AeroTHON2024

UNCREWED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM (UAS) DESIGN, BUILD

AND FLY CONTEST

Theme: Surveillance and Disaster Management

Submitted by
TEAM MAHADHYUTA AT2024-038

Under the guidance of

Dr. Prasiddh Trivedi
Praveen Chandradhas

GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Lalbaug, Vadodara – 390 004,
Gujarat, India
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

2
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Acknowledgement
We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to all the
individuals and organisations contributing to this particular SAEINDIA
AEROTHON 2024. This ambitious endeavour would not have been realised
without the unwavering support and collective efforts of numerous individuals
whose contributions have been invaluable.

First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the
faculty and management of our university Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya for
their direction, mentorship, and unwavering support during this project. Their
knowledge and dedication have played a crucial role in forming our concepts
and guiding us through the complexity of drone technology. We are
immensely grateful to our project mentors, Dr. Prasiddh Trivedi, Assistant
Professor and Assistant Professor Praveen Chandradhas, for their constant
encouragement, invaluable insights, and unwavering belief in our capabilities.
Their guidance, expertise, and dedication have been pivotal in steering us
toward success, and we are truly grateful for their mentorship.

We would also like to thank our team members who collaborated with us on
this project. Their hard work, perseverance, and teamwork have played a
significant role in overcoming challenges and achieving our goals. Our team's
collective effort has been crucial in realising our vision.

To everyone involved in this project, whether mentioned or not, efforts have

been crucial and greatly valued. We have achieved tremendous results by
pushing the limits of innovation together. We will surely succeed in our future
endeavours thanks to the knowledge we've obtained, the talents we've
developed, and the experiences we've gathered throughout this undertaking.

We are very grateful to everyone who has been a part of this journey.

3
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Abstract
The motive behind this project is to design, analyse and manufacture a
micro-UAV with a total weight under 2 Kg including the 200 gm of Payload
capacity with a controlled drop mechanism. This design is made to be
compact to hold all the avionics within it, producing a maximum thrust of 4 kg.
The drone will have a range of 20 km with autonomous flight capability. Along
with the autonomous flight, a self-target lock and live data and video feed
system are installed onto the UAV. We are using Raspberry Pi as a flight
computer for autonomous flight other than conventional. This UAV can be
used for surveillance in urban areas and Disaster Management due to its
compact size.

4
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Content
1 Technical Content
1.1 Conceptual design
1.2 Preliminary Weight Estimation
1.3 Thrust Required Estimation & Propulsion System Selection
1.4 Aircraft Sizing
1.5 Aircraft Performance
1.6 Material Selection
1.7 Subsystem Selection
1.8 C.G. Calculation & Stability Analysis
1.9 Preliminary Computer Aided Design Model
2 Computational Analysis
2.1 Optimized Final Design
2.2 Detailed Weight Breakdown , Aircraft Performance Recalculation
(T/W, Power Required for the mission & Endurance calculation), Final
UAV Specifications and Bill of Materials
3 Methodology for Autonomous Operation
3.1 Autonomous Flight
3.2 Autonomous Object Detection and Counting
3.3 Autonomous Payload Drop
4 Innovation

5
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Introduction
The SAE Aerothon 2024 India is a prestigious competition that challenges
students to design, build, and test innovative aerial vehicles. As participants in
this esteemed event, our team is thrilled to present our design report for a
custom-built drone tailored to excel in the payload drop mission. Our drone is
meticulously crafted to navigate through the challenges of autonomous flight,
object detection, and avoidance, while adhering to the rules and regulations
outlined in the latest 2024 rulebook.

Our design focuses on creating a quadcopter that can efficiently drop

payloads while ensuring stability and precision. We have carefully selected a
combination of 4 sets of 1450kv motors with 8 inch propellers, a 4S 6200mAh
battery, and a sophisticated control system to achieve optimal performance.
The drone's net weight, including the payload, is approximately 1950gm.

Our report will delve into the details of our design, including the algorithm for
autonomous flight, object detection, and avoidance using camera and
ultrasonic sensors. We will also discuss the communication system used.
Additionally, we will present our calculations for the drone's performance,
including the maximum thrust-to-weight ratio, endurance, and energy
consumption.

