CHAPTER 10 : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (DE) Basic Integration formula

 f ( x) dx = ln f(x) + c
f' ( x )
Basic Integrations
f(x)  f ( x ) dx f((ax + b))  f (ax  b) dx
 1 x dx = tan x + c a ( x )+ c
1 –1 1 1 –1
dx = tan
n1 n1 2 2
x 2
n x n (ax  b) a a
x + c, n ≠ –1 (ax + b) + c, n ≠ –1

 1 x dx = sin x + c
n1 (a )( n  1) 1 –1 –1
or – cos x+c
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
. + c, n ≠ 1 . + c, n ≠ 1
xn (n  1) x n  1 (ax  b) n (a )(n  1) (ax  b) n  1
 a  x dx = sin ( a ) + c
x
1 –1
or – cos ( x )+c
–1
1 1 1 2 2 a
ln x + c ln (ax+ b) + c
x (ax  b) a
1 Integration By Parts
ex ex + c e ax  b e ax  b + c
a
 u dx dx = uv –  v dx dx
dv dx
1
sin x – cos x + c sin (ax+ b) – cos (ax+ b) + c
a
1 Integration By Cover-Up Rule
cos x sin x + c cos (ax+ b) sin (ax+ b) + c
a

 ( x  a)( x  b) dx =   (a)  b . ( x  a) 
px  q  p (a )  q 1 p (b )  q 1 
1
(b)  a ( x  b) 
2 2 tan (ax+ b) + c . dx
sec x tan x + c sec (ax+ b)
a
2 2 1
csc x – cot x + c csc (ax+ b) – cot (ax+ b) + c

 a  x dx = 2a ln ( a  x ) + c ,
a 1 1 a x
2 2
for –a < x < a
1
tan x – ln cos x + c tan (ax+ b) – ln cos (ax+ b) + c

 1 x
a 1 1 1 x
For a = 1 : dx = ln ( )+c , for –1 < x < 1
1
ln sin (ax+ b) + c
2 2 1 x
cot x ln sin x + c cot (ax+ b)
a
 x  a dx = 2a ln ( x  a ) + c ,
1 1 xa
2 2
for x > a

 x 1
Integration By Basic Trigo Identities 1 1 x 1
For a = 1 : dx = ln ( )+ c , for x > 1
2 x 1

1 1 1 2

2
sin x dx = (1 – cos 2x) dx = (x – sin 2x) + c
2 2 2


1 1 1

2
cos x dx = (1 + cos 2x) dx = (x + sin 2x) + c Converting Logarithmic Form into Exponential Form (In general form with c)
2 2 2

 
2
tan x dx = (sec2 x – 1) dx = tan x – x + c 1. ln P = R + c  P = eR  c or P = A eR [ let ec = A ]

 = 
2
cot x dx (cosec2 x – 1) dx = – cot x – x + c
 P = R ec [ let ec = A ]

1 1 1 1 2. ln P = ln R + c or P = AR
 sin x cos x dx =
2
sin 2x dx =
2
(– cos 2x) + c = – cos 2x + c
2 4

10-1
(A) SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (SDE) dy y
eg 3 : Find the general solution of the differential equation = 2 .
dy dx x
= f(x).g(y)
dx
 y dy =  x
(Shortcut) dy y 1 1
1 dy = 2 : dx  ln y = – 1 + c
= f(x) dx x 2 x
g( y ) dx dy
= f(x).g(y)
dx c 1  1

   [ let ec = A ]
1 dy y= e x or y = Ae x

dx = f(x) dx

1
g( y ) dx dy = f(x) dx
g( y )

  f(x) dx y2  1
1 dy
dy = eg 4 : Find the general solution of the differential equation = .
g( y ) dx x

y  x dx
dy y2  1 1 1 1 y 1
= : dy =  ln ( ) = ln x + c
dy 1
dx x 2
1 2 y 1
Note : 1. Common ERROR : = f(x).g(y)  dy = f(x) dx
dx g( y ) 2 2
= x e 2c
2
 1–  y= –1
y 1 1  x 2 e 2c
2 2
2. Prefer format of solution for DE is expressing y in terms of x, y = h(x). [y= –1 (let e2c = A) or y= –1 (let – e2c = B) ]
Otherwise, best express it in general form, h(x , y) = 0 [ or h(y) = p(x) ]. 1  Ax 2 1  Bx 2

