The Interconnected Universe: A

Comprehensive Exploration of Physics

The endeavor to comprehend the fundamental its resistance to acceleration. This law marked a
nature of reality has been a driving force behind significant shift in scientific thought, moving away
scientific exploration for centuries. Physics, at its from the Aristotelian view that a continuous force
core, seeks to elucidate the behavior of matter and was necessary to maintain motion. Instead, motion is
energy and the forces that orchestrate their understood as a natural state that persists unless
interactions. This report aims to present a disturbed by a force.
comprehensive and interconnected overview of the The Second Law of Motion establishes a
entire field of physics, spanning from the classical quantitative relationship between force, mass, and
foundations laid by Newton to the frontiers of acceleration. It states that the acceleration of an
modern research, all while employing clear and object is directly proportional to the net force acting
straightforward language to enhance understanding. on the object and inversely proportional to its mass,
This exploration will demonstrate how seemingly mathematically expressed as \mathbf{F} =
distinct concepts are, in fact, deeply interwoven, each m\mathbf{a}. This law explicitly defines how forces
building upon the other to construct a cohesive cause changes in an object's velocity, resulting in
picture of the universe. Our journey will commence acceleration. Importantly, force and acceleration are
with the principles governing motion and forces in vector quantities, possessing both magnitude and
our everyday experiences and subsequently venture direction. An equivalent way to express the second
into the more abstract domains of quantum law involves the concept of momentum (\mathbf{p}
mechanics and cosmology. The history of physics = m\mathbf{v}), stating that the net force on an
reveals a continuous process of building upon prior object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum
knowledge and unifying phenomena that initially over time. This introduces momentum as a crucial
appeared separate. By presenting these intricate concept, particularly in the context of conservation
connections in a simplified manner, this report laws governing interactions between objects.
intends to make the profound insights of physics The Third Law of Motion describes the nature of
accessible to a broader audience. forces between interacting objects. It postulates that
Classical Mechanics: The Foundation of Motion for every action (force), there is an equal and
and Forces opposite reaction (force). If one object exerts a force
The bedrock of our understanding of the physical on another, the second object simultaneously exerts a
world, particularly at macroscopic scales and force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
everyday speeds, lies in the principles of classical back on the first. This principle underscores the
mechanics, largely attributed to Sir Isaac Newton. interconnectedness of physical systems, where forces
Newton's Laws of Motion: These three always arise from interactions between bodies. The
fundamental laws describe the relationship between third law can even be viewed as an extension of the
the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it. first law applied to the components of a larger
The First Law of Motion, often referred to as the system, highlighting a deeper unity among these
law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest fundamental principles.
or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted These laws are not merely abstract theoretical
upon by an external, unbalanced force. This constructs; they have profound implications for
introduces the concept of inertia, which is the understanding the world around us and have been
inherent tendency of an object to resist changes in its instrumental in countless technological
state of motion. Mass serves as a quantitative measure advancements. Engineers utilize Newton's laws to
of this inertia; the more massive an object, the greater navigate space, design safer vehicles, and create
everyday tools. The principles govern the flight of another (a concept formalized in the First Law of
rockets, the stability of bridges, and the functionality Thermodynamics).
of seat belts. However, it is crucial to recognize that Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is
Newton's laws operate within specific conditions. transferred. It quantifies how quickly energy is used
They are fundamentally valid in inertial frames of or generated. Mathematically, power is given by P =
reference, which are non-accelerating frames. The \frac{W}{t} = \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{v}. The
laws begin to break down when dealing with standard unit of power is the Watt (W), equivalent to
phenomena at extremely small scales (the realm of one Joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s). The distinction
quantum mechanics), at speeds approaching the between work and power is crucial; two individuals
speed of light (the domain of special relativity), or in might perform the same amount of work, but the
the presence of very strong gravitational fields (as one who does it faster has a higher power output.
described by general relativity). The initial The concept of power has practical origins, notably
formulation also implicitly assumed the existence of in the work of James Watt in comparing the output
absolute space, a concept later refined by Einstein's of steam engines and horses.
theories. The Work-Energy Theorem provides a direct and
Work, Energy, and Power: Building upon the powerful link between the work done on an object
foundation of forces and motion, the concepts of and its change in kinetic energy. It states that the net
work, energy, and power provide a framework for work done by all forces acting on an object is equal to
understanding how energy is transferred and the change in the object's kinetic energy: W_{net} =
transformed within physical systems. \Delta KE. This theorem offers an alternative
Work is defined as the energy transferred to or from approach to solving problems in mechanics, often
an object by the application of force along a simplifying calculations by bypassing the need to
displacement. Mathematically, it is the dot product explicitly determine acceleration. It is essential to
of the force and displacement vectors, W = apply the theorem to the net work, considering the
\mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{d} = Fd\cos\theta, where contributions of all forces acting on the object.
\theta is the angle between the force and the These concepts of work, energy, and power are
direction of motion. This formula reveals that only deeply interconnected with Newton's laws. Forces, as
the component of the force acting in the direction of described by Newton's laws, are the agents that can
the displacement contributes to the work done. Work perform work, leading to changes in an object's
is a scalar quantity, and its standard unit is the Joule energy state, which in turn manifests as changes in its
(J). It's important to note that in physics, work has a motion. The conservation of energy, a fundamental
specific definition that differs from everyday usage; principle in physics, has its roots in these classical
for instance, simply holding a heavy object does not mechanical concepts and extends to all areas of
constitute work in the scientific sense if there is no physics.
