ANSWERS TO REVISION QUESTIONS : CLASS XII : MATHS

TOPICS
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
COMPILED BY
M SRINIVASAN, PGT(MATHS), KVS
 DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURE
The derivative a function 𝒇(𝒙) / dependent variable
with regard to the independent variable can be used as
a rate measure of the function/ dependent variable
per unit change in the independent variable
𝒅𝒚
represents the rate-measure of 𝒚 with respect to 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 ′
or 𝒇 𝒂 represents the rate of change of
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒂
𝒚 with respect to 𝒙 at 𝒙 = 𝒂
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
 Velocity is the rate of change of distance with
respect to time
𝒅𝒔
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with
respect to time
𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝒅 𝒅𝒔 𝒅 𝒔
𝒂= = = 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
𝒅𝒓
represents rate of change of radius with respect to time
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒉
represents rate of change of height with respect to time
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑨
represents rate of change of Area with respect to radius
𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝑨
represents rate of change of Area with respect to time
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑽
represents rate of change of Volume with respect to time
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑺
represents rate of change of Surface area with respect to time
𝒅𝒕
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES

For circle 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓

Rate of change of circumference with respect to radius ‘r’

𝒅𝑪 𝒅 𝒅𝑪
=𝟐𝝅 (𝐫) ⟹ =𝟐𝝅
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓

Rate of change of circumference with respect to time ‘t’

𝒅𝑪 𝒅 𝒅𝑪 𝒅𝒓
=𝟐𝝅 (𝐫) ⟹ =𝟐𝝅
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES

For circle 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

Rate of change of Area with respect to radius ‘r’

𝒅𝑨 𝒅 𝒅𝑨
= 𝝅 (𝒓𝟐 ) ⟹ = 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓

Rate of change of Area with respect to time ‘t’

𝒅𝑨 𝒅 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒓
=𝝅 (𝒓𝟐 ) ⟹ = 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
For rectangle
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨 = 𝒙𝒚

Rate of change of Perimeter with respect to time ‘t’

𝒅𝑷 𝒅 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
=𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚) ⟹ =𝟐 +
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Rate of change of Area with respect to time ‘t’

𝒅𝑨 𝒅 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
= (𝒙𝒚) ⟹ = 𝒙 + 𝒚
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
For cube
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑺 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑽 = 𝒙𝟑

Rate of change of Surface Area with respect to time ‘t’

𝒅𝑺 𝒅 𝒅𝑺 𝒅𝒙
=𝟔 (𝒙𝟐 ) ⟹ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Rate of change of Volume with respect to time ‘t’

𝒅𝑽 𝒅 𝒅𝑽 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= (𝒙𝟑 ) ⟹ = 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 SIGN OF RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
𝒅𝒚
is positive when 𝒚 increases as 𝒙 increases and
𝒅𝒙
negative when 𝒚 decreases as 𝒙 increases
y
y
6
6
55
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 44
𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝒅𝒙 33 𝒅𝒙
22

11
x x
−6 −6 −5 −5 −4 −4 −3−3 −2−2 −1
−1 1
1 22 33 44 55
−1
−1
 SIGN OF RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
The area of the square is increasing at the rate of 5 cm per minute
⇓
𝒅𝑨
= 𝟓 𝒄𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝒅𝒕
The area of the square is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm per minute
⇓
𝒅𝑨
= −𝟓 𝒄𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝒅𝒕
 MARGIAL COST AND MARGINAL REVENUE
Marginal cost (MC) is the instantaneous rate of
change of total cost with respect to the number of
items produced at an instant

Marginal Revenue (MR) is the instantaneous rate

of change of total revenue with respect to the
number of items sold at an instant
 TO FIND RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
Identify the function equation connecting the variables

List out the rate of change of variables given

Differentiate the function with respect to the variable for

which the rate of change is to be obtained
Substitute the given rate of change of variables to find
out the required answer
Find out the rate of change for a particular value given if
asked
 Consider the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
y
6

4
y=x2
3

1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
 y
6

1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
To the left of the origin we observe that as when we move
from left to right along the graph, the height of the graph
continuously decreases
To the right of the origin we observe that as when we move
from left to right along the graph, the height of the graph
continuously increases
For 𝑥 < 0 As 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
For 𝑥 > 0 As 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
 4 y

2
y=4⋅x 3−6⋅x2
1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2

−3

−4

For 𝑥 < 0 As 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔

For 0 < 𝑥 < 1 As 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔

For 𝑥 > 1 As 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔

 INCREASING OR DECREASING ON AN INTERVAL
Let I be an interval contained in the domain of a real valued
function f.
𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒊𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆
𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝑰 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≤ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 𝝐 𝑰
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝑰 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒇 𝒙𝟐
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 𝝐 𝑰
𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝑰 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≥ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 𝝐 𝑰
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝑰 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒇 𝒙𝟐
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 𝝐 𝑰
Decreasing Function Strictly Decreasing Function
Neither Increasing nor Decreasing Function
 INCREASING OR DECREASING AT A POINT
A function 𝒇 𝒙 is said to be increasing,
strictly increasing, decreasing or strictly
decreasing at a point 𝒙𝟎 in the domain if
there exists an open interval I containing 𝒙𝟎
such that 𝒇 𝒙 is increasing, strictly
increasing, decreasing or strictly decreasing,
respectively in I
 INCREASING AT A POINT

A function is said to be increasing at 𝒙𝟎 if there exits an

interval I = 𝑥0 − ℎ , 𝑥0 + ℎ , ℎ > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝜖 𝐼,
𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≤ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐

A function is said to be strictly increasing at 𝒙𝟎 if there exits an

interval I = 𝑥0 − ℎ , 𝑥0 + ℎ , ℎ > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝜖 𝐼,
𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒇 𝒙𝟐
 DECREASING AT A POINT
A function is said to be decreasing at 𝒙𝟎 if there exits an
interval I = 𝑥0 − ℎ , 𝑥0 + ℎ , ℎ > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝜖 𝐼,
𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≥ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐

A function is said to be strictly decreasing at 𝒙𝟎 if there exits an

interval I = 𝑥0 − ℎ , 𝑥0 + ℎ , ℎ > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝜖 𝐼,
𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒇 𝒙𝟐
 f (x) = 2x - 19
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟏 < 𝟐𝒙𝟐 2
y

y=2⋅x−19
1

𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝟏𝟗 < 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏9 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

−1 (9, -1)

𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 −2

−3 (8, -3)

−4

−5

f (x) = 2x + 19 is strictly increasing on R.

 f (x) = 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐𝒙
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
𝒙 𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝟏 > −𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐𝒙𝟏 > 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
y

𝒇 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒇 𝒙 𝟐
2
y=19−2⋅x
1

2 4 6 8 10 12
−1
(10.5, -2)
−2

−3
(11.5, -4)
−4

−5

f (x) = 19 - 2x is strictly decreasing on R.

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
Let f be continuous on [a ,b] and differentiable
on the open interval (a , b). Then
′
f is strictly increasing in [a , b] if 𝒇 (𝒙) > 0
for each x  (a, b)
f is strictly decreasing in [a , b] if ′
𝒇 (𝒙) <0
for each x  (a, b)
f is a constant function in [a , b] if ′
𝒇 (𝒙) =0
for each x  (a, b)
 2 y

x
−π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

y=sinx
−1

−2
𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝟎 ,
𝟐
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 ,
𝟐 𝟐
 2
2 yy

1
1 y=cosx

xx
−π/2
−π/2 π/2
π/2 π
π 3π/2
3π/2 2π
2π

y=sinx
y=sinx
−1
−1

−2
−2
𝝅 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝟎 ,
𝟐 𝝅
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 > 𝟎 𝒐𝒏 𝟎 ,
𝟐
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 , ′
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 < 𝟎 𝒐𝒏 ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
TO CHECK INCREASING /DECREASING IN THE GIVEN INTERVAL
′
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇 (𝒙)

𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒇′

𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍

𝒇 ′
𝒙 > 0 , 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
′
𝒇 𝒙 < 0 , 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
′
𝒇 𝒙 = 0 , 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 f (x) = 2x - 19 f (x) = 19 - 2x

′
𝒇 (𝒙) = 2 𝒇′ (𝒙) = -2

′
𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 𝝐 𝑹 𝒇′ 𝒙 < 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 𝝐 𝑹

f (x) = 2x + 19 f (x) = 19 – 2𝒙
is strictly increasing on R. is strictly decreasing on R.
TO CHECK INTERVALS IN WHICH INCREASING /DECREASING
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇′ (𝒙)

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙

𝑺𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔

′
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒔

𝒇′ 𝒙 > 0 , 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒇′ 𝒙 < 0 , 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
 𝟐 𝒇 ′ 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒇 ′ 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔 = 0 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑅
Dividing R into two disjoint intervals at 𝒙 = 𝟏 −∞ 𝟏 , 𝟏 ∞
 
-∞ ∞
0 1
Consider −∞ 𝟏 Consider 𝟏 ∞
At 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟔 𝟎 − 𝟔 At 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟔 𝟐 − 𝟔
At 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟔 At 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟔
𝒇′ 𝒙 <0 in −∞ 𝟏 𝒇′ 𝒙 > 0 in 𝟏 ∞
𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 −∞ 𝟏 𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝟏 ∞
 yy
8
8
7
7
6
y=3⋅ −6⋅
6 y=3 2
⋅xx 2−6 ⋅x+5
x+5
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1 xx
−4
−4 −3
−3 −2
−2 −1
−1 0
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7

𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 −∞ 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝟏 ∞
 MAXIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION AT AN INTERVAL
 A function 𝒇(𝒙) is said to have a maximum
value in an interval I, if there exists a point
c in I such that 𝒇(𝒄) > 𝒇(𝒙), for all 𝒙 𝝐𝑰
 The number 𝒇(𝒄) is called the
maximum value of 𝒇 in the interval I
and the point c is called a point of
maximum value of 𝒇 in the interval I
Maximum value of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the interval (0 2) is 1
 MINIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION AT AN INTERVAL
A function 𝒇(𝒙) is said to have a minimum
value in an interval I, if there exists a point
c in I such that 𝒇 𝒄 < 𝒇(𝒙), for all 𝒙 ∈ 𝑰
 The number 𝒇(𝒄) is called the
minimum value of 𝒇 in the interval I
and the point c is called a point of
minimum value of 𝒇 in the interval I
Minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the interval (0 2) is -1
 EXTREME VALUES OF A FUNCTION AT AN INTERVAL
 A function 𝒇(𝒙) is said to have an extreme
value in an interval I if there exists a point
c in I such that 𝒇(𝒄) is either a maximum
value of a minimum value of 𝒇 in I
 The number f(c) is called the extreme value
of f in the interval I and the point c is called
an extreme point
Extreme values of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the interval (0 2) are
1 and -1
 For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
The minimum value of f(x) is 0
f(x) has no maximum value (as it is +)
For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 , −𝟐  𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
The minimum value of f(x) is 0
The maximum value of f(x) is 4
 For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 , −𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
The minimum value of f(x) is 0
f(x) has no maximum value (as if we take any real number less than 4 as
Maximum we can find another real number more than that)
For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
The Maximum value of f(x) is 0
f(x) has no Minimum value (as it is -)
For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 , −𝟐  𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
The Maximum value of f(x) is 0
The Minimum value of f(x) is − 𝟒
 For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 , −𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
The Maximum value of f(x) is 0
𝒇(𝒙) has no Minimum value (as if we take any real number more than -4 as
Minimum we can find another real number less than that)
 Find the maximum and minimum values of the function, if any, given by
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 on R

