CHAPTER – 8

MOTION

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 100

1. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will
be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?
Ans. The farmer takes 40 s to cover 4 × 10 = 40 m.
40
In 2 min and 20 s (140 s), he will cover a distance =  140  140m
40
140
Therefore, the farmer completes  3.5 rounds (3 complete rounds and a half round) of
40
the field in 2 min and 20 s.
That means, after 2 min 20 s, the farmer will be at the opposite end of the starting point.
Now, there can be two extreme cases.
Case I: Starting point is a corner point of the field.
In this case, the farmer will be at the diagonally opposite corner of the field after 2 min 20
s.
Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the diagonal of the field.
Hence, the displacement will be 102  10 2  14.1m
Case II: Starting point is the middle point of any side of the field.
In this case the farmer will be at the middle point of the opposite side of the field after 2
min 20 s.
Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the side of the field, i.e., 10 m.
For any other starting point, the displacement will be between 14.1 m and 10 m.

2. Which of the following is true for displacement?

(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.
Ans. (a) Not true. Displacement can become zero when the initial and final position of the
object is the same.
(b) Not true. Displacement is the shortest measurable distance between the initial and final
positions of an object. It cannot be greater than the magnitude of the distance travelled by
an object. However, sometimes, it may be equal to the distance travelled by the object.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 102

1. Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Ans.
Speed Velocity
Speed is the distance travelled by an object Velocity is the displacement of an object in
in a given interval of time. It does not have a given interval of time. It has a unique
any direction. direction.
The speed of an object can never be The velocity of an object can be negative,
negative. At the most, it can become zero. positive, or equal to zero. This is because
This is because distance travelled can never displacement can take any of these three
be negative. values.

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2. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its
average speed?
Total distance covered
Ans. Average speed  and
Total time taken
Displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
If the total distance covered by an object is the same as its displacement, then its average
speed would be equal to its average velocity.

3. What does the odometer of an automobile measure?

Ans. The odometer of an automobile measures the distance covered by an automobile.

4. What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
Ans. An object having uniform motion has a straight line path.

5. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five
minutes. What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal
travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s−1.
Ans.
Time taken by the signal to reach the ground station from the spaceship
= 5 min = 5 × 60 = 300 s
Speed of the signal = 3 × 108 m/s
Distance travelled
Speed 
Time taken
∴Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken = 3 × 108 × 300 = 9 × 1010 m
Hence, the distance of the spaceship from the ground station is 9 × 1010 m.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 103

1. When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-uniform
acceleration?
Ans. (i) A body is said to have uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a
way that its velocity changes at a uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or
decreases by equal amounts in an equal interval of time.
(ii) A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a
way that its velocity changes at a non-uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or
decreases in unequal amounts in an equal interval of time.

2. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h−1 to 60 km h−1 in 5 s. Find the acceleration of
the bus.
5
Ans. Initial speed of the bus, u = 80 km/h = 80   22.22m / s
18
5
Final speed of the bus, v = 60 km/h = 60   16.66m / s
18
Time take to decrease the speed, t = 5 s
v  u 16.66  22.22
Acceleration, a    1.12m / s 2
t 5
Here, the negative sign of acceleration indicates that the velocity of the car is decreasing.

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3. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains
a speed 40 km h−1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
Ans. Initial velocity of the train, u = 0 (since the train is initially at rest)
5
Final velocity of the train, v = 40 km/h = 40   11.11m / s
18
v  u 11.11  0
Acceleration, a    0.0185m / s 2
t 5
Time taken, t = 10 min = 10 × 60 = 600 s
Hence, the acceleration of the train is 0.0185 m/s2.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 107

1. What is the nature of the distance−time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion
of an object?
Ans. The distance−time graph for uniform motion of an object is a straight line (as shown
in the following figure).

The distance−time graph for non-uniform motion of an object is a curved line (as shown in
the given figure).

2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance−time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. When an object is at rest, its distance−time graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis.

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 A straight line parallel to the x-axis in a distance−-time graph indicates that with a change
in time, there is no change in the position of the object. Thus, the object is at rest.