displacement. Work can also be visualized as the area Thermodynamics: Energy, Heat, and Entropy
under a force-displacement graph, allowing for the Moving beyond the mechanics of individual objects,
calculation of work even when the force is not thermodynamics broadens our scope to encompass
constant. the study of energy, heat, and their relationship to
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. It exists the macroscopic properties of matter. It examines the
in numerous forms, such as kinetic energy, which is behavior of systems containing a vast number of
the energy an object possesses due to its motion (KE particles, focusing on their average properties rather
= \frac{1}{2}mv^2), and potential energy, which is than the intricate details of each individual particle.
stored energy arising from an object's position or The Four Laws of Thermodynamics: These laws
configuration, such as gravitational potential energy serve as the foundational principles governing all
(PE = mgh). A fundamental principle in physics is thermodynamic processes.
the conservation of energy, which states that energy The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics establishes
cannot be created or destroyed within a closed the concept of thermal equilibrium. It states that if
system; it can only be transformed from one form to two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a
third system, then the first two systems are also in system can be either intensive (independent of the
thermal equilibrium with each other. This seemingly amount of matter, like temperature and pressure) or
simple law provides the basis for the definition of extensive (dependent on the amount of matter, like
temperature and the functioning of thermometers. volume and energy). Changes in state functions, such
The First Law of Thermodynamics is essentially as internal energy and entropy, depend only on the
the principle of conservation of energy applied to initial and final states of the system, not on the path
thermodynamic systems. It states that energy cannot taken to reach those states. The idealization of
be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted reversible processes, where the system is always
from one form to another. Mathematically, this is infinitesimally close to equilibrium, is a useful
often expressed as \Delta U = Q - W (or \Delta E = q theoretical tool for analyzing thermodynamic systems
+ w), where \Delta U (or \Delta E) represents the and understanding the limits of efficiency.
change in the internal energy of the system, Q (or q) In essence, thermodynamics governs the flow and
is the heat added to the system, and W (or w) is the transformation of energy at a macroscopic level, with
work done by the system (or on the system). entropy playing a crucial role in dictating the
Understanding the sign conventions for heat and direction of natural processes and the availability of
work is crucial for correctly applying this law. energy for useful work. The laws of thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics introduces have profound implications, ranging from the design
the concept of entropy (S), often described as a of efficient engines to considerations about the
measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, ultimate fate of the universe.
or the dispersal of energy. It states that the total Electromagnetism: The Intertwined Forces of
entropy of an isolated system can only increase over Electricity and Magnetism
time or remain constant in ideal, reversible processes. Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that
This law has profound implications, dictating the explores the interactions between electrically charged
direction of spontaneous processes in the universe, particles and the fields they generate. It stands as one
such as the natural flow of heat from hotter to colder of the four fundamental forces of nature, alongside
regions. The increase in entropy is also linked to a gravity, the strong nuclear force, and the weak
decrease in the availability of energy to perform nuclear force.
useful work. For a reversible process at a constant At the heart of electromagnetism lie the concepts of
temperature, the change in entropy is given by \Delta electric fields and magnetic fields. Electric fields are
S = Q/T. created by electric charges and exert forces on other
The Third Law of Thermodynamics provides an charged particles, a relationship quantified by
absolute reference point for entropy. It states that the Coulomb's law. A fundamental principle is that like
entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 Kelvin) charges repel each other, while opposite charges
is zero. attract. Magnetic fields, on the other hand, are
While classical mechanics focuses on the motion of generated by moving electric charges, also known as
individual objects under the influence of forces, electric currents. These magnetic fields, in turn, exert
thermodynamics can be understood as the statistical forces on other moving charges and on magnetic
manifestation of these mechanical laws applied to a materials. Unlike electric charges, magnetic poles
vast number of particles. Statistical mechanics acts as (north and south) have never been observed in
the bridge between the microscopic realm of atoms isolation; they always exist as pairs, a phenomenon
and molecules and the macroscopic world of indicating the absence of magnetic monopoles.
thermodynamic phenomena. Key concepts in A pivotal realization in physics was that electricity
thermodynamics include the classification of and magnetism are not separate, independent
thermodynamic systems (isolated, closed, open) phenomena but are deeply interconnected facets of a
based on their exchange of energy and matter with single electromagnetic force. This interconnectedness
the surroundings. Thermodynamic equilibrium is manifested in the fact that a changing magnetic
refers to a state where the macroscopic properties of a field induces an electric field, a principle known as
system remain constant over time. Properties of a Faraday's law of induction, while conversely, a
changing electric field induces a magnetic field, as approaching the speed of light. The theory is built
described by the Ampere-Maxwell law. This dynamic upon two fundamental postulates: First, the laws of
interplay between electric and magnetic fields is physics are the same for all observers in uniform
fundamental to understanding electromagnetic motion, meaning there is no absolute frame of
phenomena. reference. Second, the speed of light in a vacuum is
The culmination of the understanding of constant for all inertial observers, regardless of the
electromagnetism in the 19th century was the motion of the light source. This second postulate was
formulation of Maxwell's Equations. These four famously supported by the Michelson-Morley
elegant and fundamental equations provide a experiment, which failed to detect a luminiferous
complete mathematical description of classical aether through which light was thought to
electromagnetic fields. They describe how electric propagate.
