Level of awareness
Level Description Example
What you are aware of right now — thoughts, "I’m reading this
Conscious
perceptions, feelings. message"
Remembering your phone
Thoughts and memories not in your awareness but
Preconscious number or a recent
easily accessible.
dream
Deep, hidden part of the mind. Includes repressed
memories, urges, fears, and desires. Not easily Repressed trauma,
Unconscious
accessed without effort (e.g., through therapy or hidden anger, or desires
dreams).
Structure Function Operates In Guided By
Primitive, instinctual part Pleasure principle – "I
Id Entirely unconscious
(hunger, sex, aggression) want it now"
The rational, decision-making Conscious, preconscious, Reality principle –
Ego
part and unconscious Balances id and superego
Moral conscience Conscious, preconscious, Morality principle – "Do
Superego
(internalized rules, guilt) and unconscious the right thing"
Psychoanalytic therapy was Freud’s answer for a scientific method to relieve emotional
disturbances.
+ Free association is used to search for forgotten and repressed memories.
Interpersonal Theory: focuses on what occurs between people(interpersonall relationship)
Sullivan
"Me"
Definition Example
Type
Good Aspects of self that are approved of by others and “I’m helpful” or “I’m a good
"Me"
Definition Example
Type
Me reduce anxiety student”
Aspects of self that are disapproved of and cause
Bad Me “I lie sometimes” or “I get jealous”
anxiety; often hidden or denied
Parts of the self that are too painful or A teen from a strict home who
Not Me threatening to acknowledge, pushed deep into feels same-sex attraction but
unconsciousness (dissociated) completely denies it
Behavioral Theories: Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning
Therapeutic Models
Behavioral therapy:- It attempts to correct or eliminate maladaptive behaviors or responses
by rewarding and reinforcing adaptive behavior.
Systematic desensitization is based on classical conditioning, It is used to eradicate
unwanted habits by associating unpleasant consequences with them
Cognitive Theory
Aaron T. Beck was convinced that depressed people generally have standard patterns of
negative and self-critical thinking (Beck, 1963).( "The way people think affects how they feel
and how they act.")
cognitive appraisals of events lead to emotional responses; it is not the event
Therapeutic Model
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a popular, effective, and well-researched therapeutic
tool. It is based on both cognitive and behavioral theory and seeks to modify negative
thoughts that lead to dysfunctional emotions and actions.
+schema is a mental framework(dogs are dangerous)\
ABCDs of irrational beliefs:
A B C D
Belief / Automatic
Activating Dispute / Challenge(What’s
Thought(What Consequence(What did
Event(What a more rational or helpful
thought popped into you feel or do?)
happened?) thought?)
your mind?)
"My friends "Maybe they were
"They’re ignoring me. Sad, rejected.Withdrew
walked past me distracted or didn’t see me.
I must have done and didn’t talk to them
without saying I could check with them
something wrong." later.
hi." before assuming."
Biological theory:-
biological model, in which mental disorders are believed to have physical causes
Biological Therapy
Psychopharmacology is the primary biological treatment for mental disorder
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Magnetic seizure therapy (MST)
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Deep-brain stimulation (DBS)
major depressive disorder (MDD),
anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias),
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, borderline personality disorder,
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
These studies suggest that currently, the most effective therapies for treating the
aforementioned disorders resulting in brain changes are CBT, dialectic behavior therapy (DBT),
psychodynamic psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy (IP).
Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget (1896–1980):- cognitive development was a progression from primitive awareness
to complex thought and responses
Psychosocial Development
German-born American Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was a child psychoanalyst who described
development as occurring in eight predetermined life stages, whose levels of success are
related to the preceding stage
Theory of Object Relations
Margaret Mahler (1897–1985)
Moral development: Kohlberg and Gilligan, Like Kohlberg, Gilligan asserts that moral
development progresses through three major divisions: preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional.
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing
Hildegard Peplau’s (1909–1999) seminal work Interpersonal Relations in Nursing
emphasized that the nature of the nurse–patient relationship strongly influenced the
outcome for the patient
1- Mild anxiety is a day-to-day alertness (e.g., “I’m awake and taking care of business”).
Stimuli in the environment are perceived and understood, and learning can easily take
place.
2- 2. Moderate anxiety is felt as a heightened sense of awareness, such as when you are
about to take an exam. The perceptual field is narrowed, and an individual hears, sees,
and understands less. Learning can still take place, although it may require more
direction.
3- 3. Severe anxiety interferes with clear thinking, and the perceptual field is greatly
diminished. Nearly all behavior is directed at reducing the anxiety. An example of this
is your response to your car skidding on wet pavement.
4- 4. Panic anxiety is overwhelming and results in either paralysis or dangerous
hyperactivity. An individual cannot communicate, function, or follow directions. This is
the sort of anxiety that is associated with the terror of panic attacks.
Influence of Theories and Therapies on Nursing Care
• Behavioral: Promoting adaptive behaviors through reinforcement can be valuable
and important in working with patients, especially when working with a pediatric
population.
Cognitive: Helping patients identify negative thought patterns is a worthwhile
intervention in promoting healthy functioning and improving neurochemistry
Psychosocial development: Erikson’s theory provides a structure for understanding
critical junctures in development
Group Therapy
This therapeutic method is commonly derived from interpersonal theory
🎓 MAOI Generics to Remember:
1. Phenelzine PO
2. Tranylcypromine POS
3. Selegiline (EMSAM patch) deleivers through skin
SSRI:-
feeling Sad People” = Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine
(Think: SSRIs help feeling sad people.)I
SNRI :- helps very Depreesed(venlafaxine, duloxetine)
SNDI: SLEEPING MIRTAZZZZZZZZZZZZ
NDRI:- BUproPionnn (Boost Productivity)
SARI:- TRAZODONE
NRI:- ATOMEXITINe
TCAs: amitriptyline (Elavil), nortriptyline (Pamelor)
