1. Define cutting speed and cutting time for a lathe?

Cutting Speed (V):

Cutting speed is the speed at which the cutting tool engages with the surface of the
workpiece. In a lathe, it refers to the peripheral speed of the workpiece (since the
workpiece rotates).
Definition:
Cutting speed is the distance traveled by a point on the circumference of the
workpiece in one minute.
Formula:
V= Πdn/1000 (in m/min)
Where:
V = Cutting speed in meters per minute (m/min)
D = Diameter of the workpiece in mm
N = Rotational speed of the workpiece in revolutions per minute (rpm)

2. Explain Taylor’s Equation for tool life.

Taylor’s tool life equation is a widely used empirical relationship that connects
cutting speed with tool life in machining operations.
Equation:
V⋅Tn=C
Where:
V = Cutting speed (m/min)
T = Tool life (minutes)
n = Tool life exponent (depends on tool and work material)
C = Constant (depends on the tool-work combination)
Explanation:
• As cutting speed increases, the tool life decreases.
• The equation shows an inverse power relationship between cutting speed and tool
life.
• The value of nnn determines how sensitive tool life is to changes in cutting speed.

3. List various operations that can be performed on a milling machine

1. Plain (Slab) Milling
• Producing flat surfaces using the periphery of a horizontal milling cutter.
• Workpiece is mounted parallel to the cutter axis.
2. Face Milling
• Producing flat surfaces using the face of the cutter.
• Commonly done on vertical milling machines.
 3. Angular Milling
• Milling flat surfaces at an angle to the axis of the cutter.
• Uses an angular milling cutter or tilts the workpiece.
4. Form Milling
• Producing curved or irregular surfaces using specially shaped cutters.
• Used for gears, cams, and other complex shapes.
5. Side Milling
• Cutting vertical surfaces on the side of a workpiece using the side of the
cutter.
6. Straddle Milling
• Simultaneous side milling on both sides of a workpiece using two side
cutters.
• Used to mill parallel surfaces in one pass.
7. Gang Milling
• Using multiple cutters mounted on the same arbor to perform multiple
operations in a single pass.
8. Slotting
• Cutting narrow slots or keyways using a narrow cutter.
9. Groove Milling
• Creating grooves on the surface or along the length of the workpiece.
10. Gear Cutting
• Using a form cutter or involute cutter to create gear teeth.
11. Helical Milling
• Producing helical grooves or flutes (e.g., threads, twist drills).
• Requires coordinated movement between table feed and cutter rotation.
12. Thread Milling
• Producing internal or external threads using a multi-point cutter.
• Provides better chip evacuation than tapping.
13. Profile Milling
• Following a contour or irregular surface using CNC milling.
• Often used in mold or die making.
14. End Milling
• Producing slots, pockets, and contours using an end mill cutter.
• Can cut in all directions (X, Y, Z axes).
15. Drilling, Boring & Reaming (on vertical mills)
• Drilling holes, enlarging existing ones (boring), and finishing holes
(reaming) using appropriate attachments.
4. How do you specify (a) portable drilling machine (b) radial drilling
machine (c) multiple spindle drilling machine.
(a) Portable Drilling Machine:
A portable drilling machine is a lightweight, handheld machine used for drilling
holes in large or immovable workpieces.
Specification includes:
1. Maximum drilling diameter (in mm) — e.g., 10 mm, 13 mm
2. Motor power (in watts or HP) — e.g., 500 W
3. Speed range (RPM) — e.g., 500–3000 rpm
4. Type of motor — AC/DC, single/three-phase
5. Weight — e.g., 2.5 kg
6. Chuck capacity — e.g., 1.5–13 mm
7. Type of mounting — hand-held or clamp-on
Example:
Portable electric drilling machine, 13 mm capacity, 600 W, 1200–3000 rpm, single-
phase, 2.7 kg.

(b) Radial Drilling Machine:

A radial drilling machine is used for drilling large and heavy workpieces. The spindle
moves along a radial arm which can rotate and move vertically.
Specification includes:
1. Maximum drilling diameter (in mm) — e.g., 50 mm
2. Column diameter
3. Length and height of the radial arm
4. Spindle travel (quill movement)
5. Number of spindle speeds and range
6. Motor power (main and feed)
7. Base size and overall dimensions
Example:
Radial drilling machine, 50 mm drilling capacity, 1500 mm arm length, 300 mm
column dia, 150 mm spindle travel, 1.5 HP motor, 8 speeds (100–1500 rpm).

(c) Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine:

This machine has multiple spindles driven by a single motor, used to drill several
holes simultaneously.
Specification includes:
1. Number of spindles — e.g., 4, 6, 12, etc.
2. Distance between spindles
3. Maximum drilling diameter per spindle
4. Motor power
 5. Table size and feed mechanism
6. Spindle speed range
Example:
6-spindle drilling machine, 12 mm capacity per spindle, 100 mm center distance
between spindles, 2 HP motor, 4-speed gearbox (400–1600 rpm), auto-feed table.