and magnetic fields are generated by electric charges, These seemingly simple postulates have profound
currents, and by temporal variations in the fields and counterintuitive consequences. Time dilation
themselves. Perhaps the most profound prediction of describes the phenomenon where time passes more
Maxwell's equations was the existence of slowly for an observer who is moving relative to
electromagnetic waves that propagate through space another observer. The time interval \Delta t
at a constant speed, which turned out to be the speed measured by a stationary observer is related to the
of light in a vacuum (c = 1/\sqrt{\epsilon_0 proper time \Delta t_0 measured by a moving
\mu_0}). This discovery unified the phenomena of observer by the equation \Delta t = \gamma \Delta
electricity, magnetism, and optics, establishing that t_0, where \gamma = 1/\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2} is the
light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Furthermore, Lorentz factor, and v is the relative velocity between
it was realized that other forms of electromagnetic the observers. The light clock thought experiment
radiation, such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, provides an elegant way to visualize why time dilation
ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, are simply occurs. The effects of time dilation are not just
electromagnetic waves differing in their frequency theoretical; they have been experimentally verified,
and wavelength. Einstein himself acknowledged the for example, in the longer lifespans of muons
pivotal role of Maxwell's work in inspiring his theory traveling at high speeds. Another consequence is
of special relativity, which further cemented the length contraction, where the length of an object
connection between electromagnetism and the moving relative to an observer appears shorter along
fundamental nature of space and time. the direction of its motion. Special relativity also
In essence, electromagnetism reveals the deep reveals the relativity of simultaneity, meaning that
interconnectedness of electricity and magnetism, two events that appear simultaneous to one observer
mediated by electromagnetic fields. Maxwell's might not be simultaneous to another observer in
equations stand as a monumental achievement, relative motion. Perhaps the most famous
unifying these forces and illuminating the nature of consequence of special relativity is the principle of
light. This understanding underpins a vast array of mass-energy equivalence, expressed by the equation
phenomena, from the forces holding atoms together E = mc^2. This equation demonstrates that mass and
to the technologies that shape our modern world. energy are fundamentally equivalent and can be
Modern Physics: Relativity and the Quantum converted into one another. It explains the immense
World energy release in nuclear reactions, where a small
The dawn of the 20th century brought forth two amount of mass is converted into a tremendous
revolutionary theories that fundamentally altered our amount of energy. Finally, special relativity
understanding of the universe: the theory of relativity establishes that nothing in the universe can travel
and quantum mechanics. faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
Special Relativity: Developed by Albert Einstein in Quantum Mechanics: While special relativity deals
1905, special relativity provides a new framework for with the very fast and very large, quantum mechanics
understanding space, time, mass, and energy, explores the realm of the very small – the world of
particularly for objects moving at high speeds, atoms and subatomic particles. This theory,
developed over the early part of the 20th century by understanding of the universe. Special relativity
pioneers like Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, unified space and time and revealed the equivalence
Schrödinger, and Born, provides a fundamentally of mass and energy, while quantum mechanics
different description of the physical world compared unveiled the probabilistic and quantized nature of
to classical physics. Several core concepts distinguish the microscopic world.
quantum mechanics: Quantization refers to the idea The Standard Model of Particle Physics: The
that certain physical properties, such as energy, Building Blocks of Matter
angular momentum, and even light, are not To delve deeper into the fundamental constituents of
continuous but exist in discrete packets called the universe, we turn to the Standard Model of
quanta. For instance, the energy levels of electrons in Particle Physics. This remarkably successful theory
an atom are quantized. Wave-particle duality is a describes the elementary particles that make up all
central tenet, stating that particles at the quantum known matter and the three of the four fundamental
level can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like forces that govern their interactions: the strong
behavior. This is famously demonstrated in the nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the
double-slit experiment, where electrons, when passed electromagnetic force. Gravity, the fourth
through two slits, create an interference pattern fundamental force, is not included in the Standard
characteristic of waves. The Heisenberg Model.
Uncertainty Principle sets fundamental limits on The fundamental particles in the Standard Model are
the precision with which certain pairs of physical classified as fermions, which are the building blocks
properties, such as a particle's position and of matter, and bosons, which are the force carriers.
momentum, can be simultaneously known. The Fermions have a spin of 1/2 and obey the Pauli
more precisely one property is measured, the less exclusion principle. They are further divided into
precisely the other can be known. Superposition is quarks and leptons, each existing in three
another key concept, allowing a quantum system to generations. There are six types of quarks: up, down,
exist in a combination of multiple states at the same charm, strange, top, and bottom. Quarks possess a
time. The state of a quantum particle is described by property called color charge and interact through the
a wave function (\Psi), a mathematical function strong force, binding together to form composite
that provides the probability of finding the particle in particles known as hadrons, such as protons (two up
a specific state or location. The probability is given by quarks and one down quark) and neutrons (one up
the square of the magnitude of the wave function, quark and two down quarks). Leptons also come in
according to the Born rule. Quantum six flavors: the electron and its neutrino, the muon
entanglement is a bizarre phenomenon where two and its neutrino, and the tau and its neutrino.
or more particles become linked in such a way that Leptons do not carry color charge and do not
they share the same fate, no matter how far apart they interact via the strong force.
are. Measuring a property of one entangled particle The fundamental forces are mediated by bosons,
instantaneously influences the corresponding which have integer spin. The electromagnetic force
property of the other, seemingly violating the is carried by photons (\gamma). The strong force,
principles of locality. While quantum mechanics responsible for binding quarks together and holding
governs the microscopic world, classical physics, with atomic nuclei intact, is mediated by gluons (g). The
its deterministic laws, emerges as a useful weak force, involved in radioactive decay and certain
approximation at macroscopic scales or when nuclear reactions, is mediated by the W and Z bosons
quantum effects become negligible. The (W^+, W^-, Z^0). The Higgs boson (H) is
correspondence principle asserts that in the associated with the Higgs field, a pervasive field that
appropriate limits (e.g., large quantum numbers), is thought to give mass to the other fundamental
quantum mechanical predictions should agree with particles through a mechanism known as the Higgs
classical predictions. mechanism.
