Calculus

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June 8, 2024

NIYIGABA Emmanuel Calculus

Functions in the set of Real numbers

Definitions
1 A function is a rule that assigns to each element in a set A

one and only one element in set B.

2 We can even define a function as any relationship which takes
one element of one set and assigns to it one and only one
element of second set.
3 The second set is called a co-domain.
4 The set A is called the domain, denoted by Domf.
5 If x is an element in the domain of a function f, then the
element that f associates with x is denoted by the symbol
f (x) (read f of x) and is called the image of x under f or the
value of f at x.
6 The set of all possible values of f (x) as x varies over the
domain is called the range of f and it is denoted R(f ).

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Examples

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Classification of functions
1 Constant function: A function that assigns the same value

to every member of its domain is called a constant

function.For example, the function f given by f (x) = 3 is a
constant function.
2 Monomial: A function of the form f (x) = cx n , where c is
constant and n a nonnegative integer is called a monomial in
x.
3 Polynomial: A function that is expressible as the sum of
finitely many monomials in x is called polynomial in x. In
general,f is a polynomial in x if it is expressible in the form

where n is a nonnegative integer and a0 , a1 ,..., an are real

constants.

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1 Rational function: A function that is expressible as ratio of
two polynomials is called rational function. It has the form

2 Irrational function: A function that is expressed as root

extractions
p is called irrational function. It has the form
n
f (x) = g (x) where G (X ) is a polynomial and n is positive
integer greater or equal to 2.
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State which of the following functions is a polynomial, rational or
irrational function

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Domain of definition

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Domain of definition

Example1

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Example2

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Example3

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Example4

Example5

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Example6

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Exercises: Find the domain of definition for each of the following
functions

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Operations on functions

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Example1

Example2

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Example2

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Exercises

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Limits of functions
1 The limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus

and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a

particular point.
2 The limit of a function f(x) as x approaches p is a number L
with the following property: given any target distance from L,
there is a distance from p within which the values of f(x)
remain within the target distance.
3 Limits are also used to find the velocity and acceleration of a
moving particle.

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EXample

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sol
x 2.8 2.9 2.99 3 3.001 3.01 3.05
f(x) 1.8 1.9 1.99 2 2.003 2.03 2.15
Thus
lim f (x) = 2
x→3

1 If the values of f (x) approaches L1 as x approaches a from

the right side we write limx→a+ f (x) = L1 and we read “the
limit of f (x) as x approaches a from the right equals L1 .
2 If the values of f (x) approaches L2 as x approaches a from
the left side we write limx→a− f (x) = L2 and we read “the
limit of f (x) as x approaches a from the left equals L2 .
If the limit from the left side is the same as the limit from the
right side, say

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = L

x→a− x→a−

then we write and we read “the limit of f (x) as x approaches

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Example1

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Example2

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...

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Exercises

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Infinite limits
1 A function whose values grow arbitrarily large can sometimes

be said to have an infinite limit.

2 Since infinity is not a number, infinite limits are not really
limits at all, but they provide a way of describing the behavior
of functions that grow arbitrarily large positive or negative.

In this case we write

lim f (x) = +∞
x→a
or
lim f (x) = −∞
x→a

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Limits at infinity

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...

...

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Limits at infinity of polynomial and rational functions

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Limits at infinity of polynomial and rational functions....

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Example

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Example+Exercises

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Example

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Exercises

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INDETERMINATE CASES
1 An indeterminate form is a certain type of expression with a

limit that is not evident by inspection.

2 There are several types of indeterminate forms such as

3 In this section we will study the forms

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Indeterminate forms in irrational functions

To evaluate this limit, we

multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of

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To evaluate this limit, we try the algebraic manipulations such that
the denominator will be cancelled.

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Types of asymptotes
There are three types of asymptotes:
1 Vertical asymptote: A line x = x0 is called a vertical
asymptote for the graph of a function f( x) if f (x) → ∞ or
f (x) → ∞ as x approaches x0 at the right or at the left.
2 Horizontal asymptote

3 Oblique asymptote.
y = ax + b where
 
f (x)
b = lim
x→±∞ x

and
b = lim (f (x) − ax)
x→±∞

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Exercises: Evaluate the following limits

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Differentiation of polynomial, rational and irrational
functions

Definition
The derivative of a function f (x) with respect to x is denoted by
f 0 (x) = dfdx(x) and defined as

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
provided that the limit exist

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Rules of derivatives

If f and g are differentiable at x, then

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APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

Equation of tangent line and normal line

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Rates of Change

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Critical points

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Finding Absolute Extrema

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Extreme Value Theorem and Fermat’s Theorem:

Rolle’s Theorem

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First Derivative Test

Second Derivative Test

L’Hopital’s rule:

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