6
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1 Technical Content

1.1 Conceptual Design

Our conceptual design is driven by the need for a stable, cost-effective, and safe drone.
Inspired by the principles of aerodynamics and structural integrity, we have adopted a
modular design approach. Key features include:

● Frame Composition: 3D-printed parts ensure high customization and reduced

production costs.
● Battery Placement: Positioned at the bottom to lower the center of gravity and
enhance flight stability.
● Compact Design: Facilitates easy maintenance and repair, reducing downtime and
increasing efficiency.
● Aerodynamic Shape: Minimizes air resistance and maximizes speed.
● Robust Landing Gear: Shock-absorbing design ensures smooth touchdowns and
protects the payload.

By prioritizing stability, safety, and manufacturability, our design sets the stage for a
high-performance drone capable of excelling in the payload drop mission. Our solution
balances performance, safety, and manufacturability, making it ideal for the SAE Aerothon
2024 India competition.

7
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.2 Estimation of Preliminary Weight

S.No. Components No of units Net Weight in (g)

1 Motor 4 408 g

2 Overall Structure and all mechanism 1 400g

3 Battery 4s 6200mah 1 650 g

4 Electronic speed controller (ESC) 4 in 1 12.5 g

5 Payload 1 200 g

6 FPV camera 1 15.6 g

7 Propeller 4 40 g

8 Pixhawk 2.4.8 1 39 g

9 Raspberry Pi 4+ Raspberry Pi camera 1 46 g + 3 g

10 GPS 1 23 g

11 Receiver 1 17g

12 Transmitter (outside drone) 1 525 g

1.3 Estimation of Thrust Required & Selection of

Propulsion System

1.3.1 Estimation of Thrust Required

Given:

● Total weight of the quadcopter: 1950 gm

● Thrust-to-weight ratio: 2:1

Thrust Required = Total Weight x Thrust-to-Weight Ratio = 1950 gm x 2 =

3900 gm

Since we have 4 motors, the thrust required per motor is: Thrust per Motor =
3900 gm / 4 = 975 gm

8
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.3.2 Selection of Propulsion System

We selected a 1450kv motor paired with an 8-inch propeller to achieve a 4 kg thrust,
ensuring a 2:1 thrust-to-weight ratio for our drone. This combination provides an
optimal balance of power and efficiency, enhancing maneuverability and flight
stability. To complement this, we chose the VISHNU 50 MK-II ESC, known for its high
current capability (50A continuous, 55A burst) and support for a wide voltage range
(2-6S).

(a)Motor
DYS D3536-5 1450KV BLDC Motor.

2D Drawing of motor

Parameter Specification

Battery 2-4s Li-Po cell

Max Current 45A

No-load Current 3.5A

Max Power 655W

Dimensions 35x36mm

Max Thrust 1380g

Weight 102g(with connectors)

(b)Propellor

● 8 inch propellers glass fibre nylon propeller

9
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

(c)ESC

We've opted for the Vishnu A50 ESC.

10
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Feature Specification Benefit

High Current Capability 50A*4 continuous Robust power delivery and

current, 55A burst short-term high current handling

Wide Voltage Range Supports 2-6S input Flexibility in battery selection

DShot300/600 Ready DShot300/600 Smooth, responsive motor control

compatible

Advanced Current Real-time power Efficient energy management and

Sensor monitoring early issue detection

Firmware BLHeli_S JH50 Reliable performance with advanced

configuration options

1.4 Aircraft Sizing

1.4.1 Rotor Arm

A rotor arm in a drone is an arm extending from the central body that holds and
supports a motor and propeller.

11
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.4.2 Wheelbase
Wheelbase refers to the distance between the centers of two opposite motors or
propellers, typically measured from the center of one motor to the center of the motor
diagonally across from it.

Wheelbase = 43.283 cm

1.4.3 Propeller Clearance

Proper propeller clearance is vital for the safe, efficient, and effective
operation of drones. It enhances performance, reduces risk, and ensures
compliance with safety standards and regulations.

The image below provides the precise measurements between the propellers.
Minimum distance between propellers is around 9.68 cm.