These two pillars of modern physics, relativity and Despite its remarkable success in explaining a vast
quantum mechanics, have profoundly reshaped our range of experimental results, the Standard Model
has known limitations. It does not incorporate the a rate proportional to their distance (Hubble's law),
force of gravity. It fails to explain the existence of dark indicating an expanding universe. Another crucial
matter and dark energy, which together constitute piece of evidence is the cosmic microwave
the vast majority of the universe's mass and energy. background radiation (CMB), a faint afterglow of
The model also does not fully account for the the Big Bang that permeates the universe. The
observed phenomenon of neutrino oscillations and observed abundances of light elements, such as
the fact that neutrinos have a small but non-zero hydrogen and helium, also align with predictions
mass. Furthermore, the Standard Model does not from the Big Bang model.
provide a satisfactory explanation for the observed On these vast cosmic scales, gravity is the dominant
asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the force, playing a crucial role in the formation of
universe. structures. Gravity causes matter to clump together,
The following table summarizes the four leading to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets
fundamental interactions and their properties : from initially small density fluctuations in the early
Prope Gravit Electr Weak Stron universe.
rty/In ation omag g Intriguingly, observations reveal that the ordinary
teracti netic matter we can see and interact with constitutes only a
on small fraction of the universe's total mass and energy
Media Gravit Photo W+, Gluo content. The majority is believed to be in the form of
ting on n W−, ns (g) dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter
Particl (hypo (\gam Z0 interacts gravitationally, explaining the observed
e thetic ma) rotation of galaxies and the formation of large-scale
al) structures, but it does not interact with light or other
Acts All Electr All Quar forms of electromagnetic radiation, making it
On particl ically fermi ks, invisible. Dark energy is a mysterious form of energy
es charg ons Gluo thought to be responsible for the accelerating
ed ns expansion of the universe, counteracting the pull of
Stren Very Mode Weak Stron gravity on the largest scales. The fundamental nature
gth Weak rate g of both dark matter and dark energy remains one of
The Standard Model represents a triumph of modern the most significant unsolved problems in modern
physics, providing a comprehensive description of physics.
the fundamental particles and three of the four Cosmology is a field rife with open questions. These
fundamental forces. However, its limitations point include understanding the imbalance between matter
towards the need for a more fundamental theory that and antimatter in the universe, unraveling the precise
can address the remaining mysteries of the universe. nature of dark matter and dark energy, and probing
Cosmology and Astrophysics: Physics on the the conditions in the very earliest moments after the
Largest Scales Big Bang. The study of the cosmos relies heavily on
Venturing to the largest scales, cosmology and the interconnectedness of all the fundamental laws of
astrophysics apply the principles of physics to physics. Gravity, as described by Einstein's theory of
understand the universe as a whole, its origin, general relativity, is paramount on large scales.
evolution, and the celestial objects within it. Electromagnetism plays a role in the behavior of stars
The prevailing model for the universe's origin and and other celestial objects. The principles of
evolution is the Big Bang Theory. According to this thermodynamics govern the evolution of the universe
theory, the universe originated from an extremely and the formation of structures. Quantum
hot, dense state approximately 13.8 billion years ago mechanics is crucial for understanding the very early
and has been expanding and cooling ever since. universe and the behavior of matter at its most
Compelling evidence for the Big Bang includes the fundamental level. Particle physics provides the
observation that galaxies are moving away from us at framework for understanding the types of matter and
interactions that were prevalent in the universe's
infancy. possible experimental signatures of violations of
In essence, cosmology and astrophysics reveal a fundamental symmetries, such as Lorentz and CPT
universe that is vast, dynamic, and governed by the symmetry, which might arise from underlying
fundamental laws of physics. Gravity sculpts the theories beyond the Standard Model. These efforts to
large-scale structure, while the mysteries of dark extend the Standard Model are guided by both
matter and dark energy continue to challenge our theoretical considerations, such as addressing the
understanding. The study of the cosmos underscores hierarchy problem (the unexplained vast difference
the interconnectedness of all branches of physics, between the strengths of gravity and other forces),
requiring insights from the smallest particles to the and experimental results from particle accelerators
largest structures. like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and
Frontiers of Physics: Beyond the Standard cosmological observations.
Model and Quantum Gravity Quantum Gravity: One of the most profound
Despite the remarkable successes of the Standard challenges in modern physics is the development of a
Model and general relativity, there are fundamental theory of quantum gravity. Our current
questions that remain unanswered, pushing the understanding of gravity comes from Einstein's
boundaries of physics research. theory of general relativity, which describes gravity as
Physics Beyond the Standard Model: The the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and
Standard Model, while incredibly accurate in its energy. General relativity is a classical theory and is
domain, is known to be incomplete. Several not compatible with the principles of quantum
phenomena observed in nature lie outside its mechanics, which govern the behavior of matter and
explanatory power. One significant limitation is the energy at the smallest scales. A theory of quantum
exclusion of gravity. The Standard Model also fails to gravity would aim to reconcile these two
account for the existence of dark matter and dark fundamental frameworks, providing a description of
energy, which together comprise about 95% of the gravity at the quantum level. This is particularly
universe's energy density. The observed oscillations important in extreme environments where both
of neutrinos, indicating they have mass, also quantum and gravitational effects are significant,
contradict the original Standard Model, although such as near black holes and in the very early universe
extensions to accommodate neutrino mass have been (the Planck scale).
proposed. The asymmetry between matter and Several theoretical approaches are being pursued in
antimatter in the universe is another puzzle that the the quest for quantum gravity. String theory, as
Standard Model cannot fully explain. These mentioned earlier, is one such candidate, proposing
limitations motivate the ongoing search for physics that gravity arises from the interactions of vibrating
beyond the Standard Model. strings. Another prominent approach is loop
Various theoretical frameworks are being explored to quantum gravity, which quantizes spacetime itself,
address these shortcomings. Supersymmetry suggesting that spacetime is not continuous but
(SUSY) proposes that every particle in the Standard made up of discrete loops or nodes. Holographic
Model has a supersymmetric partner particle with a duality (or AdS/CFT correspondence), originating
different spin. These supersymmetric particles, if from string theory, proposes a deep connection
discovered, could potentially provide candidates for between quantum field theories in a certain number
dark matter and help to unify the fundamental forces of dimensions and theories of gravity in one higher
at very high energies. String theory is another dimension. This duality suggests that all the
ambitious framework that attempts to unify all four information contained within a volume of space can
fundamental forces, including gravity, by postulating be encoded on its boundary, similar to a hologram.
