Experiment 01: Study of Distributed Computing system architecture and explain with

various application like university, Banking system.

Learning Objective: Student should be able to program to Demonstrate Datagram Socket for Chat
Application using java.
Tools: Android Studio, Java

Theory:

Procedure:
Distributed architecture, components are presented on different platforms and several components can
cooperate with one another over a communication network in order to achieve a specific objective or goal.

● In this architecture, information processing is not confined to a single machine rather it is distributed
over several independent computers.

● A distributed system can be demonstrated by the client-server architecture which forms the base for
multi-tier architectures; alternatives are the broker architecture such as CORBA, and the Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA).

● There are several technology frameworks to support distributed architectures, including .NET, J2EE,
CORBA, .NET Web services, AXIS Java Web services, and Globus Grid services.

● Middleware is an infrastructure that appropriately supports the development and execution of

distributed applications. It provides a buffer between the applications and the network.

● It sits in the middle of system and manages or supports the different components of a distributed
system. Examples are transaction processing monitors, data convertors and communication controllers
etc.
Middleware as an infrastructure for distributed system
The basis of a distributed architecture is its transparency, reliability, and availability.
The following table lists the different forms of transparency in a distributed system −

Sr.No. Transparency & Description

1 Access
Hides the way in which resources are accessed and the differences in data platform.

2 Location
Hides where resources are located.

3 Technology
Hides different technologies such as programming language and OS from user.

4 Migration / Relocation
Hide resources that may be moved to another location which are in use.

5 Replication
Hide resources that may be copied at several location.

6 Concurrency
Hide resources that may be shared with other users.

7 Failure
 Hides failure and recovery of resources from user.

8 Persistence
Hides whether a resource ( software ) is in memory or disk.

Advantages
● Resource sharing − Sharing of hardware and software resources.

● Openness − Flexibility of using hardware and software of different vendors.

● Concurrency − Concurrent processing to enhance performance.

● Scalability − Increased throughput by adding new resources.

● Fault tolerance − The ability to continue in operation after a fault has occurred.

Disadvantages
● Complexity − They are more complex than centralized systems.

● Security − More susceptible to external attack.

● Manageability − More effort required for system management.

● Unpredictability − Unpredictable responses depending on the system organization

and network load.

Centralized System vs. Distributed System

Criteria Centralized system Distributed System

Economics Low High

Availability Low High

Complexity Low High

Consistency Simple High

Scalability Poor Good

 Technology Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Security High Low

Client-Server Architecture
The client-server architecture is the most common distributed system architecture
which decomposes the system into two major subsystems or logical processes −

● Client − This is the first process that issues a request to the second process i.e.
the server.

● Server − This is the second process that receives the request, carries it out, and
sends a reply to the client.
In this architecture, the application is modelled as a set of services that are provided by servers and a set of
clients that use these services. The servers need not know about clients, but the clients must know the identity
of servers, and the mapping of processors to processes is not necessarily 1 : 1

Client-server Architecture can be classified into two models based on the functionality
of the client −

Thin-client model
In thin-client model, all the application processing and data management is carried by the server. The client is
simply responsible for running the presentation software.
 ● Used when legacy systems are migrated to client server architectures in which legacy system acts as a
server in its own right with a graphical interface implemented on a client

● A major disadvantage is that it places a heavy processing load on both the server and the network.

Thick/Fat-client model
In thick-client model, the server is only in charge for data management. The software on the client implements
the application logic and the interactions with the system user.

● Most appropriate for new C/S systems where the capabilities of the client system are known in advance

● More complex than a thin client model especially for management. New versions of the application
have to be installed on all clients.

Advantages
● Separation of responsibilities such as user interface presentation and business logic processing.

● Reusability of server components and potential for concurrency

● Simplifies the design and the development of distributed applications

● It makes it easy to migrate or integrate existing applications into a distributed environment.

● It also makes effective use of resources when a large number of clients are accessing a high-
performance server.

Disadvantages
● Lack of heterogeneous infrastructure to deal with the requirement changes.

● Security complications.

● Limited server availability and reliability.

● Limited testability and scalability.

● Fat clients with presentation and business logic together.

 Multi-Tier Architecture (n-tier Architecture)
Multi-tier architecture is a client–server architecture in which the functions such as presentation, application
processing, and data management are physically separated. By separating an application into tiers, developers
obtain the option of changing or adding a specific layer, instead of reworking the entire application. It provides
a model by which developers can create flexible and reusable applications.

The most general use of multi-tier architecture is the three-tier architecture. A three-tier architecture is
typically composed of a presentation tier, an application tier, and a data storage tier and may execute on a
separate processor.

Presentation Tier
Presentation layer is the topmost level of the application by which users can access directly such as webpage
or Operating System GUI (Graphical User interface). The primary function of this layer is to translate the tasks
and results to something that user can understand. It communicates with other tiers so that it places the results
to the browser/client tier and all other tiers in the network.

Application Tier (Business Logic, Logic Tier, or Middle Tier)

Application tier coordinates the application, processes the commands, makes logical decisions, evaluation, and
performs calculations. It controls an application’s functionality by performing detailed processing. It also
moves and processes data between the two surrounding layers.

