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 Classical Myth

Eighth Edition
Global Edition

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A01_POWE6141_08_GE_FM.indd 2 20/12/14 12:41 AM
 Classical Myth

Eighth Edition
GLOBAL Edition

Barry B. Powell
University of Wisconsin–Madison

with translations
by Herbert M. Howe

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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 In memoriam, Herbert M. Howe (1912–2010), teacher and friend

Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Senior Manufacturing Controller,

Edition: Laura Dent Production, Global Edition:
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Classical Myth, 8th edition, ISBN
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ISBN 10: 1-292-06614-8

ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06614-1

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 Contents

Preface 17

Part I
Definitions and Background
1. What Is Myth?   23
2. The Cultural Context of Classical Myth   39
3. The Development of Classical Myth   73

Part II
Divine Myth
4. The Origins of the Gods   99
5. The Origins of Mortals   130
6. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and Hades   156
7. Apollo  179
8. Hermes, Pan, Hephaestus, and Ares   199
9. Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena   222
10. Demeter and Related Myths   252

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 6 Contents

11. Dionysus  284
12. The Underworld  314

Part III
Legends
13. Introduction to Heroic Myth: Gilgamesh   346
14. Perseus  361
15. Heracles  383
16. Theseus  420
17. The Myths of Crete   451
18. Oedipus and the Myths of Thebes   476
19. Jason and the Argonauts   504
20. The Trojan War   539
21. The Fall of Troy and Its Aftermath   576
22. The Return of Odysseus   600

Part IV
Roman Myth
23. Aeneas  630
24. Legends of Early Rome   657

Part V
Interpretation
25. Theories of Myth Interpretation   681

Reference Charts  711
Chronology of the Ancient World  711
The Greek and Roman Pantheon  713

Credits  715
Index and Pronunciation Glossary   719

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 Contents 7

List of Perspectives
1 The Brothers Grimm   32
2 Frank Miller’s 300  52
4.1 Rubens’s Saturn Devouring His Son  112
4.2 The Biblical Creation Story   127
5 Ted Hughes’s Prometheus on His Crag  139
6.1 The Three Graces   165
6.2 The Loves of Zeus in European Art   (color insert)
7 Soldani’s Apollo and Daphnê  193
8 Pan and the Pastoral Tradition   214
9.1 H. D.’s “Adonis”   230
9.2 Venus: Images of Beauty in European Art   (color insert)
10 Rossetti’s Proserpina Holding the Pomegranate  263
11.1 Reni’s Bacchus and Ariadnê  291
11.2 Nietzsche’s The Birth of Tragedy  311
12.1 Vampires  318
12.2 Cerrini’s Apollo and the Cumaean Sybil  337
12.3 Dante’s Inferno  341
13 J. R. R. Tolkien’s Modern Hero in The Lord of the Rings  356
14.1 Piero di Cosimo’s Perseus Frees Andromeda  374
14.2 Classical Myth and the Stars   379
15 Daumier’s Hercules in the Augean Stables  397
16 Boccaccio’s Misfortunes of Famous Men  442
17.1 Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson  459
17.2 Picasso’s Minotauromachia  463
17.3 Blondel’s The Sun, or the Fall of Icarus  468
18 Ingres’s Oedipus and the Sphinx  487
19.1 Seneca’s Medea  528
19.2 Delacroix’s Médée  531
20.1 Yeats’s “Leda and the Swan”   546

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 8 Contents

20.2 The Beauty of Helen   559

21.1 The Trojan War in European Art   (color insert)
21.2 Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida  592
22.1 Ulysses  601
22.2 The Legends of Odysseus in European Art   (color insert)
22.3 Cavafy’s “Ithaca”  622
23 Aeneas, Augustus, and Mussolini   652
24.1 David’s Oath of the Horatii  667
24.2 The Lucretia of Rembrandt and Shakespeare   670
25 Apuleius’ Allegory of Cupid and Psychê   686