that fundamental particles are not point-like but The development of a consistent and testable theory
rather tiny vibrating strings. String theory often of quantum gravity remains one of the biggest
involves extra spatial dimensions beyond the familiar challenges in theoretical physics, but it holds the
three. The Standard Model Extension (SME) is an promise of unlocking a deeper understanding of the
effective field theory framework that aims to identify universe's fundamental structure and behavior.
Conclusion: escription,on%20the%20laws%20of%20thermodyna
The tapestry of physics is woven from interconnected mics. 4. Newton's Laws of Motion -
threads, each concept building upon and informing TeachEngineering,
others. Classical mechanics provides the https://www.teachengineering.org/populartopics/vie
foundational principles governing motion and forces w/newtonslaws 5. Newton's First Law of Motion
at macroscopic scales, leading to the understanding with an Example,
of work, energy, and power. Thermodynamics https://byjus.com/physics/newtons-laws-of-motion-f
extends these ideas to the macroscopic behavior of irst-law/ 6. Newton's Laws of Motion Tutorial - The
matter and energy, introducing the crucial concept of Physics Classroom,
entropy and the laws that govern energy transfer and https://www.physicsclassroom.com/physics-tutorial/
transformations. Electromagnetism reveals the deep newton-s-laws 7. Inertia & Newton's First Law of
unity between electricity and magnetism, Motion - [1-5-4] - YouTube,
culminating in Maxwell's equations and the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAsnpR6bqQ
understanding of light as an electromagnetic wave. o 8. Great Ideas of Classical Physics | The Great
Modern physics, with special relativity, Courses,
revolutionized our understanding of space, time, https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/great-idea
mass, and energy, while quantum mechanics unveiled s-of-classical-physics.html 9. Newton's Laws of
the bizarre and probabilistic nature of the Motion — Lesson 1 - Ansys Customer Center,
microscopic world. The Standard Model of particle https://innovationspace.ansys.com/courses/index.ph
physics provides a remarkably successful framework p/courses/mastering-newtons-laws-and-equilibrium/
for describing the fundamental building blocks of lessons/newtons-laws-of-motion-lesson-1/?template
matter and their interactions through three of the =rocky 10. Newton's 2nd Law of Motion Explained
four fundamental forces. Finally, cosmology and (F=ma) - YouTube,
astrophysics apply these principles to the grand scale https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5azbhjHEDs
of the universe, exploring its origin, evolution, and 11. Isaac Newton by Albert Einstein - PBS,
the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/einstein.h
Despite the immense progress made, physics tml 12. 1: Introduction to Classical Mechanics -
continues to push its boundaries, seeking a complete Physics LibreTexts,
and unified understanding of the universe. The quest https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_
for physics beyond the Standard Model and a Physics/Mechanics_and_Relativity_(Idema)/01%3A
consistent theory of quantum gravity represents the _Introduction_to_Classical_Mechanics 13. Classical
ongoing endeavor to unravel the deepest secrets of mechanics - Wikipedia,
nature and to connect all the seemingly disparate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics
threads of physics into a single, elegant, and 14. byjus.com,
comprehensive theory of everything. https://byjus.com/physics/work-energy-power/#:~:t
ext=Work%2C%20Energy%20and%20Power%20are,
Works cited done%20per%20unit%20of%20time. 15. Work
Energy And Power Formulas - BYJU'S,
1. Newton's laws of motion | Definition, Examples, https://byjus.com/physics/work-energy-power/ 16.
& History - Britannica, Power - The Physics Classroom,
https://www.britannica.com/science/Newtons-laws- https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/less
of-motion 2. Newton's Laws of Motion - Glenn on-1/power 17. Power, Work & Energy –
Research Center - NASA, Foundations of Physics - BC Open Textbooks,
https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aero https://opentextbc.ca/foundationsofphysics/chapter
nautics/newtons-laws-of-motion/ 3. /power-work-energy/ 18. 6.4: Work-Energy Theorem
en.wikipedia.org, - Physics LibreTexts,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics#:~:t https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_
ext=Classical%20thermodynamics%20is%20the%20d Physics/Physics_(Boundless)/6%3A_Work_and_Ene
rgy/6.4%3A_Work-Energy_Theorem 19. https://chemistrytalk.org/the-laws-of-thermodynami
Work-energy theorem review (article) | Khan cs/ 34. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia,
Academy, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodyna
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11t mics 35. The Four Laws of Thermodynamics -
h-physics/in-in-class11th-physics-work-energy-and-p Chemistry LibreTexts,
ower/in-in-class11-work-energy-theorem/a/work-ene https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_an
rgy-theorem-ap1 20. 9.1 Work, Power, and the d_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supple
Work–Energy Theorem - Physics | OpenStax, mental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chem
https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/9-1-work- istry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Ther
power-and-the-work-energy-theorem 21. Energy and modynamics 36. Thermodynamics - Physics For
Force relationship - Physics Stack Exchange, Idiots,
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/73889 https://physicsforidiots.com/physics/thermodynami
0/energy-and-force-relationship 22. Work, Energy, cs/ 37. The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
and Power - Basic Introduction - YouTube, Physics,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MR1Dp8-F8 http://physics.bu.edu/~redner/211-sp06/class-engin
w&pp=0gcJCdgAo7VqN5tD 23. Classical es/class25_secondlaw.html?ref=snipettemag.com 38.