3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed−time graph is a straight
line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. Object is moving uniformly.

A straight line parallel to the time axis in a speed−time graph indicates that with a
change in time, there is no change in the speed of the object. This indicates the uniform
motion of the object.

4. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity−time
graph?
Ans. Distance

The graph shows the velocity−time graph of a uniformly moving body.

Let the velocity of the body at time (t) be v.
Area of the shaded region = length × breath
Where, Length = t, Breath = v
Area = vt = velocity × time …(i)
Distance
We know, Velocity 
Time
∴ Distance = Velocity × Time…(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), Area = Distance
Hence, the area occupied below the velocity−time graph measures the distance covered
by the body.
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EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its
velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by
a set of equations known as the equations of motion. There are three such equations. These are:
v = u + at --------------- (1)
1
s  ut  at 2 ------------- (2)
2
2a s = v2 – u2 ----------- (3)
where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t,
v is the final velocity, and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t. Eq. (1) describes
the velocity-time relation and Eq. (2) represents the position-time relation. Eq. (3), which
represents the relation between the position and the velocity, can be obtained from Eqs. (1) and
(2) by eliminating t. These three equations can be derived by graphical method.

EQUATION FOR VELOCITY-TIME RELATION

In the graph, AC gives the initial velocity (u). BE gives the final velocity (v). CE represents the
time taken t. DF gives the change in velocity.

Change in velocity
Acceleration=
Time
DF OF  OD
a 
CE OE  OC
But OE – OC = t
v u
a
t

 v – u = at …… (i)
 v = u + at ……(I)

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EQUATION FOR POSITION-VELOCITY RELATION
Let ‘s’ be the displacement of the body in a time t.
In the graph, Displacement = Area CABE
s = Area of the rectangle CAGE + Area of the triangle ABG.
1
s = AC x CE + (AG x GB)
2
Here AC = u
CE = t
AG = t
GB = v – u = at [from(i)]
1
s = ut + x t x at
2

1 2
s = ut + at …………… (II)
2

EQUATION FOR POSITION-TIME RELATION

In the graph, Displacement = Area of the trapezium CABE
1
s = (AC+EB) x CE
2
Here AC = u, EB = v, CE = t
uv
s  t.............(ii )
2
v u
From (i), we have t 
a
Substituting the value of t,

u v vu
s 
2 a
v  u2
2
s
2a
 v 2  u 2  2as
v2 = u2 + 2as …………….(III)
(I), (II) and (III) are the equations of motion.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 109

1. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 m s−2 for 2 minutes.
Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
Ans.
(a) Initial speed of the bus, u = 0 (since the bus is initially at rest)
Acceleration, a = 0.1 m/s2
Time taken, t = 2 minutes = 120 s
Let v be the final speed acquired by the bus.
v u v0
a   0.1 
t 120
∴v = 12 m/s
(b) According to the third equation of motion:
v2 − u2 = 2as
Where, s is the distance covered by the bus
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 (12)2 − (0)2 = 2(0.1) s
s = 720 m
Speed acquired by the bus is 12 m/s.
Distance travelled by the bus is 720 m.

2. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km h−1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a

uniform acceleration of −0.5 m s−2. Find how far the train will go before it is brought
to rest.
Ans. Initial speed of the train, u = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Final speed of the train, v = 0 (finally the train comes to rest)
Acceleration = −0.5 m s−2
According to third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
(0)2 = (25)2 + 2 (−0.5) s
Where, s is the distance covered by the train
252
s  625m
2  0.5
The train will cover a distance of 625 m before it comes to rest.

3. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2 cm s−2. What
will be its velocity 3 s after the start?
Ans. Initial velocity of the trolley, u = 0 (since the trolley was initially at rest)
Acceleration, a = 2 cm s−2 = 0.02 m/s2
Time, t = 3 s
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
Where, v is the velocity of the trolley after 3 s from start
v = 0 + 0.02 × 3 = 0.06 m/s
Hence, the velocity of the trolley after 3 s from start is 0.06 m/s.

4. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m s−2. What distance will it cover in 10 s
after start?
Ans. Initial velocity of the racing car, u = 0 (since the racing car is initially at rest)
Acceleration, a = 4 m/s2
Time taken, t = 10 s
1
According to the second equation of motion: s  ut  at 2
2
Where, s is the distance covered by the racing car
1 400
s  0   4  102   200m
2 2
Hence, the distance covered by the racing car after 10 s from start is 200 m.

5. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 m s−1. If the

acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10 m s−2 in the downward direction, what
will be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there?
Ans. Initially, velocity of the stone,u = 5 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0 (since the stone comes to rest when it reaches its maximum height)
Acceleration of the stone, a = acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s2
(in downward direction)
There will be a change in the sign of acceleration because the stone is being thrown
upwards.

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 Acceleration, a = −10 m/s2
Let s be the maximum height attained by the stone in time t.
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
0 = 5 + (−10) t
5
t   0.5s
10
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
(0)2 = (5)2 + 2(−10) s
52
s  1.25m
20
Hence, the stone attains a height of 1.25 m in 0.5 s.

EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 112

1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What

will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?
Ans. Diameter of a circular track, d = 200 m
d
Radius of the track, r =  100m
2
Circumference = 2πr = 2π (100) = 200π m
In 40 s, the given athlete covers a distance of 200π m.
200
In 1 s, the given athlete covers a distance = m
40
The athlete runs for 2 minutes 20 s = 140 s
200  22
∴Total distance covered in 140 s  140  2200m
40  7
The athlete covers one round of the circular track in 40 s. This means that after every 40 s,
the athlete comes back to his original position. Hence, in 140 s he had completed 3 rounds
of the circular track and is taking the fourth round.
He takes 3 rounds in 40 × 3 = 120 s. Thus, after 120 s his displacement is zero.
Then, the net displacement of the athlete is in 20 s only. In this interval of time, he moves
at the opposite end of the initial position. Since displacement is equal to the shortest
distance between the initial and final position of the athlete, displacement of the athlete will
be equal to the diameter of the circular track.
∴ Displacement of the athlete = 200 m
Distance covered by the athlete in 2 min 20 s is 2200 m and his displacement is
200 m.

2. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes
50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1
minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B
and (b) from A to C?
Ans. (a) From end A to end B

Distance covered by Joseph while jogging from A to B = 300 m

Time taken to cover that distance = 2 min 50 seconds = 170 s

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 Total distance covered
Average speed 
Total time taken
Total distance covered = 300 m
Total time taken = 170 s
Displacement = shortest distance between A and B = 300 m
Time interval = 170 s
300
Average speed   1.765m / s
170
Displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
Displacement = shortest distance between A and B = 300 m
Time interval = 170 s
300
Average velocity   1.765m / s
170
The average speed and average velocity of Joseph from A to B are the same and equal to
1.765 m/s.
(b) From end A to end C

Total distance covered

Average speed 
Total time taken

Total distance covered = Distance from A to B + Distance from B to C

= 300 + 100 = 400 m
Total time taken = Time taken to travel from A to B + Time taken to travel from B to C =
170 + 60 = 230 s
400
Average speed   1.739m / s
230
Displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
Displacement from A to C = AC = AB − BC = 300 − 100 = 200 m
Time interval = time taken to travel from A to B + time taken to travel from B to C
= 170 + 60 = 230 s
200
Average velocity   0.87m / s
230
The average speed of Joseph from A to C is 1.739 m/s and his average velocity is 0.87 m/s.
3. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km/h.
On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is
40 km/h. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Ans. Case I: While driving to school
Average speed of Abdul’s trip = 20 km/h
Total distance covered
Average speed 
Total time taken
Total distance = Distance travelled to reach school = d
Let total time taken = t1

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 d d
 20   t1  ..........(i )
t1 20
Case II: While returning from school
Total distance = Distance travelled while returning from school = d
Now,total time taken = t2
d d
 40   t1  ..........(ii)
t2 40
Total distance covered in the trip
Average Speed for Abdul's trip =
Total time taken
Where,
Total distance covered in the trip = d + d = 2d
Total time taken, t = Time taken to go to school + Time taken to return to school
= t1 + t2
2d
 Average speed =
t1 +t 2
From equations (i) and (ii),
2d 2 80
Average speed =    26.67m / s
d d 2 1 3
+
20 40 40

Hence, the average speed for Abdul’s trip is 26.67 m/s.

4. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant

rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time?
Ans. Initial velocity, u = 0 (since the motor boat is initially at rest)
Acceleration of the motorboat, a = 3 m/s2
Time taken, t = 8 s
According to the second equation of motion:
1
s  ut  at 2
2
Distance covered by the motorboat, s
1
s  0   3  82  96m
2
Hence, the boat travels a distance of 96 m.

5. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km/h applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in
the opposite direction. The car stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 3 km/h in another
car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same graph paper, plot the
speed versus time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther
after the brakes were applied?
Ans. Case A:
Initial speed of the car, u1 = 52 km/h = 14.4 m/s
Time taken to stop the car, t1 = 5 s
Final speed of the car becomes zero after 5 s of application of brakes.
Case B:
Initial speed of the car, u2 = 3 km/h = 0.833 m/s 0.83 m/s
Time taken to stop the car, t2 = 10 s
Final speed of the car becomes zero after 10 s of application of brakes.
Plot of the two cars on a speed−time graph is shown in the following figure:

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 Distance covered by each car is equal to the area under the speed−time graph.
Distance covered in case A,
1 1
S1   OP  OR   14.4  5  36m
2 2
Distance covered in case B,
1 1
S 2   OS  OQ   0.83  10  4.15m
2 2
Area of ΔOPR > Area of ΔOSQ

Thus, the distance covered in case A is greater than the distance covered in case B.
Hence, the car travelling with a speed of 52 km/h travels farther after brakes were applied.

6. Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A,B and C. Study the graph
and answer the following questions:

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?

(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

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 Distance
Ans. Speed 
Time
y-axis Distance
Slope of the graph= 
x-axis Time
∴Speed = slope of the graph
Since slope of object B is greater than objects A and C, it is travelling the fastest.
(b) All three objects A, B and C never meet at a single point. Thus, they were never at the
same point on road.
(c) On the distance axis:

7 small boxes = 4 km
4
∴1 small box  km
7
Initially, object C is 4 blocks away from the origin.
16
∴Initial distance of object C from origin  km
7
Distance of object C from origin when B passes A = 8 km
16 56  16 40
Distance covered by C  8     5.714km
7 7 7
Hence, C has travelled a distance of 5.714 km when B passes A.
(d)
4 36
Distance covered by B at the time it passes C for 9 boxes   9   5.143km
7 7
Hence, B has travelled a distance of 5.143 km when B passes A.

7. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases uniformly at

the rate of 10 m/s2, with what velocity will it strike the ground? After what time will it
strike the ground?
Ans. Distance covered by the ball, s = 20 m
Acceleration, a = 10 m/s2
Initially, velocity, u = 0 (since the ball was initially at rest)
Final velocity of the ball with which it strikes the ground, v
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
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 v2 = 0 + 2 (10) (20)
v = 20 m/s
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
Where,
Time, t taken by the ball to strike the ground is,
20 = 0 + 10 (t)
t=2s
Hence, the ball strikes the ground after 2 s with a velocity of 20 m/s.

8. The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12.

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the
graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

Ans:
1
(a) The shaded area which is equal to  4  6  12m represents the distance travelled by
2
the car in the first 4 s.

(b) The part of the graph in red colour between time 6 s to 10 s represents uniform motion of
the car.

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9. State which of the following situations are possible and give an example for each of
these: (a) an object with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity (b) an object
moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the perpendicular direction.
Ans.
(a) Possible
When a ball is thrown up at maximum height, it has zero velocity, although it will have
constant acceleration due to gravity, which is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
(b) Possible
When a car is moving in a circular track, its acceleration is perpendicular to its direction.