Maps
I. The Ancient Mediterranean   (inside front cover)
II. Southern and Central Greece (Chapter 2)   41
III. The Ancient Near East (Chapter 3)   80
IV. The Processional Route from Athens to Eleusis
(Chapter 10)  269
V. The Argive Plain (Chapter 14)   362
VI. Heracles’ Adventures in Greece (Chapter 15)   393
VII. Locations of Heracles’ Deeds Abroad (Chapter 15)   400
VIII. Ancient Athens (Chapter 16)   422
IX. The Adventures of Theseus (Chapter 16)   432
X. The Voyage of the Argo (Chapter 19)  509
XI. The Troad (Chapter 20)   556
XII. Ancient Italy (Chapter 23)   634
XIII. Travels of Aeneas (Chapter 23)   647
XIV. Map of Imperial Rome Showing Sites Mentioned in the Text
(Chapter 24)  658
XV. Greece, the Aegean Sea, and Western Asia Minor   (inside
back cover)

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 Contents 9

Charts
3 Near Eastern Gods and Goddesses   84
4.1 The First Generation of Gods   100
4.2 The Offspring of Gaea and Uranus   102
4.3 The Offspring of Gaea and Pontus   108
4.4 Hittite and Greek Theogonies Compared   127
5 The Descent of the Greek Tribes from the Race
of Titans  153
6.1 The Twelve Olympians   157
6.2 Zeus’s Divine Consorts and Their Children   163
14 The Descent of Perseus   364
15.1 The Descent of Heracles   384
15.2 Heracles’ Wives and Offspring   389
16.1 Cecrops and His Descendants   421
16.2 The House of Erichthonius   424
17 The House of Crete   452
18 The House of Cadmus   481
19.1 The House of Aeolus   505
19.2 The House of Calydon   533
20.1 The House of Atreus   540
20.2 The House of Tyndareüs   544
20.3 The House of Troy   549

FIGURES
1.1 Stars Descend before Sun   27
1.2 The Author at the Walls of Troy   30
2.1 Athens From the West   42
2.2 Greek Papyrus with Alphabetic Writing   48
2.3 Greek Hoplite  51
2.4 The Modern Village of Sparta   55

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 10 Contents

2.5 Pederastic Scene  57

2.6 The Greek Symposium   59
2.7 Footrace  60
2.8 Greek Village Women   61
2.9 Statue of a Korê  62
2.10 The Day after the Wedding   64
2.11 Slaves Digging Clay   66
3.1 Goddess Giving Birth   74
3.2 Cycladic Mother Figurine   75
3.3 Artemis Potnia Thêrôn  76
3.4 An Aoidos  77
3.5 Clay Tablet with Cuneiform Writing   79
3.6 Ziggurat  81
3.7 Akkadian Seal-Impression  82
3.8 Mesopotamian Terracotta Relief   83
4.1 Egyptian Sky and Earth   102
4.2 Aphrodite Rising from the Sea   107
4.3 Heracles and Cerberus   109
4.4 Chimera  109
4.5 Typhonomachy  116
4.6 Birth of Athena   117
4.7 Gigantomachy  118
4.8 Four-Faced God on a Ram   123
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 4.1 Rubens’s Saturn Devouring
His Son  112
5.1 Atlas and Prometheus Punished   133
5.2 Prometheus and Satyrs   136
5.3 Epimetheus Seduced by Pandora   138
5.4 Greek Women at a Well   142
6.1 Temple to Zeus at Athens   159
6.2 Wedding of Zeus and Hera   161
6.3 Zeus and Ganymede   167

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 Contents 11

6.4 Temple of Hera at Olympia   168

6.5 Tree of the Hesperides   170
6.6 Poseidon and Amphitritê   174
6.7 Poseidon or Zeus   176
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 6.1a Roman Graces   165
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 6.1b Rubens’s Graces  166
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 6.2a Titian’s Danaë  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 6.2b Correggio’s Leda
and the Swan  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 6.2c Natoire’s Jupiter
Abducting Ganymede  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 6.2d Pierre’s Rape of Europa  (color insert)
7.1 Apollo and Dionysus at Delphi   180
7.2 Temple of Apollo at Bassae   181
7.3 Author at Delos   185
7.4 Temple of Apollo at Delphi   187
7.5 Orestes Purified by Apollo   189
7.6 Aegeus and Themis   190
7.7 Apollo and Daphnê   193
7.8 Asclepius and Hygieia   196
7.9 Apollo on Olympia Pediment   197
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 7 Soldani’s Apollo and Daphnê  194
8.1 A Herm  200
8.2 Baby Hermes in a Basket   206
8.3 Ithyphallic Pan  213
8.4 Blacksmith’s Shop  216
8.5 Return of Hephaestus to Olympus   217
8.6 Adultery of Ares and Aphrodite   218
9.1 Priapus  226
9.2 Aphrodite Anadyomenê  227
9.3 Artemis of Ephesus   239
9.4 Death of the Niobids   240