thermodynamics | physics - Britannica, 4.7: Entropy - Physics LibreTexts,
https://www.britannica.com/science/classical-therm https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_
odynamics 24. Thermodynamics - Wikipedia, Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics 25. Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Ma
Laws of Thermodynamics - BYJU'S, gnetism_(OpenStax)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of
https://byjus.com/physics/thermodynamics/ 26. _Thermodynamics/4.07%3A_Entropy 39. 4.6
Thermodynamics | Laws, Definition, & Equations | Entropy – University Physics Volume 2 - UCF
Britannica, Pressbooks,
https://www.britannica.com/science/thermodynami https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osuniversityphysic
cs 27. Thermodynamics, s2/chapter/entropy/ 40. Entropy and the Second Law
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/ther of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability
mo.html 28. 1 Unit 1: Classical Thermodynamics of Energy | Physics - Lumen Learning,
Classical thermodynamics deals with physical systems https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-physics/cha
where the number of degrees of freedom a, pter/15-6-entropy-and-the-second-law-of-thermody
https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~stte/phy418S23/un namics-disorder-and-the-unavailability-of-energy/
its/unit_1-1.pdf 29. 18.1 The Laws of 41. 12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy -
Thermodynamics - Chad's Prep®, Physics | OpenStax,
https://www.chadsprep.com/chads-general-chemistr https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/12-3-seco
y-videos/3-laws-of-thermodynamics-definition/ 30. nd-law-of-thermodynamics-entropy 42.
The laws of thermodynamics (article) | Khan pressbooks.online.ucf.edu,
Academy, https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osuniversityphysic
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ce s2/chapter/entropy/#:~:text=Summary,A%20B%20d
llular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermo %20Q%20%2F%20T%20. 43. Solving
dynamics 31. The Laws of Thermodynamics, thermodynamics with classical mechanics - Physics
Explained - Britannica, Stack Exchange,
https://www.britannica.com/video/laws-of-thermod https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/80202
ynamics-Professor-Dave-Explains/-278797 32. 9/solving-thermodynamics-with-classical-mechanics
Thermodynamics article - Khan Academy, 44. Distinction between mechanics and
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chem thermodynamics [closed] - Physics Stack Exchange,
ical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/a/thermodyna https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/71241
mics-article 33. The Laws of Thermodynamics | 7/distinction-between-mechanics-and-thermodynam
Tutorials - ChemTalk, ics 45. Electromagnetism - Encyclopedia Magnetica,
https://www.e-magnetica.pl/doku.php/electromagne s/electric.html#:~:text=Only%20a%20changing%20(r
tism 46. What is Electromagnetism? - Ansys, ead%3A%20moving,produce%20only%20the%20Co
https://www.ansys.com/simulation-topics/what-is-el ulomb%20force. 59. ELI5: What is the relationship
ectromagnetism 47. Electromagnetism - Wikipedia, between the electric field and the magnetic field?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism 48. How does that relate to light? : r/explainlikeimfive -
An introduction to electromagnetism | Reddit,
lightcolourvision.org, https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comme
https://lightcolourvision.org/articles/an-introductio nts/2ljx0x/eli5_what_is_the_relationship_between_t
n-to-electromagnetism/ 49. Electromagnetism | he/ 60. Electromagnetism - Department of Applied
Definition, Equations, & Facts - Britannica, Mathematics and Theoretical Physics,
https://www.britannica.com/science/electromagneti https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/em/em.pd
sm 50. The Relationship Between Electricity and f 61. www.fiberoptics4sale.com,
Magnetism - ThoughtCo, https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/blogs/electromag
https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-electricit netic-optics/a-plain-explanation-of-maxwells-equatio
y-and-magnetism-4172372 51. Electricity & ns#:~:text=The%20combination%20of%20equations
Magnetism, %203,produces%20another%20changing%20magneti
https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/infocom/Idea c%20field. 62. A Plain Explanation of Maxwell's
s/electric.html 52. Electric & Magnetic Fields Video Equations - Fosco Connect,
For Kids | 6th, 7th & 8th Grade Science - Generation https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/blogs/electromag
Genius, netic-optics/a-plain-explanation-of-maxwells-equatio
https://www.generationgenius.com/videolessons/ele ns 63. Maxwell's equations and light,
ctric-and-magnetic-fields-video-for-kids/ 53. https://web.pa.msu.edu/courses/2000fall/phy232/le
Electromagnetism (video) | Khan Academy, ctures/emwaves/maxwell.html 64. Maxwell's
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-physics/x equations | Institute of Physics,
1baed5db7c1bb50b:forces-at-a-distance/x1baed5db7 https://www.iop.org/explore-physics/big-ideas-physi
c1bb50b:electromagnetism/v/electromagnetism-ms cs/maxwells-equations 65. Maxwell's equations -
54. Magnets and electricity - U.S. Energy Wikipedia,
Information Administration (EIA), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equatio
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/mag ns 66. Deriving speed of light using Maxwell's
nets-and-electricity.php 55. 8.6: The relationship equations (video) - Khan Academy,
between electric current, magnetic fields, and https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electromagne
magnetic force, tism/x4352f0cb3cc997f5:the-remaining-maxwell-s-e
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Madera_Com quation-and-understanding-light/x4352f0cb3cc997f
munity_College/Concepts_of_Physical_Science/08 5:compiling-maxwell-s-equations-how-light-works/v
%3A_The_Amazing_Connections_Between_Magne /deriving-speed-of-light-using-maxwell-s-equations
ts_and_Light_Switches/8.06%3A_The_relationship 67. Why is the speed of light what it is? Maxwell
_between_electric_current_magnetic_fields_and_m equations visualized - YouTube,
agnetic_force 56. Can someone please explain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSEJ4YLXtt8
magnetic vs electric fields? - Physics Stack Exchange, 68. Foundations of Classical Mechanics: Deshmukh,
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/53916 P. C.: 9781108480567 - Amazon.com,
/can-someone-please-explain-magnetic-vs-electric-fiel https://www.amazon.com/Foundations-Classical-M
ds 57. ELI5: In simple terms what are Maxwell's echanics-P-Deshmukh/dp/110848056X 69.