12
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.4.4 Landing gear

The design of this landing leg is indeed beneficial for drone airflow. Here's why:

● Hidden Under the Arm: The leg's placement beneath the drone's arm
minimizes its impact on the airflow during flight. It effectively hides within the
drone's profile, avoiding significant disruption.
● Minimal Drag: The streamlined shape of the leg, especially its angled
structure, helps to reduce drag. This contributes to better flight efficiency and
stability.
● Landing Functionality: While supporting the drone's weight during landing,
the leg doesn't obstruct the crucial air inlets or outlets that are vital for the
drone's propulsion and stability.

This design achieves a balance between functional landing support and

aerodynamic efficiency, ultimately enhancing the drone's overall performance.

13
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.5 UAS Performance

1.5.1 Power Consumption Estimation:

Component Power Consumption Breakdown

S.No. Components Operating Operating Power
Voltage(V) Current(A) Consumed(W)

1 Flight controller 5V 2A 10W

2 Raspberry Pi 4 5V 3A 15W

3 Raspberry Pi Camera3 5V 200mA 1W

4 BlDC Motor + ESC 14.8V 22.5 A Avg. 1332W

5 Receiver 5V 100mA 0.5W

6 FPV Camera + Gimbal 5V 180mA 0.9W

7 Servo Motor 6V 50mA 0.3W

8 Total Power Consumed 1359.7W

1.5.2 Battery Specifications:

Weight : 650g
Battery Specifications

Model 4S

Capacity 6200 mAh

Constant discharge 90C

Max. Continuous Discharge 6.2 × 90 C = 558 A

Max. Burst Discharge (in 10s) 6.2 × 180 C = 1116 A

Max power delivered (Wh) = Voltage of battery ×Max Cont. Discharge current

Max power delivered (Wh) = 14.8v × 558 A = 8258.4 Wh

14
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.5.3 Endurance Estimate Calculation:

Now, let's recalculate the endurance using the estimated power consumption:

Endurance(hr) = Battery Capacity(Ah) / Current drawn(A)

Endurance(hr)= 6.2/66

Endurance(min)=coming to be 5 min

1.6 Material Selection

We have chosen ABS (Acrylonitrile

Butadiene Styrene) as it offers several
advantageous properties. Its lightweight
yet durable nature makes it an ideal
choice for drone components, providing
the necessary strength without adding
unnecessary weight. ABS also exhibits
good impact resistance, crucial for
withstanding the occasional bumps and
collisions drones may encounter during
flight. Additionally, ABS is relatively easy to mold and shape. Its affordability
further enhances its appeal as a material for drone manufacturing, offering a
balance between performance and cost-effectiveness.

Mechanical Properties Values

Tensile strength 43.8MPa

Elastic limit 38.45MPa

Stress at break 29.58MPa

Density 1.05 g/cm3

For the propeller we have chosen glass fibre nylon as it gives more stiffness and
rigidity to the drone.
We have also given a layer of inner coating to Mylar to make it heat resistant.

15
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.7 Subsystem Selection

Control and navigation systems work together to keep the drone stable and
on course, while the communication system ensures a reliable link between
the drone and its operator. We have chosen the following components for our
UAV.

1.7.1 Communication System

It is a 3 in one transmitter which has VTX, telemetry and control functions
The SKYDROID T10 2.4GHz 10CH Remote Controller features dual antenna
and RF modules for reliable full-angle communication and utilizes FHSS
technology for superior control. It offers digital video transmission up to 10 km
and data transmission up to 20 km. The controller supports parameter
adjustments via an app with a touch panel, connecting through Bluetooth or
USB, and supports S.BUS, PPM, PWM serial ports, and external devices. It
uses two 18650 batteries (not included), providing over 20 hours of operation
at 20 dBm transmit frequency. Designed for UAVs, helicopters, fixed-wing
aircraft, multi-rotors, and boats, the app enables adjustments for various
parameters, channel binding, runaway protection, and provides parameter
saving and loading functions.

16
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

1.7.2 Control Systems and Navigation Systems

(a)Pixhawk
The Pixhawk 2.4.8 is a powerful open-source autopilot system for drones.
This 32-bit powerhouse packs a punch with advanced features for stable flight
control, autonomous navigation, and reliable communication, making it a
popular choice for various UAV.

