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Lecture Slides 12

Chapter 3 discusses the Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation and its application to finite potential wells, detailing the behavior of electrons within classically allowed and forbidden regions. It explains the symmetry and parity of wavefunctions, providing solutions for both even and odd parity states. The chapter concludes with a mention of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, emphasizing the existence of at least one bound state regardless of the well's depth.

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4 views16 pages

Lecture Slides 12

Chapter 3 discusses the Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation and its application to finite potential wells, detailing the behavior of electrons within classically allowed and forbidden regions. It explains the symmetry and parity of wavefunctions, providing solutions for both even and odd parity states. The chapter concludes with a mention of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, emphasizing the existence of at least one bound state regardless of the well's depth.

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ANIME Bangladesh
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3: Elementary Quantum Physics

Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation

Continue ….

1
Finite Potential Well

• Problem: Electrons in a
potential well with finite
potential barrier
𝑎
𝑉0 𝑥≤−
2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑉 𝑥 = 0 − ≤𝑥≤+
2 2
𝑎
𝑉0 𝑥≥+
2

2
Classically Allowed Region (𝑬 > 𝑽𝟎 )

• S.E.:

• Solution:
𝐴1 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 region I
ψ 𝑥 = 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 region II
𝐴3 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵3 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 region III

2𝑚𝑒 𝐸−𝑉
region I and III
ħ2
Here, k =
2𝑚𝑒 𝐸
ħ2
region II

• These result in traveling wave solution everywhere.


3
Classically Forbidden Region (𝑬 < 𝑽𝟎 )

• Divide the problem into 3 regions:


A, B, and C
• Regions A and C  Classically
forbidden regions
• Region B: 𝑉 = 0
𝑑2 ψ 2 ψ=0
• TISE: 2 + 𝑘
𝑑𝑥
2𝑚𝑒 𝐸
here, 𝑘2 =
ħ2
• Solution: ψ𝐵 𝑥 = 𝐵1 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥
or, in terms of sine and cosine functions: ψ𝐵 𝑥 = 𝐵1 cos 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵2 sin(𝑘𝑥)

4
Classically Forbidden Region (𝑬 < 𝑽𝟎 )
• Region A and C: 𝑉 = 𝑉0
𝑎 𝑎
• For 𝑥 ≤ − , and 𝑥 ≥ +
2 2
𝑑2 ψ
S.E.: − 𝛼 2 ψ=0
𝑑𝑥 2
2 2𝑚𝑒 𝑉0 −𝐸
here, 𝛼 =
ħ2
Solutions:
ψ𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥
ψ𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥

• For bounded solutions:


𝐴2 = 0 (since 𝑥<0 in this region)
and, 𝐶1 = 0 (since 𝑥 >0 in this region)
5
Bound Solution
𝑎
For 𝑥 ≤ − 2
𝑎 𝑎
For − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ + 2
𝑎
For 𝑥 ≥ + 2

6
Symmetry/Parity of the Wavefunctions
• If V(x) has symmetry around a
certain point (here, around x=0
point) 
o The wavefunctions must have
symmetry around that point

o So, a wavefunction must contain


either Cosine function only (even
parity or symmetric) or Sine
function only (odd parity or
antisymmetric).

So,
ψ𝐵 𝑥 = 𝐵1 cos 𝑘𝑥 (Even parity)

or, ψ𝐵 𝑥 = 𝐵2 sin(𝑘𝑥) (Odd parity)


7
Symmetric Wavefunctions (Even Parity States)
𝑎
For 𝑥 ≤ − 2
𝑎 𝑎
For − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ + 2
𝑎
For 𝑥 ≥ +
2

8
Symmetric Wavefunctions (Even Parity States)
𝒂
• At 𝒙 = + 𝟐:
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 −𝛼 2
ψ + = 𝐵1 cos 𝑘 = 𝐶2 𝑒
2 2
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 −𝛼
ψ′ + = −𝑘𝐵1 sin 𝑘 = −𝛼𝐶2 𝑒 2
2 2

Dividing the second equation by the first one gives:


𝑘𝑎 𝛼
tan =
2 𝑘

𝜋 𝐸 𝑉0
tan = −1 An equation with one unknown (E)
2 𝐸𝐿 𝐸

ħ2 𝜋 2
Here, 𝐸𝐿 = infinite well ground state energy =
2𝑚𝑒 𝑎2

9
Anti-Symmetric Wavefunctions (Odd Parity States)

𝑎
For 𝑥 < − 2
𝑎 𝑎
For − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ + 2
𝑎
For 𝑥 > +
2

10
Antisymmetric Wavefunctions (Odd Parity States)
𝒂
• At 𝒙 = + 𝟐:
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 −𝛼 2
ψ + = 𝐵2 sin 𝑘 = 𝐶2 𝑒
2 2
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 −𝛼
ψ′ + = 𝑘𝐵2 cos 𝑘 = −𝛼𝐶2 𝑒 2
2 2

Dividing the second equation by the first one gives:

𝑘𝑎 𝛼
cot =−
2 𝑘

𝜋 𝐸 𝑉0
− cot = −1 An equation with one unknown (E)
2 𝐸𝐿 𝐸

ħ2 𝜋 2
Here, 𝐸𝐿 = infinite well ground state energy =
2𝑚𝑒 𝑎2 11
Allowed Energy
Remember: 𝑬 < 𝑽𝟎

• There is always at least one bound state/solution, no matter


how shallow the well is.
12
Example: When 𝑽𝟎 = 𝟓𝑬𝑳

• Note: The higher the electron energy, the lower the effective
confining potential, and the greater the penetration into the
barriers.

13
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

14
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

15
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

16

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