3. Solution best express in proper fraction (or partial fractions) form.

dy y2  1
4. General Solution eg 5 : Find the general solution of the differential equation y = .
dx 1  x 2
May expressed in terms of c, or may also replaced the value with c into
a simpler constant notation (such as A, B etc) at the end of the solving.

y  1 x
dy y2  1 y 1 1 2 –1
5. Particular Solution y = : 2
dy = dx  ln (y – 1) = tan x + c
dx 1  x 2 1 2 2
Find complete integrals for both sides with (+ c), then substitute given
2( tan 1 x  c) 1 x
initial condition (x = 0, y = y1) or boundary condition (x = x1, y = y1) to 
2
y =1+ e [ or 2
y = 1 + Ae2 tan (let e2c = A) ]
find the value of c. Finally expressed solution without c.
Note : Not advisable to find particular solution using definite integral.
2 dy 2
eg 6 : Find the solution of the differential equation 3(x + 1) = x(9 – y ) which
2 dx
dy y
eg 1 : Find the general solution of the differential equation = . satisfies the condition y = 0 when x = 1.
dx x

 9 y  1 x
3y
y  x dx
2 3 x 3 1
dy
=
y
:
1
dy =
1
 – 1 = ln x + c  y = 1
2
dy = 2
dx  ln
3y
( ) 2
= ln (1 + x ) + c
dx x 2 y ln x  c 2(3) 2
1 1
(1, 0) : 0= ln 2 + c  c=– ln 2
dy 2 2 2
eg 2 : Find the general solution of the differential equation = x . 2
3y 3y
dx y

1
2
ln (
3y
=
1
2
) 2 1
ln (1 + x ) – ln 2
2

1
2
ln (
3y
) = 21 ln ( 1 2x )
 
dy 2 y2 3
= x : y dy = x 2 dx  = x +c 6 1 x2 12
dx y 2 3  –1=  y= –3

2 3
3y = 2x + 6c or
2 3
3y = 2x + A [ let 6c = A ] 3y 2 3  x2

10-2
 dy 2
eg 7 : Find the solution of the differential equation 1 x 2 = 4 + y which (B) EXACT LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ELDE)
dx
satisfies the condition y = 0 when x = 1.
dy d [f ’(x). y] = q(x)
Format : f(x) + f ’(x). y = q(x) 
 4 y 
1 1 1 –1 y –1 dx dx
dy = dx  tan ( ) = sin x+c
 ddx [f(x). y] dx =  q( x) dx  q( x) dx
2 2 2
1 x2  f(x). y =
 
(1, 0) : 0= +c  c=–
2 2
dy
1 –1 y –1  –1 eg 1 : Find the general solution of the differential equation x + y = ln x.
 tan ( ) = sin x–  y = 2 tan (2 sin x – ) dx
2 2 2

dy y 2  y
d [x y] = ln x 
dx  ddx [x y] dx =  ln x dx =  (1).ln x dx
 ( x). x dx = x ln x – x + c
eg 8 : The variables x and y are related by the differential equation = . 1 1
dx x2  xy = ln x. (x) –  y= (x ln x – x + c)
Express y in terms of x if y = 2 when x = 0. x

 y( y  1) dy =  x  2 dx  ( y  1  y ) dy =  x  2 dx
1 1 1 1 1 eg 2 : The variables x and y are related by the differential equation

–1 d y y 1
tan x + = . Express y in terms of x if y = 2 when x = 1.
d x 1 x 2
1 x2
 ln (y – 1) – ln y = ln (x + 2) + c
–1 dy 1 1 d [tan–1 x. y] = 1
(0, 2) : – ln 2 = ln 2 + c  c = – 2 ln 2 = – ln 4 tan x + .y = 
d x 1 x 2 2 dx
1 x 1 x2
y 1 x2
 ln (y – 1) – ln y = ln (x + 2) – ln 4  ( ) ( )
 ddx [tan 
ln = ln –1 1 –1 –1
y 4 x. y] dx = dx  y tan x = sin x + c
1 x2 4 1 x2
 1– =  y=  
y 4 2 x (1, 2) : (2)( )= +c  c=0
4 2
–1 –1 sin1 x
 y tan x = sin x  y=
eg 9 : The variables x and y are related by the differential equation tan  1 x
dy 2 2  
= 4 sin x cos y. Express y in terms of x if y = when x = .
dx 4 2 eg 3 : The variables x and y are related by the differential equation
dy
x ln x + y = x. Express y in terms of x if y = 2e when x = e.
 sec 2

y dy = 4 sin2 x dx   sec 2
y dy =  2 (1 – cos 2x) dx dx
dy 1
ln x + y=1  d [ln x. y] = 1
 tan y = 2x – sin 2x + c dx x dx

