected load(P)

CBR%=
standard load(Ps)
*100%
Where P is plunger force in KN, which is constant at penetration points

E.g. 13.34 at 2.54mm and 20.02At 5.08mm

P P
Then CBR%= at 2.54 And CBR%= at 5.08 and also Ps standard load
13.34∗100 20.02∗100
reading after socking
Dial reading*Ring factor/1000 and Swell % =
h S∗100
P
↔CBR%= *100 Where hS=116.34
PS

Figure 8 CBR test

Crteria

Generally according to the contract document agreement, the CBR value:

 CBR percentage > 5% for subgrade, > 30% for sub base, 100% should be base course
 Swelling ≤ 2% for subgrade, ≤ 1.5% for sub base and no Swell for Base Course.
2.2.2.6 Concrete Mix Design

It is the test that perform in the laboratory before any types of concrete is cast at site. The
test proceeding by sampling the concrete ingredient from crusher site this are: -Course Aggregate
20mm nominal Size
1. Coarse Aggregate 10mm nominal Size
2. Fine Aggregate (0-4.75) mm

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After Sampling is carried out from crusher site all necessary quality test is proceeding. After the
test is finalized the mix design is compute to the lab.
ACI proportioning of concrete mixing is as follows.
1. Choice of slump
2. Choice of maximum size of aggregate
3. Estimation of mixing water and air content
4. Selection of water / cement ratio
5. Calculation of cement content
6. Estimation of course aggregate content
7. Estimation of fine aggregate content
8. Adjustments for Aggregate moisture
9. Trial Batch Adjustment

Agg. Sampling Concrete Mix Design Cube Casting

Figure 9 Aggregate sampling, concrete mix design, and cube casting

2.2.2.7 Compressive Strength Test

It is a mechanical test measuring the compressive load a material before fracture under the
application of compressive forces. The test cubes volumes are (3375cm^3) or 15cm*15cm*15cm
and X - sectional area of specimen is 15cm*15cm.

PROCEDURE

1. Place the mold on rigid horizontal surface

2. Internal surface of the mold is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil
3. Fill with concrete in layers and compact each layer by tamping road
4. Store the test specimen in place free from vibration and moisture
5. After initial curing period of 24hrs mark each cube and remove the cube carefully during
that time the sample gets the shape of the cube mold

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 6. Submerge the specimen immediately in water
7. After 3day,7days, 14day and 28 days take out from, weight it and then put it under
compression machine in order to check its strength

Figure 10 compressive strength test

In our project standard all concrete grade compressive strength must have up to, 40% at 3days,
65-75% at 7days, 76-85% at 14days, 86-95% at 21days and 100% at 28 days. For every type of
structures like pad, shear wall, pipes and slabs & etc.

2.2.2.6 Hot Mix Asphalt Binder Course Mix Design Work

Hot mix asphalt is the mixture of course aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral filler bitumen
and air void the mixture of the above ingredient gives as flexible pavement. Then Laboratory
mix design is carried out after performing all required aggregate and bitumen quality test.

Procedure

1. Sampling of the aggregate from crusher plant

2. Quarter the aggregate using riffle box
3. Take the required amount of sample for grading, specific gravity and
absorption test
4. After the tests performed batching (weighing of the aggregate is followed
total quantity 1200 gm each trial
5. Put the sample aggregate in to oven by 110 CO for over night
6. Melt the bitumen sample by 140 C0

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 7. Mix the hot aggregate and bitumen with dish for about 2-3min
8. Put the mix in to 100mm dia. mold
9. Compact the mix using Marshall compactor by 140-145 C 0 75 blows each
side live the compacted Marshall to air for over night
10. Then take out the Marshall sample from the mold using extruders
11. Then determine bulk specific gravity of the compacted Marshall specimen
12. Put the Marshall specimen to 60C0 Water to water bath for 30min
13. Crush the specimen using Marshall Machine to determine stability and

flow test.