equations and how do they work and what do they Introduction to Classical Mechanics: With Problems
mean? - Reddit, and Solutions,
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comme https://objectstorage.ap-mumbai-1.oraclecloud.com/
nts/11djh0m/eli5_in_simple_terms_what_are_max n/bmzytd5z5pt3/b/Class12/o/1653331658-ncert-6.
wells_equations/ 58. faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu, pdf 70. 27.4: Implications of Special Relativity -
https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/infocom/Idea Physics LibreTexts,
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_ may.cfm 84. Mass–energy equivalence - Wikipedia,
Physics/Physics_(Boundless)/27%3A__Special_Rela https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93ener
tivity/27.4%3A_Implications_of_Special_Relativity gy_equivalence 85. ELI5 How does Einstein's
71. Postulates of Special Relativity - JILA, famous E=mc2 relate to a nuclear bomb? - Reddit,
https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/sr/postulate.html 72. https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comme
Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity - Space, nts/p0qrag/eli5_how_does_einsteins_famous_emc2
https://www.space.com/36273-theory-special-relativ _relate_to_a/ 86. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia,
ity.html 73. Einstein's Postulates | Physics - Lumen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics
Learning, 87. Introduction to quantum mechanics - Wikipedia,
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-physics/cha https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_qua
pter/28-1-einsteins-postulates/ 74. Special Relativity ntum_mechanics 88. What is the difference between
Consequences, classical physics and quantum physics? - Esalq,
http://www.hep.vanderbilt.edu/~maguirc/Physics11 http://www.esalq.usp.br/lepse/imgs/conteudo_thu
6aSP02/lecture15sp02.pdf 75. 10.2: Consequences mb/What-is-the-difference-between-classical-physics-
of Einstein's Postulates - Physics LibreTexts, and-quantum-physics.pdf 89. Explaining quantum
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_ mechanics to people : r/Physics - Reddit,
Physics/Mechanics_and_Relativity_(Idema)/10%3A https://www.reddit.com/r/Physics/comments/bzzrx
_Einstein's_Postulates/10.02%3A_Consequences_of 0/explaining_quantum_mechanics_to_people/ 90. 5
_Einstein's_Postulates 76. 6.1 Postulates of Special Concepts Can Help You Understand Quantum
Relativity - Principles Of Physics III - Fiveable, Mechanics and Technology — Without Math! |
https://library.fiveable.me/principles-physics-iii-ther NIST,
mal-physics-waves/unit-6/postulates-special-relativity https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/5-conce
/study-guide/adh6D2Xic9CLD6m3 77. 10.2 pts-can-help-you-understand-quantum-mechanics-a
Consequences of Special Relativity - Physics | nd-technology-without 91. How does quantum
OpenStax, mechanics explain the behavior of particles? - Find
https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/10-2-cons Tutors,
equences-of-special-relativity 78. www.nsta.org, https://www.findtutors.co.uk/questions/physics/ho
https://www.nsta.org/blog/focus-physics-how-e-mc w-does-quantum-mechanics-explain-the-behavior--p
2-helps-us-understand-nuclear-fission-and-fusion#:~: articles 92. Physical Chemistry I Unit 15 –
text=Mass%2Denergy%20equivalence&text=The%2 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics - Fiveable,
0quantity%20c2%20is,is%20released%20in%20nucle https://library.fiveable.me/physical-chemistry-i/unit-
ar%20reactions. 79. Focus on Physics: How E = mc2 15 93. What Is Quantum Physics? - Caltech Science
Helps Us Understand Nuclear Fission and Fusion - Exchange,
NSTA, https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum
https://www.nsta.org/blog/focus-physics-how-e-mc -science-explained/quantum-physics 94.
2-helps-us-understand-nuclear-fission-and-fusion 80. Introduction to quantum mechanics - CDN,
E=mc2 explained Simply! - YouTube, https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo7wuas5xNU dist/0/550/files/2023/11/waves_quantum.pdf 95.
81. From E=mc² to the atomic bomb - Quantum 101 Episode 1: Wave Particle Duality
Einstein-Online, Explained - YouTube,
https://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/atom https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfQH3o6dKss
bombe/ 82. E = mc² | Equation, Explanation, & &pp=0gcJCdgAo7VqN5tD 96. Quantum made
Proof - Britannica, easy: so what *is* quantum mechanics all about? -
https://www.britannica.com/science/E-mc2-equatio Physics Stack Exchange,
n 83. Einstein was voted the person of the century at https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/42191
the end of 1999. Exactly what does his famous 9/quantum-made-easy-so-what-is-quantum-mechani
equation E = mc 2 mean? - Union University, cs-all-about 97. Does Quantum Mechanics apply to
https://www.uu.edu/dept/physics/scienceguys/2000 Macroscopic Objects? How to define ”Macro”? -
arXiv, https://arxiv.org/html/2410.17298v1 98. https://physics.info/standard/ 112. A New Map of
Quantum mechanics, macroscopic objects, and the All the Particles and Forces | Quanta Magazine,
classical limit - ResearchGate, https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-map-of-the
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/K-Kassner/pos -standard-model-of-particle-physics-20201022/ 113.