( 2 , 
4
): 1=–0+c  c=1–
–1
 ddx [ ln x. y] dx =  dx  y ln x = x + c
 tan y = 2x – sin 2x + 1 –   y = tan (2x – sin 2x + 1 – ) (1, 2) : (2e)(1) = e + c  c=e
xe
 y ln x = x + e  y=
ln x

10-3
(C) LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (LDE – INTEGRATING FACTOR) dy
eg 3 : Find the solution for x 2 + xy = ln x, for y = 2 when x = 1.
dx
1
dy x2
dy dy y
= ln 2x _____ (1)
 dx
 IF = e x = eln x = x
LDE : g(x) + h(x).y = u(x) ______  g(x) dx
+ xy = ln x :
dx
+
dx x x
dy
x x [(1)] : x + y = ln x  d (xy) = ln x
dx x dx x
dy h( x ) u( x ) dy
 x1 (ln x ) dx = 2 (ln x)
Basic LDE : + y= ≡ + p(x).y = s(x) _____ x f(x) 1 2
dx g( x ) g( x ) dx  xy = +c

(1, 2) : (1)(2) = 0 + c  c=2

1 1
Exact LDE : f(x)
dy
+ f(x).p(x).y = f(x).s(x) ≡ f(x)
dy
+ f ’(x). y = q(x) 2
2
 xy = (ln x) + 2  y=
2x
[(ln x)2 + 4]
dx dx

dy
eg 4 : Find the solution for x 2 – xy = 2, for y = 4 when x = 1.
f ' ( x) f ' ( x)
 p( x) dx = 
dx
f(x).p(x) = f ’(x) : p(x) =  dx = ln f(x)
f( x ) f( x ) 1
x2
dy
– xy = 2 :
dy
–
y
= 22 _____ (1)  IF = e
  x dx = e ln x = 1
dx dx x x
 f(x) = e 
p( x ) dx x
(Integrating Factor)
1 x [(1)] : 1 dy – 1 y = 2
x dx x 2
 d
dx
( xy ) = 2
x x3 x3

 x2
y
LDE Reduced Basic LDE x (Int. Factor) ELDE Solve  = 3
dx = – 12 + c
x x
(1, 4) : 4 = –1 + c  c=5
dy
eg 1 : Find the general solution of the differential equation + y = x. y
dx  = – 12 + 5  y = 5x – 1
x x x
+ y = x : IF = e 
dy (1) dx
= ex
dx
dy 5
dy dy eg 5 : Find the solution for x – 3y = 4x ln x, for y = 5 when x = 1.
ex x
dx
[ + y = x : ex ] dx
+ y ex = x ex  d ( y e x ) = xe x
dx
dx
dy dy
   y = x – 1 + ce  x – 3 y = 4x ln x _____ (1)
5 4
 y e x = x e x dx = x.e x – e x .(1) dx = x.e x – e x + c x – 3y = 4x ln x :
dx dx x
3
 IF = e
  x dx = e 3ln x = 1  1 x [(1)] : 1 dy – 3 y = 4x ln x
dy
eg 2 : Find the general solution of the differential equation – y = e2 x . x3 x 3
x 3 dx x 4
dx
 4 x ln x dx = (2x ) ln x –  (2 x )( x ) dx = 2x
1 ( y) = 2 1 2 2
 2
ln x – x + c
– y = e2 x : IF = e 
dy ( 1) dx
= e x
3
x
dx
dy dy (1, 5) : 5 = –1 + c  c=6
e x x [– y = e2 x : e  x ] – ye  x = e x  d ( ye  x ) = e x 1 ( y ) = 2x2 ln x – x2 + 6 3 2 2
dx dx dx  3
 y = x (2x ln x – x + 6)
x

 ye  x = e x dx = e x + c  y = 1 + ce  x

10-4
(D) Reducible Differential Equations (RDE)
– Also known as Transformable Differential Equations (TDE)