Figure 11 Preparation and HMA Mix Design by Marshal Method

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 Table 1 Marshal Test data

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Apparatus

1. Electrical Balance Sensitivity 0.1g

2. Drying Oven Max300 0C
3. Different Size of Sample containing pan
4. Electrical Marshall Compactor Machine
5. Marshall Compaction Mold 100mmdia
6. Asphalt Mixing Trawl
7. Asphalt mixing bowl
8. Hot Plate
9. Vacuumed pump
10. Flask (pycnometer)
11. Specific gravity basket and frame
12. Centrifuge extractor
13. Filter paper
14. Thermometer
15. Stop watch
16. Core drilling machine
17. Different diameter sieve

Hot mix asphalt sampling from site quartering the hot mix Asphalt extraction Test

Figure 12 Hot Mix Asphalt Sampling, quartering and extraction

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Figure 13 Crusher Plant and Asphalt Plant

2.2.2.8 Gradation test

Gradation test is the most essential test to determine the particle size distribution of fine, coarse
and uniform or well graded aggregates by sieving analyses. In high way construction mostly
bases course and asphalt mix the aggregate a dense, strong mixture determine in gradation test
according to specification

Objective

To determine the particle size of aggregate materials

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Figure 14 Gradation test

Procedure

1. Take samples from the crashed aggregate

2. Quarter it by quarter pan
3. Measure the total weight first
4. Sieve the measured sample by sieve size of 63.0mm, 37.5mm, 20mm, 4.75mm,
1.00mm, 0.425mm, 0.075mm and Pan

Then after we have to measure the weight retain of each sieves and finally we can find that of the
%age R and the %age pass.

%R=WR/
T.W*100

%P=100-%R

Then after evaluate take average value a result of the sieve analysis recorded graphically on a
semi-log graph with particle size as abscissa (log scale) and the percentage passing y-axis the
result according to the specification limits.

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2.3 Site Activities

2.3.1 Basic Surveying works

Surveying is the art and science of measuring distance in the activity of any project. That is the
implementation of the plan and the guidance of such activities like setting out of profile, locating
the center line of the road, setting out of drainage structures, as builds, cross sections and setting
out different structures like ditches, pipe culvert, slab culvert, retaining wall, bridge and any
earth work activities before starting the construction.

 Work Methodology of surveying

 GPS (Global position system)
 BM (Benchmark) traverse
 Centerline
 Cross –section
 Leveling or elevation

2.3.1.1 Traverse surveying

Data are collected by cross- section at each station and then send the data into computer from the
total station instrument. Moreover, by using the software develops;

 The centerline coordinates

 The elevation of each station
 The cross-sectional width of elevation
 The design of template is prepared by draft man before construction is begin after the
collection of data
 Design elevation
 Coordinates of the total high way stations
 Centerline stations are known.

Blue Top: -is a construction activity that can be takes place during the preparation of subgrade or
any other layers of the pavement structure that can be done by either peg method or string
method and it shows the amount cut or fills with regard to the final design leveling of each layer
of the highway. After the grade is place the material and compacted by the compacter or roller
checking of the elevation of each peg station is taken, the remaining correction are recommended

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to correct. Final after the sub grade and other layer are employing as built is take both by the
contractor and consultant representatives.

2.3.1.2. Leveling instrument

Figure 15 Leveling Instrument

It is an instrument which measures the geodetic height or elevation difference between two
points by using a level staff and staff roads that its main objective is to know whether the place is
level or not and in order to determine whether it requires fill or cut before the commencement of
any structures like ditch, pipe culvert, slab culvert and any other structures.

Procedure

 Setting the tripod on the prepare place

 Adjust the central bubble
 To perform run method or check back
 For as built (blue tope)
 Differential leveling and etc.

Run (check back) method

Is one of the methods that are achieved by leveling instrument to check whether the place is level
or not by taking readings and calculating the elevation differences.

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Figure 16 Total Station

It is an instrument which is used to locate points or that can be used to determine unknown points
by starting from known points and used to put profiles of any structures.

Generally, it can be used to

 To lay out center lines

 To perform traverse
 To perform slop stake
 To know elevations
 To make benching points
 In order to collect the cross-sectional data and the like

Procedures

 Setting the tripod by care safety

 Adjust the central bubble by rotating the footy screw
 Setting the points one to the other
 Finally, we can get the required data

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Traverse

Is a method in the field of surveying that can used to put secondary control points, It used to
horizontal angles and a horizontal distances starting from known benchmarks? It is used to
establish

 Temporary bench marks (TBM)

 Temporary points (TP)
 Bench marks (BM)

2.3.1.3 Differential leveling

Method of surveying which can be done by leveling instrument its main target is to obtain A
means of accurately measuring heights, using a vertical distance difference between points to
determine the elevation of the following points,

 Temporary points (TP)

 Temporary bench marks and (TBM)
 Bench marks (TB)

NOTE; - When we do differential leveling, we have done it within the interval of 250-300m in
order to reduce error.