t/Is-the-collapse-of-the-wave-function-a-dynamical-p Standard Model - Experimental Particle Physics -
rocess/attachment/5a73096b4cde266d5887f81d/AS Syracuse University,
%3A589203591155712%401517488491497/downlo https://hep.syr.edu/quark-flavor-physics/outreach/h
ad/qm_classical.pdf 99. Does quantum mechanics ep-tour/standard-model/ 114. Physics beyond the
ever really quantize classical mechanics? - Standard Model - Wikipedia,
MathOverflow, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/225814/does-qu Standard_Model 115. Limits of the Standard Model
antum-mechanics-ever-really-quantize-classical-mech - ResearchGate,
anics 100. About Quantum Mechanics at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4105972
macroscopic level [closed] - Physics Stack Exchange, 0_Limits_of_the_Standard_Model 116. Precision
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/81422 Physics in Extensions of the Standard Model -
9/about-quantum-mechanics-at-macroscopic-level Durham e-Theses, http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13418/
101. Where does Quantum mechanics end and 117. DOE Explains...Cosmology | Department of
classical physics come up? - Reddit, Energy,
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskPhysics/comments/16 https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainscosmol
oxszd/where_does_quantum_mechanics_end_and_ ogy 118. Cosmology | Center for Astrophysics |
classical/ 102. What is the line between quantum Harvard & Smithsonian,
physics and classical physics . : r/AskPhysics - Reddit, https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/science-field/c
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskPhysics/comments/qg osmology 119. The Big Bang model of the Universe.,
y8go/what_is_the_line_between_quantum_physics https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/BigBang/
_and/ 103. Is quantum mechanics applicable to only universe.htm 120. Astrophysics and Cosmology |
small things? - Physics Stack Exchange, Physics & Astronomy | University of Pittsburgh,
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/56759 https://www.physicsandastronomy.pitt.edu/research
6/is-quantum-mechanics-applicable-to-only-small-th /astrophysics-and-cosmology 121. Standard
ings 104. DOE Explains...the Standard Model of cosmological model. Big Bang. Forming the structure
Particle Physics - Department of Energy, of the universe. - AstroNuclPhysics,
https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsthe-stan https://astronuclphysics.info/Gravitace5-4.htm 122.
dard-model-particle-physics 105. What is the Cosmology | Inters.org, https://inters.org/cosmology
standard model? | Space, 123. Big Bang - Wikipedia,
https://www.space.com/standard-model-physics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang 124.
106. The Standard Model | CERN, Evidence for the Big Bang - The University of
https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/standard- Western Australia,
model 107. Standard Model - Wikipedia, https://www.uwa.edu.au/study/-/media/Faculties/S
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model 108. cience/Docs/Evidence-for-the-Big-Bang.pdf 125.
Science Made Simple: What Is the Standard Model of What is the Big Bang Theory? - Space,
Particle Physics? - SciTechDaily, https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-i 126. The Big Bang, Cosmology part 1: Crash Course
s-the-standard-model-of-particle-physics/ 109. The Astronomy #42 - YouTube,
Standard Model | Institute of Physics, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9B7Ix2VQEGo
https://www.iop.org/explore-physics/big-ideas-physi 127. List of unsolved problems in physics -
cs/standard-model 110. Simple Science: Particles, Wikipedia,
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/humanities/webdesign/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_pro
2012/nickyguttridge/html/page4.html 111. The blems_in_physics 128. Why we haven't find out
Standard Model - The Physics Hypertextbook, Whats behind Dark Energy and Dark Matter? :
r/AskPhysics - Reddit, Philosophy,
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskPhysics/comments/1j https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-gravity/
736zs/why_we_havent_find_out_whats_behind_dar 144. Better Understanding of Quantum Gravity -
k_energy/ 129. Microphysics and cosmology. Access,
Inflationary universe. - AstroNuclPhysics, https://access-ci.org/better-understanding-of-quantu
https://astronuclphysics.info/Gravitace5-5.htm 130. m-gravity/ 145. What the hell is Quantum Gravity? -
Limits of the standard model - Inspire HEP, YouTube,
https://inspirehep.net/literature/601841 131. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nxw-m_nJg-I
[hep-ph/0211168] Limits of the Standard Model -
arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0211168 132.
Quantum Gravity: The Quest for the Pixelation of
Space - Caltech Magazine,
https://magazine.caltech.edu/post/quantum-gravity
133. What is quantum gravity? - Advanced Science
News,
https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/what-is-qua
ntum-gravity/ 134. Recent Experimental Limits on
the Standard-Model Extension | CPT and Lorentz
Symmetry,
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/9789
811275388_0011 135. The Standard-Model
Extension - EPJ Web of Conferences,
https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pd
f/2023/08/epjconf_ssp2023_01004.pdf 136.
Pragmatic extensions of the Standard Model - Indico
Global,
https://indico.global/event/10177/contributions/98
122/attachments/44869/84688/HPNP2023_Grzad
kowski.pdf 137. New theory of gravity brings
long-sought Theory of Everything a crucial step
closer,
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/05/250
505121800.htm 138. www.space.com,
https://www.space.com/quantum-gravity.html#:~:te
xt=What%20is%20quantum%20gravity%20in,physic
s%20works%20on%20large%20scales. 139. What Is
Quantum Gravity And Why Is It Considered To Be
The Hardest Problem In Physics?,
https://www.secretsofuniverse.in/quantum-gravity/
140. What is quantum gravity? | Space,
https://www.space.com/quantum-gravity.html 141.
Can someone please give the simplest (as possible)
explanation of Loop Quantum Gravity?,
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1lb
r4t/can_someone_please_give_the_simplest_as_poss
ible/ 142. Quantum gravity - Wikipedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity
143. Quantum Gravity - Stanford Encyclopedia of