Note : For STPM, the substitution function will be given.

dy x 2 ( dv )  v(2 x ) x( dv )  2v
y = v2 : = dx = dx
x dx ( x 2 )2 x3
Prosedures :
x( dv )  2v
1. Differentiate the given substitution function with respect to the correct variable. dy
dx
2
+y =–
2y
x
: ( dx ) + ( v2 )2 = – 2 ( v2 )
2. Substitute all unrequired variable in the original DE, then reduced it into x3 x x x
simplest / required form (Reduced into either SDE or LDE) 2
1 dv 2v v 2v dv 2
 2 dx
– 3 + 4 =– 3  =– v
3. Solve the reduced DE. x x x x d x x2
1
v x
4. Express the answer in terms of the variables in the original DE. 1 1 1
 2
dv = 2
dx  – = +c
v x
1 1 1
eg 1 : Using the substitution y = vx, show that the differential equation  – = +c  y=–
yx 2
x x(1  cx )
dy
– x – y = 0 may be reduced to vx dv = 1.
2 2
xy
dx dx
Hence, find the particular solution that satisfies y = 2 and x = 1. Alternative
1
v x
1 1 1
dy dv  dv = dx  =– +c
y = vx : = v(1) + x( ) = v + x dv 2 2
v x
dx dx dx 1 1
 = – +c  y=– 1
xy
dy 2 2
– x – y = 0 : x(vx)(v + x
dv 2 2
) – x – (vx) = 0 yx 2 x x (cx  1)
dx dx
vx dv = x  vx dv = 1
3 2

dx dx
eg 3 : Using the substitution z = cos y, find the general solution of the

 
1 y 2
v dv = dx  1 v 2 = ln x + c  1 ( ) = ln x + c differential equation
dy 1
+ cot y = 12 cosec y.
x 2 2 x dx x x
(1, 2) : 2=0+c  c=2 dy
y
1 ( )2 = ln x + 2 2 2 z = cos y : d z = – sin y.
  y = 2x (2 + ln x) dx dx
2 x dy 1 dy
+ cot y = 12 cosec y ____ [x (– sin y)]  – sin y – 1 cos y = – 12
dx x x dx x x

Integrating Factor = e  x
d z – 1 (z) = – 1 ______ (1)  1 dx  ln x
eg 2 : Using the substitution y = v2 , show that the differential equation  =e = 1
dx x x2 x
x
dy 2y dv 2 1 x (1) : 1 d z – 1 (z) = – 1  d ( 1 .z) = – 13
=– v .
2
+y =– may be reduced to x dx x 2 dx
dx x dx x2
x x3 x x
z 1 1 1
 x
3 –1
Hence, find the general solution of the original differential equation.  = dx = 2
+ c = cos y = x( 2
+ c)  y = cos ( + cx)
x 2x 2x 2x

10-5
eg 4 : Show that the substitution u = 1 transforms the non-linear differential equation eg 5 : The variables x and y are related by the differential equation
y dy x  2y 1
= . Show that the substitution w = x + 2y transforms
dy y dx 3  2 x  4 y
+ = y ln x into the linear differential equation du – u = – ln x.
2
dx x dx x 5
the differential equation to dw = .
dx 3  2 w
Solve this linear differential equation, and hence, obtain y in terms of x,
Hence, find the particular solution of the differential equation which
given that y = 1 when x = 1. satisfies the condition that y = 1 when x = 2.
2
dy
u = 1 : du = – 12 .
dy w = x + 2y : dw = 1 + 2
y dx d x dx dx
y
dy x  2y 1 1 dw w 1 dw = 2( w  1) + 1 = 5
dy y dy du – u = – ln x _____ (1) = : ( – 1) = 
+ = y ln x : – 12 .
2
– 1 . 1 = – ln x  dx 3  2 x  4 y 2 dx 3  2w dx 3  2w 3  2w
dx x y d x x y dx x

Alternative

IF = e  x
 1 dx dy
= e  ln x = 1  1 x (1) : 1 ( du – u ) = 1 (– ln x) w = x + 2y : dw = 1 + 2
x x x dx x x dx dx

d  u  = – 1 (ln x) dw = 1 + 2  x  2 y  1  = 1 + 2  w  1   dw = 5

u 1 (ln x) dx = – 1 (ln x)2 + c
  =–  3  2x  4 y 
 3  2w  dx 3  2 w
dx  x  x x x 2
dx  
1 1 2
 =– (ln x) + c  y=1,x=1:c=2
xy 2 2