Equipment used for this project is

 Dozer
 Excavator
 Damp track
 Shower track
 Loader
 Pick-up
 Mixer
 Low bed
 Fuel track
 Grader
 Jackhammer

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  Compactor
 Vibrator and the like

2.3.2 Earth Work

Any work, which is related to earth, called earthwork the basic work process in high way
engineering is called earth work related to excavation of existing earth material and any
placement of fill material. In one construction road project should know the amount of earth
work to calculate quantity of cut and fill. Earth work in road footing foundation, fixation shape
and configuration to the section prescribed in the geometric design. The basic construction
operations like top soil excavation, removal of unsuitable material from construction site
replacement suitable materials from borrow pit and site, road bed preparation, embankment
construction fill materials and the like. Generally, earthwork includes.

 Clearing and grabbing

 Excavation of drainage channels and trenches
 Excavation of structures and obstruction
 Borrows haul and over haul
 Grading
 Preparation of foundations for embankment and side slopes
 Compaction
 Preparing the sub-grade and other operations.

2.3.2.1 Clearing and grabbing

Is the surface operation for the cutting and removing of timber, trees, vegetation, bushes, organic
soil (mostly black cotton), existing structure and road pavement and other unwanted or
obstruction material? Before the commencement of clearing and grubbing work, the following
operations will be carried out. These are: -

 Resurveying of the road

 Record trees and properties
 Discovery and approval of x-sectional drawing, templates and quantities
 To know historical place, heritage and public utilities
 Arrange damping area for disposal of excess or unsuitable cleared and grubbed materials

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Figure 17 clearing and grubbing

2.3.2.2 Excavation and Waste Disposal

Excavation the process of digging or removal of soil and rock materials. Excavation usually
classified as:

 Common excavation
 Loose rock (weathered rock)
 Solid rock (hard rock)

Excavation can be done because to maintain the grade for road and drainage, to construct
structural foundations and borrow materials to select etc.

Common Excavation

The most encountered type of excavation which includes borrow materials(soil), excavation to
waste, to boulders, to road bed preparation, to sub-grade preparation, to road widening, to fill and
the like. All these activities will be excavated according to the specification limits and with the
consent and the approval of the engineer. Common excavation to stock and to waste operations
can be excavated by using Excavator.

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Borrow site to select materials by engineer before start the activity of road and test laboratory to
both side contractor and consultant approve according to contract document specification. The
borrow material far from the site located in two places at 3.5k.m, 4k.m, and 8k.m

Figure 18 borrow site

Loose rock (weathered rock)

Refers to any loose material on earths surfaces soils which can be removed with simple
excavating equipment.

Solid rock (hard rock)

It is a process removed by excavating machinery which can be carried out by in drilling

jackhammer driven by air compressor for areas that are built by rock in its nature.

Blasting site and blasting store

Blasting site is Quarry Site to select the appropriate rock materials by engineer before using
different aggregates construct structures. This blasting site is explosive and this explosion is done
by the city administrate and security bodies. The blasting site hole is 80m.m diameter, 3m depth
and each holes distance is 2m connected by detonating chord. Those materials are ammonia
nitrate, power jell, benzene and detonating chord.

Blasting store is store materials which used as explosive and which uses three containers such as,
ammonia nitrate (40ft), power jell (20ft) and detonating chord (20ft). The distance of Ammonia

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nitrate and power jell container is 11m and detonating chord container is 31m. Each container
has their own windows to inter air and suspended to protect moisture.

Figure 19 blasting store and blasting site

Waste disposal

It is a process of removal of unsuitable or black cotton soil from the construction place.

2.3.2.3 Preparation of roadbed and showering

This activity comprises preparation naturally exiting road surfaces by clearing the top soil
material and compacting the road material that satisfies the sub-grade requirements to serve as a
sub-grade layer of the road. According to the contract document the unsuitable materials are to
be removed a depth of 600mm to 1000mm below the ground level.

Watering (showering) occurred to get moisture content.

