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Basics of Naval
Architecture and Ship
Construction
Basics of Naval Architecture and
Ship Construction
Lecture Notes
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Basics of Naval Architecture and
Ship Construction
Lecture 1
Introduction- General
Definitions and Ship Types
Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
Figure 1: Illustrates the main parts of a typical ship
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Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
1. Hull: The structural body of a ship including
shell plating, framing, decks and bulkheads.
2. Afterbody: That portion of a ship’s hull aft of
midships.
3. Forebody: That portion of a ship’s hull
forward of midships.
4. Bow: The forward end of the ship.
5. Stern: The after end of the ship.
Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
6. Port Side:The left side of the ship when
looking forward.
7. Starboard Side: The right side of the ship
when looking forward.
8. Design Waterline (DWL) or Load
Waterline (LWL): The waterline at which
the ship will float when loaded to its designed
draught.
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Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
9. Moulded Surface: The inside surface of the
skin, or plating, of a ship.
Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
10.Forward Perpendicular (FP): The vertical
line at the point of intersection of the LWL and
the forward end of the immersed part of the
ship’s hull.
11.After Perpendicular (AP): The vertical line
at the point of intersection of the LWL and the
centerline of the rudder-stock.
12.Midships ( ): The point midway between
the forward and after perpendiculars.
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Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
13.Deck Camber: Curvature of decks in the
transverse direction. Measured as the height of
deck at center above the height of deck at side.
14.Bilge Radius: The radius of the circular arc
forming the bilge.
15.Flat of Keel (Half Siding): The width of flat
bottom plating on each side of the centre girder.
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Basic Definitons and Ship
Geometry
16.Deadrise (Rise of Floor): The rise of the
bottom shell plating line above the base line.
This rise is measured at the line of moulded
beam.
17.Tumblehome: The inward curvature of the
side shell above the summer load line.
Principle Dimensions
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Principle Dimensions
1. Length of Waterline (LWL): The length of the
waterline at which the ship will float when fully
loaded.
2. Length Overall (LOA): The total length of the
ship from one end to the other, including bow
and stern overhangs, or Length of vessel taken
over all extremities.
3. Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP): The
length between the forward and aft
perpendiculars measured along the summer load
line.
Principle Dimensions
4. Base Line: A horizontal line drawn at the top of
the keel plate. All vertical moulded dimensions are
measured relative to this line.
5. Breadth (Bm): Measured at the midship section is
the maximum moulded breadth of the ship.
6. Extreme Beam: The maximum beam taken over
all extremities.
7. Moulded Draft: Measured from the base line to
the summer load line at the midship section.
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8- Moulded Depth: Measured from the base line to
the heel of the upper deck beam at the ship’s side
amidships.
9- Extreme Draft: Taken from the lowest point of keel
to the summer load line. Draft marks represent
extreme drafts.
10-Extreme Depth: Depth of vessel at ship’s side
from upper deck to lowest
point of keel.
Principle Dimensions
7. Depth Moulded (Dm): The vertical distance at
amidships from the baseline to the underside of
the plating of the main deck.
8. Freeboard (f): The vertical distance from the
waterline to the deck at side. The freeboard is
equal to the difference between the depth at
side and the draught at any point along the
ship.
9. Trim: The difference between the draughts
forward and aft.
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Principle Dimensions
10.Moulded Displacement: The displacement of
a ship based on moulded dimensions.
11.Total Displacement: Moulded displacement
modified by adding the thickness of shell
plating and the volume of appendages.
12.Wetted Surface Area: The area of the
underwater hull and appendages, measured in
square meters.
Principle Dimensions
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Principle Dimensions
Lightship Weight:
The lightweight tonnage of a ship is the sum of all
fixed weights, i.e. hull, machinery, outfitting
and permanent equipment.
LS=WS+WM+WO
Principle Dimensions
Deadweight:
The difference between the displacement and the
lightweight is the deadweight tonnage which is
the sum of the weight of cargo, fuel, lubricating
oil, fresh water, stores, passengers and
baggages, crew and their effects.
DWT=WC+WF+WLO+WFO+WPAS+WLUG+
WCREW+ WSTORE
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Tonnage Measurement
Gross tonnage is the capacity of the spaces in
the ship's hull and of the enclosed spaces
above the deck available for cargo, stores, fuel,
passengers, and crew.
Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less the spaces
used for the accommodation of the ship's
master, officers, crew, and the navigation as
well as for propulsion machinery.