 ( 3 – 2w) dw =  5 dx
1 2
1 1 2 2  – (3 – 2w) = 5x + c
 =– (ln x) + 2  y= 4
xy 2 x [4  (ln x ) 2 ] 1
 – [3 – 2(x + 2y)]2 = 5x + c
4
Alternative 1
y = 1, x = 2 : – [3 – 2(2 + 2)]2 = 10 + c  c = – 65
4 4
Let u = vx : du = v.(1) + x. d v
dx dx 1 2 65
 – (3 – 2x – 4y) = 5x –
du – u = – ln x : (v + x. d v ) – v = – ln x  x. dv = – ln x 4 4
dx x dx dx 2 2 2
 (3 – 2x – 4y) = 65 – 20x or x + 4y + 4xy + 2x – 6y – 14 = 0

 dv = –  x 1 (ln x) dx 1 2
  v = – (ln x) + c
2 Alternative

 ( 3 – 2w) dw =  5 dx
1 1 2
 = – (ln x) + c  y=1,x=1:c=2 2
 3w – w = 5x + c
xy 2 2
2
1 1 2 2  3(x + 2y) – (x + 2y) = 5x + c
 = – (ln x) + 2  y= 2
xy 2 x [4  (ln x ) 2 ] y = 1, x = 2 : 3(4) – (4) = 10 + c  c = –14
2 2 2
 6y – (x + 2y) = 2x – 14 or x + 4y + 4xy + 2x – 6y – 14 = 0

10-6
eg 6 : Two variables, x and y, where x > 0, satisfy the differential equation eg 7 : The variables x and y, where x > 0, satisfy the differential equation
2 dy 3 3 2 dy 2
3xy = 4y + x . x = y – xy. Using the substitution y = ux, show that the given
dx dx
(a) Using the substitution y = vx, where v is a function of x, show that the original du 2
differential equation may be reduced to x = u – 2u.
2 dv 3 dx
differential equation can be transformed into 3 xv = v + 1.
dx Hence, show that the general solution of the given differential equation may
Solve the differential equation, and express y in terms of x. be expressed in the form y = 2 x , where A is an arbitrary constant.
3 1  Ax 2
(b) Using the substitution z = y , where z is a function of x, show that the original
Find the equation of the solution curve which passes through the point
dz 4 z 2
differential equation can be reduced – =x . (1, 4) and sketch this solution curve.
dx x
dy du
Solve the differential equation, and find the particular solution which satisfies
the condition y = 1 when x = 1.
y = ux : = u(1) + x( ) = u + x dv
dx dx dx
2 dy 2 2 dv dv
(a) y = vx :
dy
= x
dv
+v  3x(vx) ( x
2 dv 3
+ v) = 4(vx) + x
3 x = y – xy : x (u + x ) = (ux)2 – x(ux)  x
3 2 2
= x (u – 2u)
dx dx dx
dx dx dx
x du = u – 2u _____ (1)
2
4 2 dv 3 3 3 2 dv 3 
 3x v =v x +x  3xv =v +1 dx
dx dx
 u(u  2) du =  x dx  2 ( u  2  u ) dy =  x dx
1 1 1 1 1 1

3v 2
v  x dx
1 3
3
dv =  ln (v + 1) = ln x + c
1 y
3 c 3 3 3 4 c 2
 v + 1 = xe  v x +x =x e  ln (u – 2) – ln u = 2 ln x + c  ln x =c
4 c y

3
y =x e –x
3
 y = ( x ) xe  1 3 c ( )x2
x
y  2x c c 2
 =e  y( 1 – e x ) = 2 x  y= 2x , (let A = – ec)
yx 2 1  Ax 2
3dz dy
(b) z = y : = 3 y2 2(1) 1
dx dx (1, 4) : 4=  A=– y
2 dy
1  A(1) 2 2
3 3 dz 3 dz 4 z 2
3xy = 4y + x : x = 4z + x  – = x _____ (1)
dx dx dx x  y= 2x  y= 4x
4 1 1 x2 2  x2
 IF = e
  x dx = e  4 ln x = 1 2

x4

 ddx ( x x
1 1 dz 4z 1 1 1
x (1) : – =  z ) dx = dx 0 2 x
x 4
x 4 dx x 5 x2 4 2

z 1 y3 1
 =– +c  =– +c
x4 x x4 x
y = 1, x = 1 : 1 = –1 + c  c=2
y3 1
 4
=– +2  y = ( x) 3 2 x  1
x x

