1: Input & Output Devices
Input Devices
These are devices we use to give data or commands to the computer.
Examples:
- Keyboard – to type
- Mouse – to click or select
- Microphone – to record sound
- Scanner – to scan papers or pictures
- Webcam – to show live video
Output Devices
These are devices that show us the result of what the computer did.
Examples:
- Monitor – shows pictures and text
- Printer – prints on paper
- Speakers – play sound
- Projector – shows screen on wall or board
2: Hardware & Software
Hardware
All the physical parts of the computer. Things you can touch.
Examples:
- CPU
- Mouse
- Keyboard
- Monitor
- RAM
- Hard Disk
Software
These are programs or instructions that run the computer. You can’t touch software.
Types of Software:
1. System Software:
- Helps the computer work properly.
- Example: Windows, Linux, macOS
2. Application Software:
- Helps you do tasks.
- Example: MS Word, Google Chrome, Calculator
3: Computer Processing Cycle
This means how the computer works step-by-step.
Steps:
1. Input – You give data (e.g. typing a letter).
2. Process – CPU works on the data.
3. Storage – Data is saved (temporary or permanent).
4. Output – You see the result (e.g. on screen or paper).
Example: You type a number → Computer adds 2 to it → Shows answer on screen.
4: All Memories
These are places where the computer stores data.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
- Temporary memory
- Works only when computer is ON
- Fast but data is lost when power off
ROM (Read Only Memory)
- Permanent memory
- Has important instructions for starting the computer
- You can’t change it
Hard Disk
- Stores your files, videos, games
- Permanent storage
- Large capacity
Cache
- Very fast memory
- Helps CPU work faster
- Stores recent data
Register
- Smallest and fastest memory
- Inside the CPU
- Works during processing
5: CPU Parts
CPU = Central Processing Unit
It is the brain of the computer
Main Parts:
1. CU (Control Unit):
- Controls all parts of the computer
- Tells other parts what to do
2. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):
- Does all math (+, –, ×, ÷)
- Also compares things (like greater or smaller)
3. Registers:
- Small memory inside CPU
- Stores small data during processing