Tonnage Measurement
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Tonnage Measurement
Ship Types
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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Cargo Ships:
Ships are generally designed for a specific reason.
Cargo ships are designed to carry specific cargo
and can be distinguished by the type of cargo
they carry, especially since the means of
handling the cargo is often highly visible.
Ship Types
Cargo Ships are generally one of the following types:
• Bulk Cargo such as coal, wheat, cement, grain or
any item moved in bulk quantities.
• Break bulk cargo is cargo that may be affixed to
a pallet. Palletized cargo is organized in such a way
as to facilitate the loading into the ship.
• Containerized cargo is cargo enclosed into a
standardized shipping container.
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Ship Types
Cargo Ships are generally one of the following types:
• Liquid Cargo such as oil, molasses, chemicals are
carried in bulk in large tank ships.
• Refrigerated Cargo such as fruits, vegetables,
meat, fish and dairy.
• Roll on/ Roll off specialized ships.
• Flo/ Flo specialized ships.
• Live Cargo cattle and other livestock.
Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
General Cargo Ships
A general cargo ship is a ship with open cargo holds
loaded vertically through hatches in the upper deck.
The holds may be divided by intermediate decks
called tween decks.
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Ship Types
General Cargo Ships
Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Container Ships – Container Ships are classified
as unit-load ships because freight is carried in
huge boxes of standard size called containers.
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Ship Types
Container Ships
Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Bulk Carriers (Bulkers) – Bulk Carriers carry
bulk cargo such as ore, coal, pulp, rock,
cement, scrap metal, grain, flour, rice,
fertilizers, sugar or any cargo that travels in
bulk.
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Ship Types
Bulk Carriers (Bulkers)
Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Oil Tankers – Crude oil is carried in oil tankers
or in bulk and oil carriers (OBO ships).
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Categorizing Ships
Oil Tankers
Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
LPG and LNG Carriers – Along with the great
increase in numbers and size of tankers have come
specialized uses of tankers for products other than oil.
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Ship Types
LPG Carrier
Ship Types
LNG Carrier
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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Roll-on/Roll-off ships – Roll-on/Roll-off (or
Ro/Ro) ships are ships that have specially designed
ramps to allow cargo to be driven on board. A car
carrier is a good example, but roll on / roll off also
relates to trucks, ferry type ships and other ships
providing landing ramps for the cargo.
Ship Types
Roll-on/Roll-off ships
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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Passenger Ships – Passenger ships are vessels
that carry passengers either on an overnight cruise or
day only cruise.
Ship Types
Passenger Ships
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Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types
Fishing Vessels – Fishing Vessels are vessels
used to catch fish from seas, oceans, lakes or
rivers. There are different types of fishing
vessels: Trawlers, Seiners, Longliners, Whalers,
among others.
Ship Types
Fishing Vessels (Stern Trawler)
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Ship Types
Fishing Vessels (Longliner)
Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types
Tugs – The service ships are mostly tugs or towing
vessels whose principal function is to provide propulsive
power to other vessels.
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Ship Types
Tugs
Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types
Research Ships – Many universities, oil
companies, water resource boards and governments
own and operate research ships. Small research ship
may provide platforms for any type of oceanographic
endeavour and the large research ships.
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Ship Types
Research Ships
Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types
Icebreaker – Icebreakers are usually wide in order to
make a wide swath through ice, and they have high
propulsive power in order to overcome the resistance of
the ice layer.
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Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Fast Ship Pentamaran container ship
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Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Hydrofoils – Hydrofoil configurations can be divided
into two general classifications, surface piercing and
submerged foil, which describe how the lifting surfaces
are arranged and operate.
Ship Types
Hydrofoils
Surface-Piercing (Left) & Fully-Submerged (Right) Foil Configurations
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Ship Types
Hydrofoils
Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Air Supported Vessels – An Air Cushion Vehicle
(ACV) or hovercraft is a craft that is entirely supported
by air pressure, in close proximity to the surface. It is
suitable for use over water or land.
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Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
WIG – WIG is an abbreviation of Wing-In-Ground effect.
A WIG craft can be seen as a crossover between a
hovercraft and an aircraft. It flies just above the
surface, usually the water surface therefore others use
the term WISE or WISES (Wing In Surface Effect Ship).
Representing the Hull Form
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Representing the Hull Form
Representing the Hull Form
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Representing the Hull Form
Representing the Hull Form
The Half-Breadth Plan
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Representing the Hull Form
The Sheer Plan
Representing the Hull Form
The Body Plan
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Representing the Hull Form
Lines Plans
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