SUB-QUERY

A QUERY WRITTEN INSIDE ANOTHER QUERY IS KNOWN AS SUB QUERY .

Working Principle :

Let us consider two queries Outer Query and Inner Query .

➢ Inner Query executes first and produces an Output .
➢ The Output of Inner Query is given / fed as an Input to Outer Query .
➢ The Outer Query generates the Result.
➢ Therefore we can state that 'the Outer Query is dependent on
Inner Query' and this is the Execution Principle of Sub Query .

Why / When Do we use SUB QUERY :

Case 1 : Whenever we have Unknowns present in the question, we use sub query
to find the Unknown .

Example :

EMP
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20
2 BLAKE 2000 10
3 CLARK 3000 30
4 MILLER 1500 10
5 SMITH 2500 10

1. WAQTD names of the employees earning more than 2500 .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP

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 WHERE SAL > 2500 ;

2. WAQTD names of the employees earning less than MILLER .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'MILLER' );

3. WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in the same Dept as SMITH .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ;

4. WAQTD name and hiredate of the employees if the employee was hired after JONES .

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATEFROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JONES' ) ;

5. WAQTD all the details of the employee working in the sameDesignation as KING .

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

6. WAQTD name , sal , deptno of the employees if the employees earning more than 2000 and work in
the same dept as JAMES .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DEPTNOFROM EMP

WHERE SAL > 2000 AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' ) ;

7. WAQTD all the details of the employees working in the Same designation as MILLER and
earning more than 1500.

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > 1500 AND JOB = (SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ) ;

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 8. WAQTD details of the employees earning more than SMITH but less than KING .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) AND SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ;

9. WAQTD name , sal and deptno of the employees if the employee is

earning commission in dept 20 and earning salary more than Scott
.

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL AND DEPTNO = 20 AND
SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT' ) ;

10. WAQTD name and hiredate of the employees who's name ends with'S' and hired after
James .

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S' AND
HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' ) ;

11. WAQTD names of the employees working in the same dept as JAMES and earning salary more
than ADAMS and working in thesame job role as MILLER and hired after MARTIN .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='JAMES') ANDSAL > (SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME= ‘ADAMS') ANDJOB = (SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='MILLER') AND

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 HIREDATE> (SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='MARTIN');

12. WAQTD all the details of the employees working as salesman in thedept
20 and earning commission more than Smith and hired after KING .

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' AND DEPTNO = 20 AND COMM > (SELECT
COMM
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH') AND HIREDATE > (SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING');

13. WAQTD number of employees earning more than SMITH and less
than MARTIN .

SELECT COUNT(*)FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH') AND SAL < (SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MARTIN')

14. WAQTD Ename and SAL for all the employees earning more than
JONES
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME =JONES') ;

15. WAQTD all the details of the employees working as a manager .

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE JOB
='MANAGER';

NOTE :
➢ In the Inner Query / Sub Query we cannot select more than
ONE column .
➢ The corresponding columns need not be same , but the
datatypes of those has to be same .

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 SUBQUERY CASE 2

CASE-2 : Whenever the data to be selected and the condition to be executed are
present in different tables we use Sub Query .

Example :

Emp
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20 DEPT
2 BLAKE 2000 10 DEPTNO DNAME LOC
3 CLARK 3000 30 10 D1 L1
4 MILLER 1500 10 20 D2 L2
5 ADAMS 2500 20 30 D3 L3

1. WAQTD deptno of the employee whose name is Miller .

SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ;

2. WAQTD dname of the employee whose name is Miller .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ) ;

3. WAQTD Location of ADAMS

SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' ) ;

4. WAQTD names of the employees working in Location L2.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC ='L2' ) ;

5. WAQTD number of employees working in dept D3 .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO

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 FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME ='D3' ) ;

6. WAQTD ename , sal of all the employee earning more than Scott and working in dept 20 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL > ( SELECT SAL FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT' ) ;

7. WAQTD all the details of the employee working as a Manager In the dept Accounting .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME ='ACCOUNTING' ) ;

8. WAQTD all the details of the employee working in the samedesignation as Miller and
works in location New York .
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ( SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' )
AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE LOC ='NEW
YORK' ) ;

9. WAQTD number of employees working as a clerk in the samedeptno as SMITH and earning
more than KING hired after MARTIN in the location BOSTON .
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH') AND
SAL > ( SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) AND
HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP WHERE ENAME ='MARTIN' )
AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE LOC
='BOSTON' ) ;

10. WAQTD maximum salary given to a person working in DALLAS .

SELECT MAX(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC ='DALLAS' ) ;

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 MAX & MIN

EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO

1 ALLEN 1000 20
2 BLAKE 2000 10
3 CLARK 3000 30
4 MILLER 1500 10
5 ADAMS 2500 20

1. WAQTD maximum salary of an employee .

SELECT MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP ;

2. WAQTD name of the employee getting maximum salary .

SELECT ENAME , MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP ;

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = MAX( SAL ) ;

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ( SELECT MAX( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ;

3. WAQTD name and salary earned by the employee getting

Minimum salary .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ( SELECT MIN( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ;

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 TYPES OF SUB - QUERY

1. SINGLE ROW SUB QUERY

2. MULTI ROW SUB QUERY

Examples :

Emp
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20 DEPT
2 BLAKE 2000 10 DEPTNO DNAME LOC
3 CLARK 3000 30 10 D1 L1
4 MILLER 1500 10 20 D2 L2
5 SMITH 2500 10 30 D3 L3

1. WAQTD dname of ALLEN(single row) .

SELECT DNAME 20
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'ALLEN' ) ;

2. WAQTD dnames of Allen and Smith(multi row).

20
10
SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
DEPTNO WHERE ENAME IN
20 ( 'ALLEN' ,'SMITH' ) ) ;
10
Here , since the sub query returns
30 2 records we cannot use '=' Op .
10 We've to use IN Op .
10

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1. SINGLE ROW SUB QUERY :

➢ If the sub query returns exactly 1 record / value we call it

asSingle Row Sub Query .
➢ If it returns only 1 value then we can use the normal
operators Or the Special Operators to compare the values .