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Figure 20 Rodbed prepation and showering

2.3.2.4 Compaction and backfill

Compaction is process of making soil particles more closely together usually by rolling rammer
or mechanical means thus increasing the dry density of the soil it is routine action practice at
every layer in our project each layer is 20c.m of the road or along the of the construction and
needed special attention and supervision on highway. It is a process of pressing soil particles to
close each other by mechanical methods and the like. Backfill or embankment is the process
putting soil back in to once excavation constructed in soil but in slab culvert use crushed stone in
below the soil.

Figure 21 Compaction and Backfill

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2.3.3. Typical x-section of the road pavement

A highway pavement is composed of system of over lied strata or chosen pressed materials that
are to found on the intuit-soil termed as sub–grade or exiting soil. The principal purpose of the
pavement is to provide durable all weather traveling surfaces, to support the vehicle wheel load
that applied to the carriage way and the distribution of it to the sub- grade immediately
underneath and to provide safe and speedy movement. Note that if the road is in cut, the sub-
grade will the intuit-soil or rock and if the road is constructing on fills, the top layer of the
embankment is collectively termed as sub-grade. The major variables in order to design the
highway pavement are-

 The thickness of the layer

 The material contained in each layer
 The type of vehicle
 The volume of traffic predicted
 The strength of the underling sub-grade and so on.

The five basic components of highway pavement these are: -

 Asphalt
 Base coarse
 Sub-base
 capping
 And sub-grade from top to bottom

During the internship period the project construct Sub-grade, sub-base, base course and asphalt.

2.3.3.0 Asphalt wearing surface (5c.m compacted thickness)

It’s the wearing Surface that can have constructed by using locally available crushed stone
materials. and During construction time we observed different types of activities which is shown
below.

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 Asphalt Plant Asphalt plant on the computer

Asphalt Mix Unloading Hot mix sampling after paved for test

Asphalt compaction Asphalt core cutting (Drilling)

Figure 22 Asphalt Paving Activities

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  2.3.3.1 Base course (17.5c.m compacted thickness)

It’s the layer of material below Asphalt that can have constructed by using locally available
crushed stone materials and it provides additional support to the Asphalt layer and the upper in
distributing the stresses coming from the traffic loads and it also facilitates drainage free water
that may get accumulated by either infiltration seepage from side slopes and it acts as filter
between the base coarse and that of the Asphalt. Generally, in order to construct the Base, course
we have to follow the following steps.

 Take as sample for all tests to know whether it fulfill the specification limits or not
 After the stone has been crushed from crusher it is transported by dump truck to the
prepared area
 Mix the damped material by proper OMC, which obtained from lab.
 Placing or spreading it on prepared sub-base
 Compact it until it reaches the MDD & OMC.
 Get the approval as built FDTs by consultant and laboratory crew.
 After FDT is carried out Application rate of prime coat is done

Figure 23 Base Course Dumping, Placing, FDT, Application of Prime Coat

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2.3.3.2 Sub-base (22.5c.m compacted thickness)

It’s the layer of material below the base course that can have constructed by using locally
available cheap materials and it provides additional support to the base coarse and the upper in
distributing the stresses coming from the traffic loads and it also facilitates drainage free water
that may get accumulated by either infiltration seepage from side slopes and it acts as filter
between the base coarse and that of the sub-grade. Generally, in order to construct the sub –base
course we have to follow the following steps.

 Take as sample for all tests to know whether it fulfill the specification limits or not
 If it passes transport, it to prepared sub-grade and sub-base material great quality than
sub-grade
 Mix the damped material by proper OMC, which obtained from lab.
 Placing or spreading it on prepared sub-grade
 Compact it until it reaches the MDD & OMC.
 Get the approval as built FDTs by consultant and laboratory crew.

Figure 24 Sub-base Compaction and showering

2.3.3.3 Sub-grade

It’s the foundation of the pavement structure on which the vehicle load and the weight of the
pavement layers finally rest and it is an in a layer of selected material and compacted to the
properly drained desirable and receive the pavement layer.

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2.3.4 Structural Sections

In this section, we will see different structural element of highway pavements like ditches, and
culvert structures as follows.

structures

major minor

retaining
bridge wall split pipe U-ditch slab
level and
Front edge

Figure 25 Classification of structures



 2.3.4.2 Lean concrete and reinforced pad

Lean concrete is a mixture of aggregate, cement and water used directly under concrete
pavement. The mixture has a lower modulus of rapture than the concrete pavement. The lean
concrete thickens is 5c.m the main function is to provide the uniform surface and to prevent the
direct contact from the soil. Pad is as function as foundation take the load and distributed to the
soil. The thickness of pad is 30c.m and single reinforced used bar Ø12 for longitudinal spacing
30c.m and Traverses spacing 40c.m.