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 −𝟐
𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 ≥𝟎
The minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is obtained when 𝒙 – 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙 –𝟐 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟐
Minimum value of f(x) = 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟐 =𝟎

Minimum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐 is 0
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐 has no Maximum value
Minimum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐 is 0
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐 has no Maximum value
 LOCAL MAXIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be a real valued function and let 𝒄
be an interior point in the domain of 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒄 is called a point of local maxima if there
is an 𝒉 > 𝟎 such that 𝒇(𝒄) > 𝒇(𝒙) for all
𝒙 in (𝒄 – 𝒉 , 𝒄 + 𝒉)
The value of 𝒇(𝒄) is called the local maximum
value of 𝒇(𝒙)
Local Maximum value of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the interval (0 2) is 1
 LOCAL MINIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be a real valued function and let 𝒄
be an interior point in the domain of 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒄 is called a point of local minima if there
is an 𝒉 > 𝟎 such that 𝒇 𝒄 < 𝒇(𝒙) for all
𝒙 in (𝒄 – 𝒉 , 𝒄 + 𝒉)
The value of 𝒇(𝒄) is called the local minimum
value of 𝒇(𝒙)
Local Minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the interval (0 2) is -1
 NATURE OF DERIVATIVE AT POINT OF LOCAL MAXIMA OR LOCAL MINIMA

Let 𝒇(𝒙) be a function defined on an open

interval I. Suppose 𝒄𝑰 be any point.
If f has a local maxima or a local minima at
𝒙 = 𝒄, then either 𝒇’(𝒄) = 𝟎 or 𝒇(𝒙) is not
differentiable at c
A point at which the derivative vanishes need
not be a point of local maxima or minima
For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = sin 𝒙 , the derivate 𝒇’(𝒙) = cos 𝒙 is zero at
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
all points of local maxima and local minima 𝒙 = − ,− , , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 , the derivate 𝒇’(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 is zero at 𝒙 = 𝟎
But 𝒙 = 𝟎 is a neither a point of local maxima nor local minima
 CRITICAL POINTS OF THE FUNCTION 𝒇(𝒙)
A point 𝒄 in the domain of a function
𝒇(𝒙) at which either 𝒇’(𝒄) = 𝟎 or 𝒇(𝒙)
is not differentiable is called critical
point of 𝒇(𝒙)
At the critical points of the function 𝒇(𝒙)
the tangents to the curve 𝒇(𝒙) is parallel
to 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = sin 𝒙 , the points where derivate
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒇’(𝒙) = cos 𝒙 is zero are critical points 𝒙 = − ,− , , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = sin 𝒙 , the tangent to the curve is parallel to
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒙 – axis at all critical points 𝒙 = − ,− , , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MAXIMA OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be continuous at a critical point c in I
If 𝒇’(𝒙) > 𝟎 at every point sufficiently close to
and to the left of c, and 𝒇’(𝒙) < 𝟎 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is
a point of local maxima
If 𝒇’(𝒙) changes sign from positive to negative as
𝒙 increases through c, then c is a point of local
maxima. 𝒇(𝒄) is local maximum value.
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MAXIMA OF A FUNCTION
STEPS TO GET POINT OF LOCAL MAXIMA
1. Find 𝒇’(𝒙)
2. Solve 𝒇’(𝒙) = 0 and get the critical points
3. Consider a critical point 𝒙 = 𝒄 and take two points one to
the left of c and other right of c i.e. 𝒄 − 𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 + 𝒉, 𝒉 > 𝟎
4. Check the sign of 𝒇’(𝒙) at the points
5. If 𝒇’(𝒙) changes sign from positive to negative as 𝒙
increases through c, then c is a point of local maxima. 𝒇(𝒄) is
local maximum value.
𝒇’(𝒄 + 𝒉) > 𝟎 and 𝒇’(𝒄 – 𝒉) < 𝟎, then c is the point of local maxima
Find the local maxima or local minima value, if any for the
𝟐 𝟐
function 𝒇 𝒙 = − 𝟐 , 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 ′
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 = − 𝟐 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟐 − − 𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒙 =− 𝟐+ 𝟑
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
′
𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 =𝟎 ⇒− 𝟐+ 𝟑=𝟎 =𝟎⇒𝒙 =𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟑
Consider two points 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟗 and 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟏 close to 𝒙 = 𝟐
′ −𝟐 𝟏.𝟗 +𝟒 ′ −𝟐 𝟐.𝟏 +𝟒
𝒇 𝟏. 𝟗 = > 0 𝒇 𝟐. 𝟏 = 𝟑 < 0
𝟏.𝟗 𝟑 𝟏.𝟗
As sign of 𝒇’(𝒙) changes from positive to negative as 𝒙 increases
through c, 𝒙 = 𝟐 is a point of local maxima
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Local Maximum value = 𝒇 (𝟐) = − =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
For 𝒇 𝒙 = − ,𝒙 > 𝟎 local maximum value is at 𝒙 = 𝟐 and local maximum value =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be continuous at a critical point c in I
If 𝒇’ 𝒙 < 𝟎 at every point sufficiently close to
and to the left of c, and 𝒇’ 𝒙 > 𝟎 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is
a point of local minima
If 𝒇’(𝒙) changes sign from negative to positive as
𝒙 increases through c, then c is a point of local
minima. f(c) is the local minimum value
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
STEPS TO GET POINT OF LOCAL MINIMA
1. Find 𝒇’(𝒙)
2. Solve 𝒇’(𝒙) = 0 and get the critical points
3. Consider a critical point 𝒙 = 𝒄 and take two points one to
the left of c and other right of c i.e. 𝒄 − 𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 + 𝒉, 𝒉 > 𝟎
4. Check the sign of 𝒇’(𝒙) at the points
5. If 𝒇’(𝒙) changes sign from negative to positive as 𝒙
increases through c, then c is a point of local minima. 𝒇(𝒄) is
local minimum value.
𝒇’ 𝒄 + 𝒉 < 𝟎 and 𝒇’ 𝒄 – 𝒉 > 𝟎, then c is the point of local Minima
Find the local maxima or local minima value, if any for the
function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎
𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟓
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟒 = 𝟐
Consider two points 𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟒 and 𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟔 close to 𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟓
′
𝒇 𝟕. 𝟒 = 𝟒 𝟕. 𝟒 − 𝟑𝟎 < 0 𝒇′ 𝟕. 𝟔 = 𝟒 𝟕. 𝟔 − 𝟑𝟎 >0
As sign of 𝒇’(𝒙) changes from negative to positive as 𝒙 increases through c,
𝟏𝟓
𝒙 = is a point of local Minima
𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Local Minimum value = 𝒇 =𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
For 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 local minimum value is at 𝒙 = and local minimum value =
𝟐 𝟐
 POINT OF INFLECTION OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be continuous at a critical point c in I

