FLUID

MECHANICS
CHAPTER 3
PRINCIPLES OF
HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a
liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force
acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in
all directions.
FLUID PRESSURE AT A POINT
Mathematically, the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a
fluid at rest at any point due to the force of gravity.
PASCAL’S LAW
“Pressure in a continuously
distributed uniform static fluid
varies only with vertical distance
and is independent of the shape
of the container. The pressure is
the same at all points on a given
horizontal plane in the fluid. The
pressure increases with depth in
the fluid.”
PRESSURE
FLUID VARIATION IN FLUID AT REST
The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is
obtained by the Hydrostatic Law which states that
the rate of increase of pressure in a vertically
downward direction must be equal to the specific
weight of the fluid at that point.
FLUID VARIATION IN FLUID AT REST

•
PROBLEM 3.1
A hydraulic press has a ram of 30 cm diameter and a
plunger of 4.5 cm diameter. Find the weight lifted by
the hydraulic press when the force applied at the
plunger is 500 N.
PROBLEM 3.2
PROBLEM 3.3
PROBLEM 3.4
PROBLEM 3.5
PROBLEM 3.6
Because of a leak in buried gasoline storage tank,
water has seeped in to the depth shown. The specific
gravity of the gasoline is 0.68. Determine the pressure
at points A, B, C, D and E. Express pressure units in
psf.
 PROBLEM 3.7
An open tank contains water up to a depth of 2 m and
above it an oil of S = 0.90 for a depth of 1m. Find the
pressure intensity.
(a) At the interface of the two liquids
(b) At the bottom of the tank
PROBLEM 3.8
Compute the barometric pressure in kPa at an altitude
of 1200 m if the pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa.
Assume the isothermal conditions at 21°C. Use R =
287 Joule/kg - °K
PROBLEM 3.9

oil
S = 0.84

water
water
PROBLEM 3.10
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
MANOMETERS – defined as the devices used for
measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by
balancing the column of fluid by the same or
another column of the fluid.
(a) Simple Manometers
(b) Differential Manometers
 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
MECHANICAL GAUGES – defined as the devices used for
measuring the pressure by balancing the fluid column by the
spring or dead weight. Common mechanical gauges
(a) Diaphragm Pressure Gage
(b) Bourdon tube Pressure Gage
(c) Dead-weight Pressure Gage
(d) Bellows Pressure gage
SIMPLE MANOMETERS
Piezometer – simplest form of
manometer used for measuring
gage pressures. One end of this
manometer is connected to the
point where pressure is to be
measured and the other end is open
to the atmosphere
SIMPLE MANOMETERS
U-tube Manometers – consists of glass tube
bent in U-shape, one end of which is
connected to a point at which pressure is to
be measured and the other end remains
open to the atmosphere. The tube generally
contains mercury or any other liquid whose
specific gravity is greater than the specific
gravity of the liquid whose pressure is to be
measured.
SIMPLE MANOMETERS
Inclined –Tube Manometer - is a manometer typically
used to measure very low pressure. The inclination of
the tube will produce a large liquid movement for a
small amount of pressure, so reading can be precise.
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS
U-Tube Differential Manometer – devices used for
measuring the difference in pressures between two
points in a pipe or in two different pipes.
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS
Inverted U-Tube
Differential Manometer –
it is used for measuring
difference of low pressures
PROBLEM 3.11
Bourdon gages are commonly
used to measure pressure.
When such a gage is attached
to closed water tank the gage
reads 5 psi. What is the
absolute pressure of air in the
tank in psi?
PROBLEM 3.12
In the figure shown, the
pressure at point A reads 1.5
kPa. Determine the elevations of
the liquid levels in the open
piezometer. The specific gravity
of gasoline and glycerin are 0.74
and 1.24, respectively.
PROBLEM 3.13
The right limb of a simple U-tube manometer
containing mercury is open to the atmosphere
while the left limb is connected to a pipe in
which a fluid of S = 0.90 is flowing. The center of
the pipe is 12 cm below the level of Hg in the
right limb. Find the pressure of fluid in the pipe
if the difference of mercury level in the two
limbs is 20 cm.
PROBLEM 3.14
A U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of water in a
pipe line, which is in excess of atmospheric pressure. The right limb of
the manometer contains mercury and is open to atmosphere. The
contact between water and mercury is in the left limb. Determine the
pressure of water in the main line, if the difference in level of
mercury in the limbs of U-tube is 10 cm and the free surface of
mercury is in level with the center of pipe. If the pressure of water in
pipe line is reduced to 9810 Pa, calculate the new difference in the
level of mercury.
PROBLEM 3.15
Figure shows a conical vessel
having its outlet at A to which a
U-tube manometer is connected.
The reading of the manometer
given in the figure shows when the
vessel is empty. Find the reading of
the manometer when the vessel is
completely filled with water.
PROBLEM 3.16
A single column manometer is
connected to a pipe containing a
liquid of S = 0.9 as shown in Figure.
Find the pressure in the pipe if the
area of the reservoir is 100 times
the area of the tube for the
manometer reading shown in
Figure. SHg = 13.6
PROBLEM 3.17
Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown in
figure. Determine the pressure difference, PA- PB, between
the pipes.
PROBLEM 3.18
A differential manometer is connected
at the two points A and B of two pipes
as shown in Figure. The pipe A
contains a liquid of S = 1.5 while pipe
B contains a liquid of S = 0.9. The
pressures at A and B are 1 kgf/cm2 and
1.80 kgf/cm2 respectively. Find the
difference in mercury level in the
differential manometer.
PROBLEM 3.19
In Figure, an inverted
differential manometer is
connected to two pipes A and B
which convey water. The fluid in
manometer is oil of S = 0.8. For
the manometer readings shown
in the figure, find the pressure
difference between A and B.
PROBLEM 3.20
Find out the differential reading ‘h’ of
an inverted U-tube manometer
containing oil of specific gravity 0.7 as
the manometric fluid when connected
across pipes A and B as shown in
Figure below, conveying liquids of
specific gravities 1.2 and 1.0 and
immiscible with manometric fluid.
Pipes A and B are located at the same
level and assume the pressure at A
and B are to be equal.
PROBLEM 3.21
Compute the specific gravity of liquid B in the figure if the given
pressure gauge at A is indicated as -10.89 kPa. Based on the obtained
value, identify the type of Liquid B.
PROBLEM 3.22
In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between
points A and B.
PROBLEM 3.23
Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown in
figure. Determine the pressure difference, PA- PB, between
the pipes.
PROBLEM 3.24
In the figure shown, pipe A contains
gasoline (SG=0.7), pipe B contains oil
(SG=0.9), and the manometer fluid is
mercury (SG=13.6). Determine the new
differential reading if the pressure in
pipe A is decreased 25 kPa, and the
pressure in pipe B remains constant. The
initial differential reading is 0.30 m as
shown.
PROBLEM 3.25
An open manometer attached to a pipe shows a
deflection of 150 mmHg with the lower level of mercury
450mm below the centerline of the pipe carrying water.
Calculate the pressure at the centerline of the pipe.
 END OF
CHAPTER