● Processor
○ 32-bit ARM Cortex M4 core with FPU
○ 168 Mhz/256 KB RAM/2 MB Flash
● Sensors
○ MPU6000 as main accel and gyro
○ ST Micro 16-bit gyroscope
○ ST Micro 14-bit accelerometer/compass (magnetometer)
○ MEAS barometer
● Interfaces
○ 5x UART serial ports
○ 1 high-power capable

17
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

○ 2 with HW flow control

○ Spektrum DSM/DSM2/DSM-X Satellite input
○ I2C, SPI, 2x CAN, USB
○ 3.3V and 6.6V ADC inputs
● Dimensions
○ Weight 39 g
○ Width 47 mm
○ Height 15 mm
○ Length 80 mm

(b)GPS Module(Neo M8N gps)

Leveraging GPS, the UAVs primary navigation

module delivers precise geolocation data for
accurate positioning and flight path planning

● High Precision: Offers accurate positioning data with an average accuracy of

0.6 metres (although actual accuracy may be closer to 0.9 metres).
● Built-in Compass: Includes a magnetometer for compass functionality, aiding
the flight controller in determining the UAVs orientation.
● Low Power Consumption: Designed for efficient operation, minimising drain
on the UAVs battery.
● Fast Acquisition: Delivers quick capture times of around 0.1 seconds to lock
onto GPS signals.
● Wide Operating Temperature: -40°C to +80°C.

(c)Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

18
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Raspberry Pi 4 boosts your Pixhawk with its processing ability. It connects via
serial port to explore features like object detection and custom autopilot logic.

Feature Specification

Processor Broadcom BCM2711, Quad core Cortex-A72 (ARM

v8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.8GHz

USB Ports 2 USB 3.0 ports; 2 USB 2.0 ports

GPIO Header Raspberry Pi standard 40 pin GPIO header (fully

backwards compatible with previous boards)

Video Output 2 × micro-HDMI® ports (up to 4kp60 supported),

2-lane MIPI DSI display port

Video Codecs H.265 (4kp60 decode), H264 (1080p60 decode,

1080p30 encode)

Graphics OpenGL ES 3.1, Vulkan 1.0

Operating Temperature 0 – 50 degrees C ambient

(d)Raspberry Pi Camera Module 3

19
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Model 3 boasts a cutting-edge camera module featuring a Sony IMX708

sensor, delivering exceptional image quality at 11.9 megapixels. Its focus
range from 10 cm to infinity ensures precise subject capture, while a focal
length of 4.74 and wide diagonal field of view of 75 degrees provide
comprehensive scene coverage. Additionally, horizontal and vertical fields of
view of 66 degrees and 41 degrees respectively offer detailed perspective in
both dimensions.making it a preferable choice for:
● Object/Hotspot Detection (using computer vision)
● Time-lapse Photography
● Security Monitoring

It connects easily via a dedicated CSI port for

efficient data transfer and works with Raspberry
Pi software for programming and capturing
media.The Raspberry Pi 4B is equipped with
Google's Coral Edge TPU, enabling efficient
object detection and processing of the captured
images. The system design ensures seamless
communication between the Raspberry Pi 3
cameras and the Raspberry Pi 4B, facilitating
real-time image processing and object detection.

(e)FPV Camera with Gimbal System

Gimbal setup

SKYDROID MINI camera specification:

● Resolution and frame rate: 720P@30

20
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

● Size: 30.2x29.8x26.8mm
● Working current: 180mA
● Power supply mode: external power supply 5V
● Weight: 15.6g

1.8 C.G. Calculation & Stability Analysis

A lower center of gravity (CG) is crucial for drone stability, especially when carrying a
payload. It ensures even weight distribution, reducing the risk of tilting or flipping. A
lower CG decreases the drone's moment of inertia, enhancing resistance to pitch and
roll changes and resulting in stable flight, even in turbulence. This stability is vital
during payload drops, as a higher CG can cause wobbling, potentially damaging the
payload. By designing drones with a lower CG, engineers achieve more stable and
efficient flights, essential for tasks like search and rescue, package delivery, and
aerial photography.