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 12 Contents

9.5 Death of Actaeon   242

9.6 The Parthenon  245
9.7 Athena on Panathenaic Vase   246
9.8 Four-Horse Chariot Race   247
PERSPECTIVE FIGURES 9.2a Botticelli’s Birth of Venus
(color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURES 9.2b di Cosimo’s
Venus and Mars  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURES 9.2c Veronese’s
Venus and Adonis  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURES 9.2d Velasquez’s
Toilet of Venus  (color insert)
10.1 Well of the Maiden at Eleusis   256
10.2 Persephonê and Hades   267
10.3 Telesterion at Eleusis   270
10.4 Demeter and Persephonê Send Forth Triptolemus   271
10.5 Head of Inanna   272
10.6 Isis and Osiris   276
10.7 Resurrection of Osiris   279
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 10 Rossetti’s Proserpina  264
11.1 Dionysus in Ecstasy   285
11.2 Hetaira with Phallus   285
11.3 Baby Dionysus on Zeus’s Thigh   287
11.4 Dionysus in a Boat   290
11.5 Maenad and Satyr   295
11.6 Dismemberment of Pentheus   303
11.7 Ritual with Dionysus Mask   306
11.8 Theater of Dionysus   310
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 11.1 Reni’s Bacchus and Ariadnê  291
12.1 Odysseus and Elpenor   324
12.2 Orpheus in Thrace   329
12.3 Charon and Hermes Psychopompos  336

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 Contents 13

12.4 Ares, Hermes, Ixion   340

PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 12.1 Dracula  320
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 12.2 Cerrini’s Apollo and the Cumaean Sybil  338
13.1 Tomb of Alyattes   347
13.2 Gilgamesh and Bull of Heaven   352
13.3 A Kouros  359
13.4 Statue of Antoninus Pius   359
14.1 Lion Gate at Mycenae   363
14.2 Hermes Kills Argus   365
14.3 Danaë and Shower of Gold   369
14.4 Danaë and the Chest   370
14.5 Perseus Slays Medusa   372
14.6 Gorgon Pursues Perseus   373
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 14.1 Piero di Cosimo’s Perseus Frees
Andromeda  375
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 14.2 Dürer’s Star Map   380
15.1 Infant Heracles and the Snakes   388
15.2 Heracles and the Nemean Lion   394
15.3 Heracles and the Erymanthian Boar   395
15.4 Heracles and the Stymphalian Birds   399
15.5 Heracles in the Cup of Helius   402
15.6 Heracles and Busiris   405
15.7 Commodus as Heracles   407
15.8 Heracles and the Cercopes   411
15.9 Heracles and Nessus   413
15.10 The Farnese Hercules   418
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 15 Daumier’s Hercules  397
16.1 Erechtheum  423
16.2 Birth of Erichthonius   425
16.3 Philomela and Procnê   429
16.4 Theseus Discovers the Sword and Sandals   433
16.5 The Labors of Theseus   434