2. MULTI ROW SUB QUERY :

➢ If the sub query returns more than1 record / value we call
itas Multi Row Sub Query .
➢ If it returns more than 1 value then we cannot use the
normal operators We have to use only Special Operators to
compare the values .

Note : It is difficult to identify whether a query Belongs Single or Multi

row So , it is always recommended to use Special Operators to
Compare The values .

1. WAQTD ename and salary of the employees earning more than

Employees of dept 10 .

EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO

1 ALLEN 1000 20
2 BLAKE 2000 10
3 CLARK 3000 30
4 MILLER 1500 10
5 SMITH 2500 10

2000
1500
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP 2500
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ) ;

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 Here we cannot use > symbol to
compareMultiple values .

We cant use IN or. NOT IN as well

because It is used for = and != symbols
.

Therefore we have to use Sub Query

Sub Query Operators
Operators
For Comparing Relational Operators
1. ALL : such as( > , < , >= , <= ) .

"It is special Op used along with a relational Op ( > , < , > = , <= )
to compare the values present at the RHS ".
➢ ALL Op returns true if all the values at the RHS have satisfied the
condition .

Example :
2000
CLARK ,3000 1500
2500
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ALL ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ) ;

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 SAL
1000
2000 1000 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )
3000
1500 1000 > 2000 False
2500 1000 > 1500 False
1000 > 2500 False

2000 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2000 > 2000 False

2000 > 1500 True
2000 > 2500 False

3000 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

3000 > 2000 True

3000 > 1500 True
3000 > 2500 True

1500 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

1500 > 2000 False

1500 > 1500 False
1500 > 2500 False

2500 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2500 > 2000 True

2500 > 1500 True
2500 > 2500 False

2. ANY :

"It is special Op used along with a relational Op ( > , < , > = , <= )
to compare the values present at the RHS ".
• ANY Op returns true if one of the values at the RHS have satisfied
the condition .

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Example :
2000
1500
SELECT ENAME , SAL 2500
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ANY ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
SAL WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ) ;
1000
2000 1000 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )
3000
1500 1000 > 2000 False
2500 1000 > 1500 False
1000 > 2500 False

2000 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2000 > 2000 False

2000 > 1500 True
2000 > 2500 False

3000 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

3000 > 2000 True

3000 > 1500 True
3000 > 2500 True

1500 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

1500 > 2000 False

1500 > 1500 False
1500 > 2500 False

2500 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2500 > 2000 True

2500 > 1500 True
2500 > 2500 False

1. WAQTD name of the employee if the employee earns less

thanThe employees working as salesman .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ALL ( SELECT SAL

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 FROM EMP
WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' ) ;

2. WAQTD name of the employee if the employee earns less

thanAt least a salesman .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ANY ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' ) ;

3. WAQTD names of the employees earning more than ADAMS .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ALL ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' ) ;

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 NESTED SUB QUERY

A sub query written inside a sub query is known as Nested Subquery.

➢ WE CAN NEST ABOUT 255 SUB QUERIES

SAL
1000
2000
4000
3000
5000

3. WAQTD maximum salary given to an employee .

SELECT MAX( SAL )FROM EMP ;
4. WAQTD second maximum salary given to an employee .
SELECT MAX( SAL )
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL)
FROM EMP ) ;
SAL
1000
2000
4000
3000
5000

5. WAQTD 3rd maximum salary .

SELECT MAX( SAL ) 3000FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 4000FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 5000FROM EMP ) )

6. WAQTD 4th maximum salary .

SELECT MAX( SAL ) 2000FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 3000FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 4000FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 5000FROM EMP ) ) )

7. WAQTD 3 minimum salary .

SELECT MIN(SAL )FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN(SAL )FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN ( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ) ;
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8. WAQTD Dept name of the employee getting 2nd Minimumsalary .

SELECT DNAMEFROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNOFROM EMP
WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN( SAL )FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ) );

REMEMBER :

MAXIMUM MAX( ) <

MINIMUM MIN( ) >

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 EMPLOYEE AND MANAGER RELATION

CASE 1 : TO IDENTIFY MANAGER

➢ WAQTD name of Allen's manager .

JAMES
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP 3
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ALLEN' )

EID ENAME MGR EID

1 ALLEN 3 1
2 SMITH 1
2
3 JAMES 2
3
4 KING 3
4

➢ WAQTD name of SMITH's manager .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ;

➢ WAQTD name of SMITH's manager's manager .

EID ENAME MGR

1 ALLEN 3
2 SMITH 1
3 JAMES 2
4 KING 3

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP

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 WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ) ;

➢ WAQTD dname of King's Manager .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ) ;

➢ WAQTD Location of Adams's manager's manager .

SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' ) ) ) ;

CASE -2: TO IDENTIFY EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO A MANAGER

➢ WAQTD Names of the employees reporting to KING.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ;

➢ WAQTD Name and salary given to the employees reporting

To James .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' ) ;

To find Manager Select MGR in Sub Q

To find Employees Select EID in Sub Q

➢ WAQTD dname of the employee reporting to President .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO

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 FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='PRESIDENT' ) ) ;

➢ WAQTD Department details of the employees who are

reportingto MILLER .

SELECT *
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ));

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