1.9 Preliminary Computer Aided Design Model (2D Drafting

Front view,Top view and Side View, 3D Model)
When designing a drone with integrated landing pads and concealed landing legs, it's
crucial to consider aerodynamics. Our unique design incorporates landing legs within
the drone's arms, minimizing air disturbance from propeller airflow for a smoother
landing. The modular arm structure cleverly conceals the landing legs, enhancing
both functionality and aesthetics. Positioned at the arm ends, the landing pads offer
stability, ensuring the drone remains upright during takeoff and landing. This
seamless integration prioritizes efficiency, stability, and precision, making our drone
suitable for various applications.

21
GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Front view

Bottom View

Side view

Top view

22
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

2 Computational Analysis
2.1 Optimized Final Design (Summary of Design
Changes/Optimizations including the Final CAD model and 2D
Drafting & C.G.)

23
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

2.2.1 Detailed Weight Breakdown

S.No. Components No of units Net Weight in (g)

1 Motor 4 408 g

2 Body cover 1 70g

24
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

3 Battery 4s 6200mah 1 650 g

4 Electronic speed controller (ESC) 4 in 1 12.5 g

5 Payload 1 200 g

6 FPV camera 1 15.6 g

7 Propeller 4 40 g

8 Pixhawk 2.4.8 1 39 g

9 Raspberry Pi 4+ Raspberry Pi camera 1 46 g + 3 g

10 GPS 1 23 g

11 Receiver 1 17g

12 Arms with motor mount with Legs 4 257g

13 Payload Mechanism 1 30g

14 Body frame 1 44g

15 Gimbal 1 36g

Total weight 1890g

2.2.2 Aircraft Performance Recalculation (T/W, Power Required for the

mission & Endurance calculation)

● Assumption: We'll estimate a more typical current draw for a motor during hover,
which is not usually at maximum capacity.
● Conservative Estimate: Let's assume each motor draws around 15A during hover.
● Total Motors: 4 motors
● Motor Current Draw: 4 * 15A = 60A
● Additional Electronics: 6A
● Total Estimated Current Draw: 60A (motors) + 6A (electronics) = 66A

Endurance Time Calculation:

● Battery Capacity: 6200 mAh or 6.2 Ah

● Total Current Draw: 66A

To find the endurance time, we use the formula:

Endurance(hr) = Battery Capacity(Ah) / Current drawn(A)

25
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Endurance(hr)= 6.2/66 = 0.0939 hours

Endurance(min)=coming to be 5.63 min

2.2.3 Final UAV Specifications

Category Component Specifications

Propulsion
System Motor DYS D3536-5 1450KV
- Battery 2-4S Li-Po cell
- Max Current 45A
- No-load Current 3.5A
- Max Power 655W
- Dimensions 35x36mm
- Max Thrust 1380g
- Weight 102g (with connectors)
Propellers 8 inch glass fiber nylon propellers
Electronic Speed
Controller (ESC) Vishnu A50
- Current Capability 50A continuous, 55A burst
- Voltage Range Supports 2-6S input
- Protocol
Compatibility DShot300/600
- Current Sensor Advanced real-time power monitoring
- Firmware BLHeli_S JH50
Battery Model 4S
- Capacity 6200 mAh
- Constant Discharge 90C
Frame Wheelbase 43.283 cm
Material ABS with inner Mylar heat-resistant coating
Transmitter and
Control Transmitter SKYDROID T10 2.4GHz 10CH Remote Controller
- Features Integrated VTX, telemetry, and control functions
Autopilot System Autopilot Pixhawk 2.4.8
- Position Accuracy Average 0.6 meters, closer to 0.9 meters actual accuracy
- Additional
Processing Raspberry Pi 4 for enhanced processing
Serial port for custom features (object detection, custom
- Connectivity autopilot logic)

26
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Cameras Primary Camera Raspberry Pi Camera Module 3

FPV Camera Equipped with Gimbal System for stable footage
Key Features and High Current
Benefits Capability Robust power delivery and handling of high currents
Wide Voltage Range Flexible battery selection
Smooth Motor Control Compatibility with DShot300/600 for responsive control
Efficient Energy
Management Real-time power monitoring for early issue detection
Accurate positioning with the Pixhawk and additional
High Precision processing from Raspberry Pi