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 14 Contents

16.6 Aegeus Greets Theseus   435

16.7 Theseus and Amazons   437
16.8 Heracles and Theseus in Hades   446
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 16 Phaedra Kills Herself  443
17.1 Europa and the Bull   453
17.2 Pasiphaë with Baby Minotaur   455
17.3 Theseus and Amphitritê   458
17.4 Theseus Kills the Minotaur   461
17.5 Bronze Age Palace at Cnossus   470
17.6 Snake-Goddess  472
17.7 Bull-Vaulting Fresco  473
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 17.2 Pablo Picasso’s
Minotauromachia  463
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 17.3 Blondel’s The Sun, or the Fall of
Icarus  468
18.1 Cadmus Kills the Serpent   477
18.2 Death of Lycus and Dircê   483
18.3 Oedipus and the Sphinx   486
18.4 Polynices Bribes Eriphylê   493
18.5 Duel between Eteocles and Polynices   497
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 18.1 Ingres’s Oedipus and the Sphinx  488
19.1 Gathering of the Argonauts   508
19.2 Phineus  511
19.3 Greek Ship  512
19.4 Serpent Disgorges Jason   516
19.5 Death of Talus   518
19.6 Medea Boiling the Ram   520
19.7 Medea Stabs her Child   527
19.8 Calydonian Boar Hunt   533
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 19.2 Delacroix’s Médée  531
20.1 Pelops Flees with Hippodamia   541

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 Contents 15

20.2 Leda and the Swan   544

20.3 Peleus Wrestles with Thetis   548
20.4 Judgment of Paris   50
20.5 Chiron with Achilles   552
20.6 Sacrifice of Iphigenia   555
20.7 Embassy to Achilles   567
20.8 Ransom of Hector   571
21.1 Death of Penthesilea   577
21.2 The Trojan Horse   579
21.3 Death of Laocoön   582
21.4 Sacrifice of Polyxena   586
21.5 Trojan Settlements  587
21.6 Lesser Ajax and Cassandra   589
21.7 Death of Agamemnon   594
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 21.1a Trojan Horse  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 21.1b Cranach’s Judgment
of Paris  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 21.1c El Greco’s Laocoön  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 21.d Leighton’s Captive
Andromachê  (color insert)
22.1 Blinding of Polyphemus   610
22.2 Circê Enchants Odysseus’ Men   614
22.3 Odysseus and the Sirens   616
22.4 Odysseus and Nausicaä   618
22.5 Penelopê and her Web   620
22.6 Odysseus Kills the Suitors   624
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 22.2a Dossi’s Circê  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 22.2b Lorrain’s Ulysses Returning
Chryseïs  (color insert)
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 22.2c Lemoyne’s The Work
of Penelopê  (color insert)

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 16 Contents

PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 22.2d Turner’s Ulysses Deriding

Polyphemus  (color insert)
23.1 River Numen  635
23.2 Hellenized Roman Gods   637
23.3 Temple of Portunus   640
23.4 Lares  641
23.5 Temple of Vesta   642
23.6 Aeneas Escaping from Troy   646
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 23a Aeneas Sacrificing   653
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 23b Tellus Mater Postage Stamp   654
24.1 Capitoline Wolf  661
24.2 Base of Roman Funerary Column   664
24.3 Etruscan Calchas  673
24.4 Arch of Titus   677
24.5 Relief from Arch of Titus   678
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 24.1 David’s Oath of the Horatii  668
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 24.2 Rembrandt’s Lucretia  670
25.1 Odysseus as Christ    691
25.2 Oedipus in Atalanta Fugiens  692
PERSPECTIVE FIGURE 25 Gentileschi’s Cupid and Psychê  688

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 Preface

What does our great historical hunger signify, our clutching about us of
countless cultures, our consuming desire for knowledge, if not the loss of
myth, of a mythic home, the mythic womb?
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy, 1872

The category “classical myth” exists more in the minds of contemporary teachers
than it did in the ancient world itself, but it nonetheless serves a useful ­pedagogical
purpose. For some time now, courses bearing this or a similar title have been a
vehicle for introducing college students to the cultures of the ancient Greeks and
Romans, hence to the roots of Western civilization. By studying the myths of the
ancients primarily through the literary works in which they are preserved, students
are exposed to important classical authors, as well as to stories and figures that
have sustained interest and kindled imaginations throughout the history of Western
­culture, and continue to do so today.

What’s New in This Edition

In this Eighth Edition, I have made many improvements to the book—­rearranged

some material, corrected expressions, streamlined it somewhat, and added maps
and illustrations—all changes based on suggestions from instructors who have used

17

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