10-7
PROBLEM BASED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
3
eg 1 : A large tank contains 125 m of water. At time t = 0, ammonia solution with
[Normally relating the rate of change of a variable, x, with respect to time, t, where t ≥ 0] –3 3
concentration of 0.3 kg m is added into the tank at a rate of 5 m per minute.
3
The well-mixed solution is drained out from the tank at a rate of 2 m per minute.
1. From the given description of the problem, form the differential equation, dx ,
dt
(a) lf Q(t) is the amount of ammonia (in kilogrammes) in the tank at t minutes,
relating x and t. (May have to define one of the non given variable).
dQ 3 2Q
show that Q(t) satisfies the differential equation = – .
2. Reduce the DE, dx , into x and t only. dt 2 125  3 t
dt
(b) Express Q interms of t.
3. Solve the differential equation generally (with + c). (c) Calculate the concentration of ammonia and the rate of change of the
4. Identify the initial condition (when t = 0, x = x0) to find c. dQ
amount of ammonia, , in the tank at t = 30.
dt
5. If the DE contains another unknown constant, k, then may required to identify
another boundary condition (when t = t1, x = x1) to find k. (a) Input rate = 5 x 0.3 = 1.5
Q 2Q
6. Use the found solution (or any equivalent form) to make further evaluation Output rate = concentration x out flow rate = x2=
125  (5  2)t 125  (5  2)t
(a) computation : find t with given x, or find x with given t, dQ 3 2Q
 = input rate – output rate = –
(b) limit evaluation : find x when t → , (after a long period or limiting value),
dt 2 125  3 t

(c) sketch the graph of x against t. (Note : t ≥ 0)

2


2 2
(b) I(t) = exp( dt) = exp[ ln (125 + 3t)] = (125 + 3 t ) 3
dy 125  3t 3
Note : 1. Rate of increase of y is k times z  = kz. 2 2 2 5
dt
d [(125 + 3 t ) 3 .Q] = 3 (125 + 3 t ) 3  (125 + 3t ) 3 .Q =
3
(125 + 3t ) 3 + c
dy dt 2 10
2. Rate of decrease of y is k times z  = – kz. 5
dt 3 1875
t = 0, Q = 0 : 0 = ( 125) 3 + c  c=–
3. Equivalent to increase : gained, formed, heating up, added, 10 2
 2
growth produced, poured in, etc. 3 1875
 Q= (125 + 3t) – (125 + 3t ) 3
10 2
4. Equivalent to decrease : eliminate, reduce, decay, disintegrates,
cooling down, decompose, leak out,
 2
leakage, etc. 3 1875
(c) Q = [125 + 3(30)] – [125 + 3(30)] 3 = 38.378
10 2
38.378 –3
 Concentration of ammonia = = 0.1785 kg m
125  3(30)
dQ 3 2(38.378 ) –1
 = – = 1.1430 kg min
dt 2 125  3(30)

10-8
eg 2 : An object which is released from a hot-air balloon at a height experiences
a force of air resistance which is directly proportional to the velocity of the (b) lim v = lim 40(1 – e 0.25t ) = 40
t  t  v
object. The velocity, v, after t seconds satisfles the differential equation
d v + 0.25v = 10, where v is in metre per second and t is in seconds. 40
dt

(a) Assuming that the initial velocity of the object is zero, find v in terms of t.
0 t
(b) Determine the limiting velocity, and sketch the graph of velocity against time.
(c) Find the acceleration in terms of t. How does the acceleration vary with time?
(d) Determine the initial height of the object if it reaches the ground in 16 seconds. (c) d v = 10 – 0.25v or v = 40 – 40 e 0.25t = 10 – 10(1 – e 0.25t )
dt

(a) d v + 0.25v = 10 : IF = e 
0.25 dt
= e0.25t  e0.25t ( dv + 0.25v = 10)  d v = 10 e 0.25t
dt dt dt