Data Tier
In this layer, information is stored and retrieved from the database or file system. The information is then
passed back for processing and then back to the user. It includes the data persistence mechanisms (database
servers, file shares, etc.) and provides API (Application Programming Interface) to the application tier which
provides methods of managing the stored data.
Advantages

● Better performance than a thin-client approach and is simpler to manage than a thick-client approach.

● Enhances the reusability and scalability − as demands increase, extra servers can
be added.

● Provides multi-threading support and also reduces network traffic.

● Provides maintainability and flexibility

Disadvantages

● Unsatisfactory Testability due to lack of testing tools.

● More critical server reliability and availability.

Broker Architectural Style

Broker Architectural Style is a middleware architecture used in distributed computing to coordinate and enable
the communication between registered servers and clients. Here, object communication takes place through a
middleware system called an object request broker (software bus).

● Client and the server do not interact with each other directly. Client and server have a direct connection
to its proxy which communicates with the mediator-broker.

● A server provides services by registering and publishing their interfaces with the broker and clients can
request the services from the broker statically or dynamically by look-up.

● CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a good implementation example of the
broker architecture.

Components of Broker Architectural Style

The components of broker architectural style are discussed through following heads −
Broker
Broker is responsible for coordinating communication, such as forwarding and dispatching the results and
exceptions. It can be either an invocation-oriented service, a document or message - oriented broker to which
clients send a message.

● It is responsible for brokering the service requests, locating a proper server, transmitting requests, and
sending responses back to clients.

● It retains the servers’ registration information including their functionality and services as well as
location information.

● It provides APIs for clients to request, servers to respond, registering or unregistering server
components, transferring messages, and locating servers.
Stub
Stubs are generated at the static compilation time and then deployed to the client side which is used as a proxy
for the client. Client-side proxy acts as a mediator between the client and the broker and provides additional
transparency between them and the client; a remote object appears like a local one.
The proxy hides the IPC (inter-process communication) at protocol level and performs marshaling of
parameter values and un-marshaling of results from the server.
Skeleton
Skeleton is generated by the service interface compilation and then deployed to the server side, which is used
as a proxy for the server. Server-side proxy encapsulates low-level system-specific networking functions and
provides high-level APIs to mediate between the server and the broker.
It receives the requests, unpacks the requests, unmarshals the method arguments, calls the suitable service, and
also marshals the result before sending it back to the client.
Bridge
A bridge can connect two different networks based on different communication protocols. It mediates different
brokers including DCOM, .NET remote, and Java CORBA brokers.
Bridges are optional component, which hides the implementation details when two brokers interoperate and
take requests and parameters in one format and translate them to another format.

Broker implementation in CORBA

CORBA is an international standard for an Object Request Broker – a middleware to manage communications
among distributed objects defined by OMG (object management group).
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
A service is a component of business functionality that is well-defined, self-contained, independent, published,
and available to be used via a standard programming interface. The connections between services are
conducted by common and universal message-oriented protocols such as the SOAP Web service protocol,
which can deliver requests and responses between services loosely.
Service-oriented architecture is a client/server design which support business-driven IT approach in which an
application consists of software services and software service consumers (also known as clients or service
requesters).

Features of SOA
A service-oriented architecture provides the following features −

● Distributed Deployment − Expose enterprise data and business logic as loosely,

coupled, discoverable, structured, standard-based, coarse-grained, stateless units
of functionality called services.

● Composability − Assemble new processes from existing services that are exposed
at a desired granularity through well defined, published, and standard complaint
interfaces.
 ● Interoperability − Share capabilities and reuse shared services across a network
irrespective of underlying protocols or implementation technology.

● Reusability − Choose a service provider and access to existing resources exposed

as services.

SOA Operation
The following figure illustrates how does SOA operate −

Advantages

● Loose coupling of service–orientation provides great flexibility for enterprises to make use of all
available service recourses irrespective of platform and technology restrictions.

● Each service component is independent from other services due to the stateless service feature.

● The implementation of a service will not affect the application of the service as long as the exposed
interface is not changed.

● A client or any service can access other services regardless of their platform, technology, vendors, or
language implementations.

● Reusability of assets and services since clients of a service only need to know its public interfaces,
service composition.

● SOA based business application development are much more efficient in terms of time and cost.

● Enhances the scalability and provide standard connection between systems.

● Efficient and effective usage of ‘Business Services’.

● Integration becomes much easier and improved intrinsic interoperability.

● Abstract complexity for developers and energize business processes closer to end users.

Explain with various application like university, Banking system

Result and Discussion:
• Explain Distributed Computing Architecture of University
• Explain Distributed Computing Architecture of Banking

Learning Outcomes: Students should have the ability to

LO1: Understand the basics of Architecture of Distributed Computing.

LO2: Studied Architecture of University & banking.

Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course students will be able to create architecture of Distributed
Computing
Conclusion: (write here)

Viva Questions:

1. List and explain Distributed Computing Architecture

2. Explain the steps used to develop architecture of university & banking

For Faculty Use

Correction Formative Timely completion Attendance /
Parameters Assessment of Practical [ 40%] Learning
[40%] Attitude [20%]

Marks
Obtained