If 𝒇’(𝒙) does not change sign as 𝒙

increases through c, then c is neither a
point of local maxima nor a point of
local minima
Such a point is called point of inflection
Find the local maxima or local minima value, if any for the
function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑
𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐

𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐
=𝟎 𝒙 −𝟏=𝟎⇒𝒙 =𝟏

Consider two points 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗 and 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟏 close to 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝒇′ 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗 − 𝟏 𝟐 > 0 𝒇′ 𝟏. 𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟐 > 0
As sign of 𝒇’(𝒙) does not change as 𝒙 increases through c,
𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂

𝒙 = 𝟏 is a point of inflection
For 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 , the point 𝒙 = 𝟏 is neither a point of local maxima nor point of local minima
𝒙 = 𝟏 is a point of inflection
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MAXIMA OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be continuous at a critical point c in I
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be twice differentiable at critical point c in I

If 𝒇’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒇’’(𝒄) < 𝟎, then 𝒙 = 𝒄 is a

point of local maxima
The value of 𝒇(𝒄) is the local maximum value of
𝒇(𝒙)
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MAXIMA OF A FUNCTION
STEPS TO GET POINT OF LOCAL MAXIMA

1. Find 𝒇’(𝒙)
2. Solve 𝒇’(𝒙) = 0 and get the critical points
3. Consider a critical point 𝒙 = 𝒄 and check the sign of 𝒇’’(𝒙)
′
4. If 𝒇 ’ 𝒄 < 𝟎, then c is a point of local maxima.
5. 𝒇(𝒄) is the value of local maxima

𝒇’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒇′ ’ 𝒄 < 𝟎, then c is the point of local Maxima

Find the local maxima or local minima value, if any for the
function 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 ′′
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟐
′ −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

At 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒇’’(𝟏) = −𝟐 < 𝟎
As 𝒇’’(𝒙) < 𝟎 at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟏 is the point of local maxima
𝟐
The local maximum value = f(1) = − 𝟏 +𝟐 𝟏 =𝟏
For 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 local maximum value is at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and local maximum value = 𝟏
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be continuous at a critical point c in I
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be twice differentiable at critical point c in I

If 𝒇’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒇’’ 𝒄 > 𝟎 , then 𝒙 = 𝒄 is a

point of local minima
The value of 𝒇(𝒄) is the local minimum value of
𝒇(𝒙)
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
STEPS TO GET POINT OF LOCAL MINIMA

1. Find 𝒇’(𝒙)
2. Solve 𝒇’(𝒙) = 0 and get the critical points
3. Consider a critical point 𝒙 = 𝒄 and check the sign of 𝒇’’(𝒙)
′
4. If 𝒇 ’ 𝒄 > 𝟎, then c is a point of local minima.
5. 𝒇(𝒄) is the value of local minima

𝒇’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒇′ ’ 𝒄 > 𝟎, then c is the point of local Minima

Find the local maxima or local minima value, if any for the
function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 ′′
𝒇 𝒙 =𝟐
′ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎

At 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒇’’ 𝟏 = 𝟐 > 𝟎
As 𝒇’’ 𝒙 > 𝟎 at 𝒙 = 2, 𝒙 = 𝟐 is the point of local minima
𝟐
The local minimum value = f(2) = 𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐 = −𝟒
For 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 local minimum value is at 𝒙 = 𝟐 and local minimum value = −𝟒
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST TO GET LOCAL MAXIMA / MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be continuous at a critical point c in I
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be twice differentiable at critical point c in I
If 𝒇’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒇’’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 , then second
derivative test fails
If 𝒇’ 𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒇’’ 𝒄 = 𝟎, we use the first
derivative test to check if x = c is a point of local
maxima or local minima or point of inflection
Find the local maxima or local minima value, if any for the
function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑
′ 𝟐 ′′
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙 𝟑 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙
′ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟎
At 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒇’’ 𝟎 = 𝟎 As 𝒇’’ 𝒙 = 𝟎 at 𝒙 = 0, second derivative test fails
Consider two points 𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟏 and 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏 close to 𝒙 = 𝟎
′ 𝟐
′
𝒇 −𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟏 > 0𝟐 𝒇 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟏 >0
As sign of 𝒇’(𝒙) does not change as 𝒙 increases through c,
𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂

𝒙 = 𝟎 is a point of inflection
For 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 , the point 𝒙 = 𝟎 is neither a point of local maxima nor point of local minima
𝒙 = 𝟎 is a point of inflection
DERIVATIVE TESTS TO GET LOCAL MAXIMA / MINIMA OF A FUNCTION

Use Second Derivative test for function

given as polynomials or trigonometric
functions
Use first Derivative test if second derivative
′′
test fails 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎 or if the second
𝒖
derivative is lengthy(involving form/square
𝒗
root functions)
 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
VALUE OF A FUNCTION IN A CLOSED INTERVAL
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be a continuous function on an interval
𝒂 𝒃
𝒇(𝒙) will have an absolute maximum value and
attains it at least once in the interval 𝒂 𝒃
𝒇(𝒙) will have an absolute minimum value and
attains it at least once in the interval 𝒂 𝒃
 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
VALUE OF A FUNCTION IN A CLOSED INTERVAL
Let 𝒇(𝒙) be a continuous function defined on a closed interval 𝒂 𝒃
1. Find 𝒇’(𝒙)
2. Solve 𝒇’(𝒙) = 0 and get the critical points lying in 𝒂 𝒃
3. Evaluate 𝒇(𝒙) at the end points of the interval
and critical points
4. The maximum value will be the absolute
maximum value and minimum value will be the
absolute minimum value
 PRACTCAL PROBLEMS ON MAXIMA AND MINIMA
The given quantity in the given problem to be
taken as a constant
Express the variable to be maximized or minimized in
one variable using the conditions given in the problem.
Use the second derivative test to check the local
maximum or local minimum value
Calculate the absolute maxima or absolute minimum
value
1. The minimum values of the function, if any, given by 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 is
a) 4 b) 3 c) 6 d) 1

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
−𝟏 ≤ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

−𝟏 + 𝟓 ≤ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 ≤ 𝟏 + 𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

𝟒 ≤ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 ≤ 𝟔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
Minimum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 is 𝟒
a) 4
2. The minimum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the interval 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 is attained at
𝟑𝝅
a)  b) c) 2 d) None of these
𝟐

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
′ 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 0 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 ⟹𝒙= , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
∈ 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 Consider 𝝅, , 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝝅 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅 = 𝟎 𝒇
𝟐
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐
= −𝟏 𝒇 𝟐𝝅 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟎
𝟑𝝅
The minimum value = −𝟏 attained at 𝒙 =
𝟐
𝟑𝝅
b)
𝟐
3. The function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 has local maximum at 𝒙 =
a) 3 b) 0 c) 4 d) 2

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔

𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 0 ⟹ 𝟔 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 0
6 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 =𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟑 ,𝟐 𝒇′′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎

′′
𝒇 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟎 > 𝟎 𝒇′′ 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎 < 𝟎

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 has local maximum at 𝒙 = 𝟐

d) 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 has local maximum at 𝒙 = 𝟐
4. The surface area of a sphere when its volume is increasing as the same rate as its radius is
𝟏 𝟒𝝅
a) 1 b) c) 4 d)
𝟐 𝝅 𝟑

Let S = Surface area , V = Volume, 𝒓 = radius

𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝒓
Volume is increasing as the same rate as its radius =
𝟒 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑽= 𝝅𝒓𝟑
𝟑
𝒅𝑽 𝟒 𝒅𝒓 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= 𝝅 𝟑𝒓𝟐 ⟹ 𝟏 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓 𝒓 =
𝒅𝒕 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝝅
𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟒 𝝅𝒓
𝟏
𝑺=𝟒𝝅
𝟒𝝅
a) 𝟏
5. The function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 is strictly
𝟑𝝅 𝝅
a) increasing in 𝝅 b) decreasing in 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
c) decreasing in − d) decreasing in 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 +1 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − − + 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅
The sign of 𝒇′ 𝒙 depends on 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 which is negative in 𝝅
𝟐

′
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ∈
𝟐
𝝅 b) decreasing in 𝝅
𝟐
6. A spherical ballon is inflated at the rate of 35 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄. The rate at which the surface
area is increasing when diameter is 14 cm is
a) 5 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 b) 6 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 c) 8 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 d) 10 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄

Let 𝒓 = radius, 𝑽 = Volume, 𝑺 = Surface area of the spherical balloon

𝒅𝑽
Given = 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒕
𝟒 𝟑
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓
𝟑
𝒅𝑽 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒓
⟹ = 𝝅 𝟑𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒓
⟹ 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒓 𝟑𝟓
=
𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝟑𝟓
=
𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑺= 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝑺 𝒅𝒓
⟹ = 𝟒𝝅 𝟐𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑺 𝟑𝟓 𝒅𝑺 𝟕𝟎
⟹ = 𝟖𝝅𝒓 ⟹ =
𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒓
When diameter = 14, radius = 7
𝒅𝑺 𝟕𝟎 Rate at which the surface area is increasing when
= diameter is 14 cm is 10 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝒓=𝟕 𝟕

d) 10 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
7. If the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 is decreasing for 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, then ‘a’ belong to
a) [1 ) b) [0 ) c) (0 )
d) (1 )𝒇(𝒙) is decreasing in an interval if 𝒇’(𝒙) ≤ 𝟎 in the interval
A function
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒂
As 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 is decreasing for 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒇’(𝒙) ≤ 𝟎
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒂 ≤ 𝟎
⟹ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂 The maximum value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 is 1
⟹ 𝒂 ≥ 𝟏 𝒂 ∈ [𝟏 ∞)
a) [1
)
 𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝒙 is maximum when 𝒙 =
𝟐
8. The stationary point of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒙 is
𝟏
a) 𝒙 = 𝒆 b) 𝒙 = c) 𝒙 = 𝟏 d) 𝒙 = 𝒆
𝒆

Stationary point of a function 𝒇(𝒙) is a point where 𝒇’(𝒙) = 𝟎

𝒙
𝒚= 𝒙
Taking log on both sides

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Differentiating with respect to 𝒙
𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
=𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝟏)
𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝒅𝒚
= 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
𝒚 𝒅𝒙
9. The maximum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = − 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟑 on R is
a) 𝟑 b)– 𝟑 c) 2 d) No Maximum value
𝒇 𝒙 =− 𝒙+𝟏 +𝟑
𝒙+𝟏 ≥𝟎
− 𝒙+𝟏 ≤𝟎
− 𝒙+𝟏 +𝟑≤𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 =− 𝒙+𝟏 +𝟑≤𝟑
The maximum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is 3

a) 𝟑
The maximum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is 3
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒙𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝒆𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝟏
𝟏
𝒙=
𝒆

𝟏
b) 𝒙 =
𝒆
 𝟏
10.Assertion: The maximum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is
𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏 ≤ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− ≤ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 ≤ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
The maximum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is
𝟐
Assertion is True
Reason : A function 𝒇 𝒙 attains its local maximum at 𝒙 = 𝒂 if 𝒇′′ 𝒂 > 𝟎
A function attaints its local maximum at 𝒙 = 𝒂 when 𝒇′′ 𝒂 < 𝟎
Reason is false
b) A is true but R is false
 𝟏
The maximum value of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is
𝟐
11. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2
cm/s At what rate is its area increasing when the side of the triangle
is 20 cm ?
Let 𝒙 be the side of the equilateral triangle
Let 𝑨 be the Area of the equilateral triangle
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟐
Given = 2 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 Area at any time t = A = 𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝟒

𝒅𝑨 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝑨 𝟑 𝒅𝑨
= × 𝟐𝒙 = × 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝟒 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟒 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑨
When 𝒙 = 20, = 𝟐𝟎 𝟑
𝒅𝒕

Area of triangle is increasing at the rate of 𝟐𝟎 𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅

12. Find the local maxima and local minima, if any, for
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓,

𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗
′′
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
′ 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
⇒ 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟐
⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
⇒ 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟑 − (𝒙 − 𝟑) = 𝟎
⇒ 𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏 =𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟑
The critical point are 𝟏, 𝟑 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Consider 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒇′′ 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐

𝒇′′ 𝟏 = 𝟔 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟔 < 𝟎

As 𝒇’’ 𝒙 < 𝟎 at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟏 is the point of local maxima

Consider 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝒇′′ 𝟑 = 𝟔 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐 =𝟔 >𝟎

As 𝒇’’ 𝒙 > 𝟎 at 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒙 = 𝟑 is the point of local minima

For 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓, local maximum value 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏,
local minimum value 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟑
13. Find the points of local maxima and local minima and the
corresponding maximum and minimum values of the function
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙
′
𝒅
𝟑 𝟑
𝒅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
′ 𝟑 𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) + 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟐 (𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟐 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙

 ′
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙
Differentiating again with respect to 𝒙

𝒅
𝒇′′ 𝒙 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝟒𝒙 𝒇′′ 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙
𝒅𝒙
For critical points, 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 0

𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟒𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛
𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝅 ⟹ 𝟎 < 𝟒𝒙 < 𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝒙 = 𝝅, 𝟐𝝅, 𝟑𝝅
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒙= , , 𝒙= , ,
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
 ′′ 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒙= , ,
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇 ′′
𝟒
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒
𝟒
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅 = −𝟒 −𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇′′ > 𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟒

𝟒 𝟒 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 has local minimum value at 𝒙 =
𝟒
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝝅
The local minimum value is given by 𝒇 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝒇
𝝅
=
𝟏
+
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
𝟒 = + 𝒇 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
 ′′ 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒙= , ,
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇 ′′
𝟒
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒
𝟒
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅 = −𝟒 −𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇′′ > 𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟒

𝟒 𝟒 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 has local minimum value at 𝒙 =
𝟒
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝝅
The local minimum value is given by 𝒇 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝒇
𝝅
=
𝟏
+
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
𝟒 = + 𝒇 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
 ′′ 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒙= , ,
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇 ′′
𝟐
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒
𝟐
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅 = −𝟒 𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝒇′′ < 𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐

𝟒 𝟒 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 has local maximum value at 𝒙 =
𝟐
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝝅
The local minimum value is given by 𝒇 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒇
𝝅
= 𝟏 𝟒
+ 𝟎 𝟒
=𝟏+𝟎
𝝅
𝟐 𝒇 =𝟏
𝟐
 ′′ 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒙= , ,
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝒇′′
𝟒
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒
𝟒
= −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝝅 = −𝟒 −𝟏

′′
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 > 𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒 𝟑𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 has local minimum value at 𝒙 =
𝟒
𝟑𝝅 𝟒 𝟑𝝅 𝟒 𝟑𝝅
The local minimum value is given by 𝒇 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝅 + = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅 + = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 =−
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐

𝟑𝝅 𝟏
𝟒
𝟏
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝝅 𝟏
𝒇 = + − = + 𝒇 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟏
𝒇 = 𝒇 =𝟏 𝒇 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
14. Find the maximum and minimum values of
𝟏 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝟐
𝟏 𝒅
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟎 ; 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟎 ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙 = ;𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙 = ;𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
𝒙= ∈ 𝟎
𝟔 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
Consider 𝒙 = 𝟎, ,
𝟔 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 𝟎 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎 = 𝟎 + (𝟏) 𝒇 𝟎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟑
𝒇 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = + 𝒇 =
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
𝒇 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅 = 𝟏 + −𝟏 𝒇 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 𝟏 𝝅 𝟑 𝝅 𝟏
𝒇 𝟎 = 𝒇 = 𝒇 =
𝟐 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
The absolute maximum value is and the point of
𝟒
𝝅
maxima is 𝒙 =
𝟔
𝟏
The absolute minimum value is and the points
𝟐
𝝅
of minima is 𝒙 = 𝟎,
𝟐
 𝟑 𝝅
The absolute maximum value is and the point of maxima is 𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟔
𝟏 𝝅
The absolute minimum value is and the points of minima is 𝒙 = 𝟎,
𝟐 𝟐
15. Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit
function is given by 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 , where 𝒙 is the
number of units and P is profit in rupees
𝑷 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝑷′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝑷′′ 𝒙 = −𝟐
𝑷′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏
′′
When 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝑷 𝒙 = −𝟐 < 𝟎
Profit is maximum when 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏
𝟐
Maximum profit = 𝑷 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐(𝟐𝟏) − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟑
 𝟐
Maximum profit = 𝑷 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐(𝟐𝟏) − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟑
16. Show that the cylindrical vessel of given volume has the
least surface area when the height is twice its radius
Let 𝒓 be the radius of the cylinder
Let 𝒉 be the height of the cylinder
Let 𝑽 be the Volume of the cylinder
As 𝑽 is given, Volume is constant
𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
𝑽
𝒉=
𝝅𝒓𝟐
 𝑽
𝒉=
𝝅𝒓𝟐
Let 𝑺 be the Surface Area of the cylinder
𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑽 𝟐 𝟐𝑽 𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝑺= + 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝝅𝒓 𝒓
Differentiating with respect to 𝒓
𝒅𝑺 𝟏
= 𝟐𝑽 − 𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝒓)
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝑺 𝟐𝑽
= − 𝟐 + 𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
 𝒅𝑺 𝟐𝑽
= − 𝟐 + 𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟐
Again Differentiating with respect to 𝒓 = −𝟐𝑽 − 𝟑 + 𝟒𝝅
𝒅𝒓 𝟐 𝒓
𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟒𝑽
𝟐
= 𝟑 + 𝟒𝝅
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝑺 𝟐𝑽
= 𝟎 ⟹ − 𝟐 + 𝟒𝝅𝒓 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝟐𝑽
⟹ 𝟐 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝒓
𝟑
𝟐𝑽
𝟑 𝟑
𝑽
⟹ 𝟐𝑽 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓 ⟹𝒓 = 𝒓 =
𝟒𝝅 𝟐𝝅
 𝟑
𝑽 𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟒𝑽
𝒓 = 𝟐
= 𝟑 + 𝟒𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝟑 𝑽 𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟒𝑽
When 𝒓 = , = 𝑽 + 𝟒𝝅 > 𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒓𝟐
𝟐𝝅

𝟑 𝑽
When 𝒓 = , the surface area is minimum
𝟐𝝅
𝟑
𝑽 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝒉
𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅
𝟑
⟹𝒓 = ⟹ 𝟐𝒓 = 𝒉
𝟐𝝅
Hence, for the cylinder of given volume when the
surface area is minimum then the height is twice the
radius
17. An Architect designs a garden in a residential complex. The garden is in the shape of a
rectangle inscribed in a large circle of radius 20 m.
a) Find the maximum area of the garden

Gravelling path

O
20 m
y
x
M A
Gravelling path

Let length of rectangle = 𝟐𝒙 and breath of rectangle = 𝟐𝒚

𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
From OMA, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

Area of rectangle = 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚

Area of rectangle A= 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐

𝑨 = 𝟒 𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝑨 𝟏
=𝟒 𝒙 × −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝑨 −𝒙𝟐
=𝟒 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝑨 −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
=𝟒
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
=𝟒
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
=𝟒
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
=𝟒 =𝟎 ⟹ 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝒅𝑨 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
=𝟖
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐

𝟐 𝟏
𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙 × −𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
=𝟖
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 × −𝟐𝒙
𝒅 𝑨 𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
=𝟖
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒙
𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 ×
𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
=𝟖
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
=𝟖 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝑨 −𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙

𝟐
=𝟖 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒙
𝟐
=𝟖 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
 𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒙
𝟐
=𝟖 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒙
𝟐
=𝟖 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝑨 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝑨𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
=𝟖 𝟑
<𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐

Area is maximum when 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐

Maximum Area = 𝟒𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
Maximum Area = 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒎
b) Find the area of the minimum gravelling path