2.2.4 Bill of Materials

S.No Components Number of Unit cost Total Cost

. units

1 Motor 5 1482 Rs. 7410

2 Battery 4s 6200mah 1 6599 Rs.6599

3 Electronic speed 1 4499 Rs.4499

controller (ESC)

4 Transmitter and 1 16000+2000 Rs.18000

Receiver (With FPV
camera)

5 PIxhawk 1 9925 Rs.9925

6 GPS 1 2300 Rs.2300

7 Raspberry Pi 4+ 1 5000+2700 Rs.7700

Raspberry Pi camera

8 ABS material rate 440g 970 pre kg Rs.426

9 Propeller 4 75 Rs.300

27
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

3 Methodology for Autonomous Operations

3.1 Autonomous Flight

3.2 Autonomous Object Detection and Counting

1. Mission Planning: We begin by defining the survey area and objectives. We determine
the altitude, flight path, and camera settings based on the desired resolution and area
coverage.

2. Pre-flight Checklist: We ensure that the UAS is in optimal condition, checking battery
levels, GPS connectivity, and payload functionality.

3. Autonomous Takeoff: We are using Raspberry Pi 4 B for autonomous working. We

initiate the UAS takeoff using pre-programmed or manual controls, ensuring a safe ascent to
the designated altitude.

4. Navigation and Guidance: We utilize GPS and onboard sensors for navigation,
maintaining a predefined flight path to cover the entire survey area. We implement obstacle
avoidance algorithms to ensure safe navigation around obstacles.

5. Object Detection: We employ computer vision algorithms to analyze live video feed from
onboard cameracamera Raspberry Pi Camera Module 2 for object detection. We utilize
techniques such as deep learning-based object detection to identify objects of interest within
the survey area.

6. Object Classification: Once objects are detected, we classify them based on predefined
categories. This involves using machine learning models trained on annotated datasets to
classify objects into specific classes (e.g., cars, buildings, trees).

28
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

7. Counting: We implement counting algorithms to accurately tally the number of detected

objects within each category. This involves tracking individual objects across consecutive
frames and incrementing counts accordingly.

8. Data Storage and Analysis: We store detected objects’ coordinates, classifications, and
counts for further analysis. We utilize post-processing techniques to generate reports, maps,
or actionable insights from the collected data.

9. Autonomous Landing: Upon completion of the survey mission, we initiate autonomous

landing procedures. We ensure a safe descent and landing at the designated landing site.

10. Post-flight Analysis: We review flight logs, data collected, and performance metrics to
assess mission success and identify areas for improvement in future missions.

11. Iterative Improvement: We continuously refine algorithms and procedures based on

feedback and performance metrics to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of autonomous
flight for UAS surveys.

3.3 Payload drop

The AAV operation begins with system initialization and a self-check, followed by
receiving mission parameters and
planning a safe takeoff. The AAV
then climbs to a minimum altitude of
10 meters. During navigation, it uses
GPS and sensors to follow a
waypoint system, continuously
adjusting its trajectory. Upon
reaching the payload drop location,
the AAV hovers, detects the drop
zone with a camera, releases the
payload, and verifies the drop. For
the return, it plans and executes the
flight back to the takeoff point,
adjusting as needed. Finally, it
hovers, plans a safe landing, lands,
and shuts down its systems.

4 Innovations in the overall design

Smart Navigation System:
● Description: Integrates IMU and GPS data for precise navigation.
● Components: IMU provides motion data; GPS offers absolute positioning.
● Algorithm: Advanced fusion algorithms analyze and integrate sensor data.
● Features: Real-time trajectory plotting, predictive modelling for error
correction.

29
 GATHI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

● Benefits: Enhanced precision, reliability, and usability for diverse drone

applications.

Ground Station Telemetry System:

● Description: Enables real-time monitoring and control of UAVs during flight.
● Components: Telemetry receiver and transmitter modules for two-way
communication.
● Software: User-friendly interface displays real-time telemetry data.
● Integration: Interfaces with onboard sensors for comprehensive data
transmission.
● Advantages: Provides actionable insights, enhances situational awareness,
and improves mission performance and safety.
Material Used:
● Use of various materials like ABS, glass fibre nylon propeller and Mylar as inner
coating to protect from extreme heat.

30