10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its
speed if it takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth?
Ans. Radius of the circular orbit, r = 42250 km
Time taken to revolve around the earth, t = 24 h
Speed of a circular moving object,
2 r
v
t
2  3.14  42250
v
24
 v  1.105  104 km / h  3.069km / s
Hence, the speed of the artificial satellite is 3.069 km/s.

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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
MOTION
Multiple Choice Questions

1. If the displacement of an object is proportional to square of time, then the object moves
with
(a) uniform velocity
(b) uniform acceleration
(c) increasing acceleration
(d) decreasing acceleration

2. The distance time graph of a body coincides with its time axis. The body must be
(a) in uniform motion
(b) at rest
(c) in uniformly accelerated motion
(d) in zig-zag motion

3. From the given v – t graph (see below Fig.), it can be inferred that the object is
(a) in uniform motion
(b) at rest
(c) in non-uniform motion
(d) moving with uniform acceleration

4. The velocity time graph of a body is parallel to the time axis. The body is
(a) at rest
(b) having uniform acceleration
(c) having zero acceleration
(d) having non-uniform acceleration

5. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The displacement after half a circle
would be:
(a) Zero
(b) π r
(c) 2 r
(d) 2π r

6. A body is thrown vertically upward with velocity u, the greatest height h to which it will
rise is,
(a) u/g (b) u2/2g (c) u2/g (d) u/2g

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7. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving object is
(a) always less than 1
(b) always equal to 1
(c) always more than 1
(d) equal or less than 1

8. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-round which is moving with a constant

speed of 10 m/s. It implies that the boy is
(a) at rest
(b) moving with no acceleration
(c) in accelerated motion
(d) moving with uniform velocity

9. Area under a v – t graph represents a physical quantity which has the unit
(a) m2
(b) m
(c) m3
(d) m/s

10. Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled road. Their distance versus time graphs
are shown in below Fig.. Choose the correct statement
(a) Car A is faster than car D.
(b) Car B is the slowest.
(c) Car D is faster than car C.
(d) Car C is the slowest.

11. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

(a) the distance

(b) the displacement
(c) the acceleration
(d) the speed

12. In which of the following cases of motions, the distance moved and the magnitude of
displacement are equal?

(a) If the car is moving on straight road

(b) If the car is moving in circular path
(c) The pendulum is moving to and fro
(d) The earth is revolving around the Sun

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13. Which of the following figures (see below Figure) represents uniform motion of a
moving object correctly?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

14. The displacement of a moving object in a given interval of time is zero. Would the distance
travelled by the object also be zero? Justify you answer.

15. How will the equations of motion for an object moving with a uniform velocity change?

16. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5 m/s2 for 8
seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12
seconds since it started from the rest?

17. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 km/h and returns back with a
speed of 20 km/h. Find its average speed.

18. Draw a velocity versus time graph of a stone thrown vertically upwards and then coming
downwards after attaining the maximum height.
19. The velocity-time graph (see below Figure) shows the motion of a cyclist. Find (i) its
acceleration (ii) its velocity and (iii) the distance covered by the cyclist in 15 seconds.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 17 -

20. A girl walks along a straight path to drop a letter in the letterbox and comes back to her
initial position. Her displacement–time graph is shown in below figure. Plot a velocity–
time graph for the same.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

21. An object starting from rest travels 20 m in first 2 s and 160 m in next 4 s. What will be the
velocity after 7 s from the start.

22. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 × 104 m/s enters into a uniform electric field and
acquires a uniform acceleration of 104 m/s2 in the direction of its initial motion.
(i) Calculate the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial
velocity.
(ii) How much distance the electron would cover in this time?

23. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform acceleration
in the interval between 4th and 5th seconds.

24. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities u1 and
u2 respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio of u12 : u22 (
Assume upward acceleration is –g and downward acceleration to be +g ).

25. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150 m and simultaneously another object is
dropped from rest at a height 100 m. What is the difference in their heights after 2 s if both
the objects drop with same accelerations? How does the difference in heights vary with
time?

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 18 -