• Problems with high frequency noise,
discontinuity in error and non-causal system
• Practical approximations to PD/PI/PID controllers - Lead/Lag/Lead-lag compensators
• Implemented using passive components
• Lead compensators- helps in high frequency noise cancellation and makes the system causal (for PD)
• Lag compensators - increase relative stability (for PI)
Lead compensator - using R and C:
Lead compensator design guidelines
• Set K as per ess
• From Bode plot of uncompensated system measure PM and GM
• Calculate phase lead angle to be added to achieve required PM
• Add 5˚ to 12˚ margin to calculated phase lead angle to cater for shift in ωg due to compensator
(ϕm)
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(∅ )
• Calculate 𝜶 = 𝟏⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏(∅ )
𝒎
• Calculate ωm (gain is 10log(𝜶))
𝟏
• Calculate T1: = 𝑻𝟏 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
𝜶𝝎 )
√ 𝒎
• Check if all design specification met - else repeate all the steps with new value of ϕm computed