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Figure 26 Lean concrete and pad


 2.3.4.3 Drainage Structures

Drainage structures are structures in highway pavement remove excess water in surface and
subsurface that can be used to: -

 To remove rain water from the road

 To remove water from right of way
 To safely pass of water gorges and unsuitable terrain
 Remove seepage and other sources of underground water

Ditches

Is a type of surface drainage structures, controlling the flow of water using slope and shaped the
surface these are: -

Culvert Structures

Are types of drainage structures with an embankment top fill on the structures. It is used to carry
surcharge loads through the streams, rivers, floods flow from the inlet to the out let these are: -

 slab culverts and

 pipe culverts

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 Slab Culverts

Is a type of culvert structure, which is constructing from reinforced concrete slab at the top and
masonry wall at both sides of the highway it is a slab with back fill or other pavement layer at the
top.

Pipe culvert

It is a type minor drainage culvert structure which can be used to transport water these types of
culverts the most commonly used drainage feature and sometimes may be changed from one type
to other type because of the following:

 Bearing capacity of the soil

 Amount of discharge
 The slope of the land
 The availability of the construction material and the like.

Figure 27 pipe Culvert and Culvert Structure

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE

The overall experience of this internship program is: -

 I familiar with the overall environment of road project

 To upgrading my theoretical knowledge acquired in class in the real working space
 I have to get aware how to solve when I faced technical, management, social, and
practical challenges during the road project.
 I have get a meaningful practical professional experience related to the carrier field

I have gained many benefits from this internship program. The major benefits are described
below.

 Technical Skills Gained

 To upgrade the practical skill

 To upgrade the theoretical knowledge

 Management Skills Gained

 Planning

 Organizing

 Staffing

 Directing

 Controlling

Acquaintances Acquired

During the internship program I get from an internship acquaintance made with people and EEC
construction. Acquaintances made with people company’s workers, students like me opportunity
to get the internship placement and graduate students to work final project in EEC construction,
and society. Important in fact introduce and enhance to improve interpersonal communication

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skill, increase team sprit skill and know leadership skill. And acquaintances in EEC construction
to know work ethics and increase entrepreneurship skill and the like.

3.1 To improve interpersonal communication skill

For accurate and neat work one of the major components is interpersonal communication.
Without effective communication there can be no issue of instructions so that the plans of actions
can be put together. Good interpersonal communication between a company’s members also is
very important for a certain project, for the client as well as for the company itself to be highly
competitive. This internship program also develops our interpersonal communication starting
from daily labor to the respected project manager and with other internship student to have a
successful accomplishment of task and to get answer for our question, by reading, listening,
writing, speaking and using common system of sign or behave relationship with all the office as
well as with the site workers in order to perform my task and use my time correctly and
efficiently.

3.2 To improve team sprit skill

A single person (individual) is nothing without the help of others in such kinds of works. In
construction industry is one of the work areas that involve many participants of people in
implementing the work in proper manner as per requirement. As different people cooperate to
complete a certain work, they contribute different ideas, experience and solution. After analyzing
and evaluating this different idea, more effective common ideas are taken which is used for the
implementation and completion of the project. In addition, construction industry, contain vast
types of work, which cannot be accomplished with one person in specified time. Therefore,
teamwork is Avery essential concept to increase the output of every any construction projects.

3.3. To know leadership skill

One of the major responsibilities in such kinds of construction industries is leadership. Without a
correct and highly organized leadership the work (project) cannot go one step ahead.

The key facts to be a good leadership are: -

 Building a strong team
 Build a power full vision and create awareness important to overall project

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  Find responsibility and risk taker
 Good speaking ability
 Good communication skill
 Good management skill
 Knowledge about the overall project and the like

During the internship I saw the leadership works contains the following activities; -

 Method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by each worker
 To guiding, controlling and monitoring peoples
 Division of work for different workers for fast construction
 Advising and encouraging the workers to be punctual, transparent to the work
 Helps in completion of the work within the given time
 Used to control unwanted wastage of materials and labor

Generally, leadership needs to be being patient, wise, confident and effective communicant as an
intern I learned so much about leadership in the offices and site additionally I appreciate the
office manager, site manager and other workers the project to show that good performance in
quality and time schedule this helped me to do my job efficiently and effectively.