Acceleration is proportional to e 0.25t or d v  e 0.25t

 d(v.e 0.25t

) = 10e 0.25t dt  ve 0.25t = 40 e0.25t + c
v
dt

t = 0, v = 0 : c = – 40  v = 40(1 – e 0.25t ) or v = 40 – 40 e 0.25t or d is inversely proportional to e 0.25t

or v decreases exponentially
d
dt dt

Alternative 1 :

 40  v =  0.25 dt
dv
 –ln (40 – v) = 0.25t + c ____(1)  40 (1 – e
0.25t
(a) d v + 0.25v = 10 : (d) s = ) dt = 40t + 160 e 0.25t + c
dt
t = 0, v = 0 : –ln 40 = c ____(2) t = 0, s = 0 : c = –160  s = 40t + 160 e 0.25t – 160
 40  v  v t = 16 : s = 640 + 160 e 4 – 160
(2) – (1) : ln   = – 0.25t  1– = e 0.25t
 40  40  Initial height is (480 + 160 e 4 )m or 482.93m
 v = 40(1 – e 0.25t ) or v = 40 – 40 e 0.25t
Alternative

 40 (1 – e
0.25t
Alternative 2 : (d) s = ) dt = 40t + 160 e 0.25t + c
v t 1
 
v
(a) d v + 0.25v = 10 :
dt
dv
40  v
= dt  [ –ln (40 – v) ] 0 = [ 0.25t ] 0t t = 16, s = 0 : c = –640 – 160 e 4  s = 40t + 160 e 0.25t – 640 – 160 e 4
0 4
t = 0 : s = 160 – 640 – 160 e 4
0
 –ln (40 – v) – ln 40 = 0.25t
 Initial height is (480 + 160 e 4 )m or 482.93m
 40  v  v
 ln   = – 0.25t  1– = e 0.25t
 40  40
 v = 40(1 – e 0.25t ) or v = 40 – 40 e 0.25t

10-9
eg 3 : The rate of elimination of a certain drug from a bloodstream is k times the
mass, x mg, of the drug still present at time t. The half-life of the drug in Alternative 1

 r  kx dx = 
the bloodstream is 100 minutes. 1
(b) (i) dx + kx = r : dx = r – kx  dt
dt dt
(a) A dose of x0 mg of the drug is injected directly into the bloodstream.
ln (r – kx) = –kt + c  t = 0, x = 0 : ln r = c
(i) Write down a differential equation relating x and t, and solve r  kx r
this differential equation. ln ( ) = –kt  x = (1 – e  kt )
r k
(ii) Determine the value of k.  ln 2  t
100r  t 100r
(b) The drug is intraveneously fed into the bloodstream at an infusion rate of r mg  x= [1 – e  100  ]= [1 – 2 100 ]
ln 2 ln 2
per minute such that dx = –kx + r. Assuming that x = 0 when t = 0,
dt
(i) express x in terms of t, Alternative 2
x 1 t
(ii) estimate the infusion rate that results in long-term amount of 50 mg
of drug in the bloodstream.
(b) (i) dx = r – kx 
dt 
0 r  kx
dx =
0
dt

[ln (r – kx)] x = [–kt] t  ln (r – kx) – ln r = –kt – 0
 x dx = 
1
(a) (i) d x = –kx : –k dt  ln x = –kt + c 0 0
dt
r  kx r
x ln ( ) = –kt  x= (1 – e  kt )
t = 0, x = x0 : ln x0 = c , ln = –kt  x = x0. e  kt r k
x0  ln 2  t
100r  t 100r
1 0 .5 x 0 ln 2  x= [1 – e  100  ]= [1 – 2 100 ]
(ii) t = 100, x = x0 : ln = –100k  k= ln 2 ln 2
2 x0 100

t
100r
(b) (i) dx + kx = r : IF = e 
k dt (b) (ii) lim x = lim [ 1 – 2 100 ] = 50
= e kt
dt t  t   ln 2

e kt ( dx + kx) = r e kt  d [e kt . x ] = r e kt 100r
[1 – 0] = 50  r=
1
ln 2
dt dt ln 2 2

 rekt dt = k e
r kt r
 x e kt = +c  t = 0, x = 0 : 0= +c
k

  ln 2 
t
t
r 100r 100r
x= (1 – e  kt ) = [ 1 – e  100  ] = [1 – 2 100 ]
k ln 2 ln 2

10-10