Gravelling path

O
20 m
y
x

Gravelling path

Area of minimum gravelling path = Area of circle − Area of the park

= 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝝅 − 𝟖𝟎𝟎

= 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝝅 − 𝟐 𝒎𝟐
18. Of all the right cylindrical cans of volume 128  𝒄𝒎𝟑 , find the dimensions
of the can which has minimum surface area.
Let 𝒓 be the radius of the cylinder
Let 𝒉 be the height of the cylinder
Let 𝑽 be the Surface of the cylinder
𝟑
V = 128 𝝅 𝒄𝒎
𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝝅 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒉= 𝒉=
𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐
 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒉= 𝟐
𝒓
Let 𝑺 be the Surface Area of the cylinder
𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅 + 𝒓𝟐
𝒓𝟐 𝒓
Differentiating with respect to 𝒓
𝒅𝑺 𝟏𝟐𝟖
= 𝟐𝝅 − 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝑺 𝟔𝟒
= 𝟒𝝅 − 𝟐 + 𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
 𝒅𝑺 𝟔𝟒
= 𝟒𝝅 − 𝟐 + 𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟐
Again Differentiating with respect to 𝒓 = 𝟒𝝅 −𝟔𝟒 − 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒓 𝟐 𝒓
𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝟐
= 𝟒𝝅 𝟑
+𝟏
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝑺 𝟔𝟒
= 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟒𝝅 − 𝟐 + 𝒓 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝟔𝟒
⟹ 𝟐 =𝒓
𝒓
⟹ 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒓=𝟒
 𝒓=𝟒 𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝟐
= 𝟒𝝅 𝟑
+𝟏
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝒅𝟐 𝑺 𝟏𝟐𝟖
When 𝒓 = 𝟒, = 𝟒𝝅 +𝟏 >𝟎
𝒅𝒓𝟐 𝟐𝟑
When 𝒓 = 𝟒, the surface area is minimum
𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒓=𝟒 ⟹𝒉=
𝟒𝟐
⟹𝒉=𝟖

Hence, for the cylinder of volume 128  𝒄𝒎 when the

𝟑

surface area is minimum, radius = 4 cm and height = 8 cm

19. Find the point on the curve 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 which is nearest to
the point (−𝟏 𝟐)
𝟐
Let 𝑷(𝒙 , 𝒚) be the point on the curve 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚
Let D be the distance between the points 𝑷(𝒙 , 𝒚) and (−𝟏 𝟐)
𝑫= 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟐 𝟐

𝟐
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑫
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+𝟏 + −𝟐
𝟒
 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+𝟏 + −𝟐
𝟒
𝟐
𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+𝟏 + −𝟐
𝟒

𝟐 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + −𝟒 +𝟒
𝟏𝟔 𝟒
𝒙𝟒
𝟐 𝒙𝟒 𝟐 𝒇 𝒙 = + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + −𝒙 +𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟔
Differentiating with respect to 𝒙
𝟏 𝟑
′ 𝟑
𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 +𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒙 = +𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝟒
 𝟑
𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝒙
′′
𝟏
𝟒
+𝟐 ⟹𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐
𝟑
𝟒
𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ +𝟐=𝟎
𝟒
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
𝟒
= −𝟐 ⟹ 𝒙 = −𝟖 𝒙 = −𝟐
𝟑
′′
At 𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒇 −𝟐 = 𝟒
−𝟐 𝟐 At 𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒇′′ −𝟐 > 𝟎
When 𝒙 = −𝟐, the distance will be minimum
−𝟐 𝟐
When 𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒚 = =𝟏
𝟒
The point on the curve 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 which is nearest to the point
(−𝟏 𝟐) is (−𝟐 𝟏)
The point on the curve 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 which is nearest to the point (−𝟏 𝟐) is (−𝟐 𝟏)
20. A house is being constructed and a lot of planning to put into it. Now a person is confused
about the window. He wants the window in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a
semicircle such that the perimeter of the window is to be 10 meters. If radius of the
semicircle portions is ‘𝒓’ meters and height of the rectangular portion is ‘𝒙’ meters.
a) Write a relation between 𝒙 and 𝒓
Radius of semicircle = 𝒓
Height of rectangle= 𝒙
Perimeter of window = 10
Perimeter of rectangle + Perimeter of semicircle = 10
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒓) + 𝝅𝒓 = 10
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝝅 𝒓 = 10
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 + 𝝅 𝒓
𝒙=
𝟐
b) Represent the area in terms of ‘𝒓’
Area of Window = Area of rectangle + Area of semicircle
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 + 𝝅 𝒓
𝑨 = 𝒙 × 𝟐𝒓 + 𝝅𝒓 𝒙=
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐+𝝅 𝒓 𝟏
𝑨= × 𝟐𝒓 + 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓 − (𝟐 + 𝝅)𝒓𝟐 + 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓 − 𝟐𝒓 − 𝝅𝒓 + 𝝅𝒓
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝝅
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓 − 𝟐𝒓 − 𝝅𝒓 𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓 − 𝒓 𝟐+
𝟐 𝟐
c) Find the critical point, with respect to area, in terms of ‘𝒓’
𝝅
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓 − 𝒓𝟐 𝟐+
𝟐
Differentiating with respect to r
𝒅𝑨 𝟒+𝝅 𝒅𝑨
= 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒓 𝟒 + 𝝅
𝒅𝒓 𝟐 𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝑨
=𝟎 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒓 𝟒 + 𝝅 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒓
𝟏𝟎
𝒓=
𝟒+𝝅