3.4 To know work ethics

During the internship I learned what is? Work ethics a belief in as amoral good. A set of values
centered on the importance of doing work and reflected especially in a desire or determination to
work hard. Some of the work ethics include: punctuality, discipline, honesty, cooperation and
other company rules. During my stay in the company, I had a responsibility to get to the work at
time, to respect rule and regulation of the company, to run things in the right way.

Generally, work ethics contains like respecting working hour and protocol, how to treat each and
every employee and needs to have good work performance.

3.5 To increase entrepreneurship skill

As a civil student in my internship program, I have developed an entrepreneurship skill which

help me to exercise in practical that I have learn in the class and having communication and
leadership skills and others which help me after graduation to have my own job and by initiating

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my friend’s corporate our own work together, create interpreters, job opportunities and I really
know if something happen how I will solve the problem.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4. CONCUIUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Problem Encountered During the Internship Program

Obstacle of this project

In EEC construction the obstacle of the project are:

 Site clearance related to compensation payment of house and others

 Traffic Management and detour road
 Right of way related to drainage culvert inlet or outlet
 Design review by client (ERA)
 Insufficient public road access
 The whether condition which is summer start earlier and unexpected

4.2 General suggestions given for the company

Even if the quality and speed of the project was very good but there have been some defects and
technical errors. Each defect or technical error has its own impact either to the working
community or the quality and speed of work. Some of the errors that I have seen on the project
and the suggestions I have given are listed below:

 The company should fulfill safety like helmet, safety shoes and others those works in
construction.
 There is no first aid service on the sites this will cause extra suffering for those hurt on
the site. I suggest that the company should have to deliver this service for safety of all its
working community and I have also commented this for the company’s manager.
 Continuous modifications on the drawing, due to this there was confusion and expense
the company to start the work so, it needs a proper attention.
 Individual conflict may be smear soot the company.
 To accept advice from community, like rain season and amount of flood.

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4.3 Conclusion

After all, when I was in EEC construction for those 4 month the internship program, I have got
practical experience some of the benefits of the internship include;

 Allow me to both make and develop professional contacts, for my future job search.
 Assist me in developing greater understanding of own strength and weakness,
 Road construction work process
 Upgrade my theoretical knowledge at school
 MS excel to prepare bill of quantity and draw lab manual
 Design Auto cad and Eagle point works
 Leadership skill
 Knowing the local construction terms
 Work ethics

Finally, in road construction project I know both practical and theoretical skills which is going
together.

4.4 Recommendation

 I appreciate civil school to give the courses like quantity survey before the internship
program.

 The university should have close and strong communication with the hosting
organization to supervise the students on the internship period.

 The university shall give more software programs before students assigned to internship
 I rise the hosting company by link of employees, punctuality, service and material
delivery, quality, and treatment of trainers. However, the employee’s grievance didn’t get
quick response.
 ERA must be completed the right of way problems before the contractor begins the
construction work.
 The contractor should be finished the site within the agreement period because when the
time passes the overall cost increases and the community services is affected

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  The consultant must answer redesign problems with short period of time.
 The government facilitates the accessibility of national supplies of the road like cement,
reinforcement etc.

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 Referenc

 ERA Specification manual 2013. G.C, Highway 1 hand book.

 ERA Specification manual 2013. G.C ,Highway 2 hand book.

 ERA Specification manual 2013. G.C ,Surveying hand book.

 Soil Mechanics & Foundations, Muni Budhu, New-York, John Wiley and sons, inc.,
2000
 ERA Standard Technical Specification, 2013 G.C
 ERA technical specification for road maintenance works, 2ND edition, 2013 G.C
 AASHTO, (American Association State of High Way and Transport Officials).
 BS (British Standard
 ACI (American Concrete Institute)

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 APPENDIX

Play Wood …. Side board: used as form work of bridge and culverts on
Vertical and horizontal sides
Tumby……… plumb bob: it is used to check the perpendicularity of masonry
Kebeleto…… scaffolding: used as spacer and support of reinforcement steels of
Bridges and culverts at bottom
Modino……. profile board: used for setting out works
Sebago………string: used to maintain alignments
Pencil……….to mark measurements
Meter………used to measurement distance

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