Facultad de Ingeniería Electrónica y Eléctrica
PH y SOLUCIONES AMORTIGUADORAS
Profesor: Zeballos Alva, Jorge Antonio
Integrantes:
Arias Valer, Camila Sukai
Cardenas Hermoza, Leonardo Samuel
Mamani Roque, Kharlo Jeanndhet
Navarro Florez, Marco Antonio
SUBTEMA 1
Biochemistry is the study of
chemical processes and substances
in living organisms.
It explains how molecules like
proteins, DNA, and enzymes work
together to keep life functioning.
WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY ?
Biochemistry is the study of
chemical processes and substances
in living organisms.
It explains how molecules like
proteins, DNA, and enzymes work
together to keep life functioning.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Atoms are the smallest units of matter
that make up all substances, including
living things.
When atoms bond together, they form
molecules—essential compounds like
water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
that are vital for life.
How We Get Macromolecules
You get macromolecules mainly by eating food!
Bread carbs for energy
Meat proteins for building
Butter lipids for storage
Fruits various nutrients, even DNA!
The Connection to Life
Every breath, heartbeat, and thought involves
macromolecules:
Carbs fuel your brain
Proteins form enzymes to digest food
Lipids protect your organs
DNA tells your cells how to work
Life would not be possible without macromolecules!
The Four Main Types of Macromolecules
Lipids Nucleic Acids
Function Store long-term energy Function Store and transmit genetic
: and insulate the body : information
Monomer Fatty acids + glycerol Monomer Nucleotides
: :
Examples Oils, butter Examples DNA, RNA
: :
The Four Main Types of Macromolecules
Lipids Nucleic Acids
Function Store long-term energy Function Store and transmit genetic
: and insulate the body : information
Monomer Fatty acids + glycerol Monomer Nucleotides
: :
Examples Oils, butter Examples DNA, RNA
: :
What are Macromolecules?
Macromolecules are huge molecules made
by joining many smaller molecules (called
monomers) together.
They are essential for life—everything from
your muscles to your DNA is made of
them!
RADIO WAVES
These are the waves that allow us to
listen to the radio. They have long
wavelengths and low frequencies.
Radio waves are used for
broadcasting music, news, and
other information.
THE BIG FOUR BIOMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATE PROTEINS LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS
S
Provide quick energy Build and repair body Store long-term energy; Carry genetic information
(e.g., glucose, starch). tissues; made of amino include fats, oils, and (DNA & RNA).
acids. hormones.
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Soluciones
Amortiguadoras
Biochemistry is the study of
chemical processes and substances
in living organisms.
It explains how molecules like
proteins, DNA, and enzymes work
together to keep life functioning.
Atoms and Molecules
Atoms are the smallest units of
matter that make up all substances,
including living things.
When atoms bond together, they
form molecules—essential
compounds like water (H₂O) and
carbon dioxide (CO₂) that are vital
for life.
Water – The Universal Solvent
Water makes up It dissolves and It helps regulate body
about 60% of the transports nutrients, temperature and
human body and is gases, and waste supports chemical
essential for life. throughout the body. reactions in cells.
ANÁLISIS PREPARACIÓN PROPUESTAS
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enim nec nisl ullamcorper eleifend. enim nec nisl ullamcorper eleifend. enim nec nisl ullamcorper eleifend.
Praesent risus leo, fringilla et ipsum. Praesent risus leo, fringilla et ipsum. Praesent risus leo, fringilla et ipsum.
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justo. Duis bibendum eu est at rutrum.
PLAN DE ACCIÓN
ETAPA 2 ETAPA 4
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PH AND HOMEOSTASIS
pH measures how acidic or basic a
substance is; the human body
maintains a stable blood pH around 7.4.
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to
keep internal conditions (like
temperature and pH) balanced for
survival.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration is the process by which
cells convert glucose and oxygen into
energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
It provides the energy needed for all
cellular activities, like movement,
growth, and repair.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to produce
glucose (food) and oxygen.
It takes place in the chloroplasts of
plant cells and provides the oxygen
we breathe.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to produce
glucose (food) and oxygen.
It takes place in the chloroplasts of
plant cells and provides the oxygen
we breathe.
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SUBTEMA 3
Biochemistry is the study of
chemical processes and substances
in living organisms.
It explains how molecules like
proteins, DNA, and enzymes work
together to keep life functioning.
Mapa de Ideas
Idea Creativa Idea Original
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adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor
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enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation
ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
consequat. consequat.
Sobre el Proyecto
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ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad
minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco
laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Resultados
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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
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MACROMOLECULES AND MONOMERS
MACROMOLECULES MONOMERS
1. Macromolecules are large, complex 1. Monomers are small, repeating
molecules essential for life, such as units that join together to form
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and macromolecules.
nucleic acids.
2. Examples include amino acids
2. They perform vital roles like storing
energy, building cells, and carrying
(for proteins), simple sugars
genetic information. (for carbohydrates), and
nucleotides (for DNA/RNA).
DNA –
THE BLUEPRINT OF LIFE
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) carries the genetic
instructions used to build and operate all living
organisms.
It is made of nucleotides, which include a sugar,
phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A, T, C, G).
DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and is passed
from parents to offspring.
It tells cells which proteins to make, controlling
traits like eye color, height, and more.
METABOLISM
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical It includes two main processes: catabolism
reactions in the body that keep you (breaking down molecules for energy) and
alive—like breaking down food and anabolism (building up molecules for
building new cells. growth and repair).
Base pairs
Each nucleotide has a base. There are four
different bases in DNA: thymine (T),
adenine, (A), guanine (G) and cytosine
(C).
A and T are a pair. G and C are another
pair. The complementary pairs are
hydrogen bonded together. This
maintains the DNA structure.
QUICK RECALL:
Note that: Gene refers to a small section of the
DNA, and the DNA makes up the chromosomes
in our body.
DNA
Gene Chromosome
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
It stores and transmits
It is responsible for the
genetic information
It determines the traits replication and
(genes) essential for an
and functions of making distribution of genetic
organism’s growth,
proteins in the body. materials (DNA) during
development and
cell division.
reproduction.
RESEARCH ABOUT HOW CHARLES
DARWIN DOCUMENTED THE EVOLUTION
OF THE FINCH SPECIES AND EXPLAIN
HOW VARIATION AND NATURAL
SELECTION OCCURRED.
Base pairs
Each nucleotide has a base.
There are four different bases in
DNA: thymine (T), adenine, (A),
guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
A and T are a pair. G and C are
another pair. The
complementary pairs are
hydrogen bonded together. This
maintains the DNA structure.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to produce
glucose (food) and oxygen.
It takes place in the chloroplasts of
plant cells and provides the oxygen
we breathe.
Macromolecules and Monomers
Macromolecules Monomers
1.Macromolecules are large,
complex molecules essential for 1.Monomers are small, repeating
life, such as proteins, units that join together to form
carbohydrates, lipids, and macromolecules.
nucleic acids. 2.Examples include amino acids
2.They perform vital roles like (for proteins), simple sugars (for
storing energy, building cells, carbohydrates), and nucleotides
and carrying genetic (for DNA/RNA).
information.
The Big Four Biomolecules
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
Provide quick energy Build and repair body Store long-term energy; Carry genetic
(e.g., glucose, starch). tissues; made of amino include fats, oils, and information (DNA &
acids. hormones. RNA).
Definición y función de
los buffers
Una solución amortiguadora (buffer) es
un sistema formado por un ácido débil
y su base conjugada, o por una base
débil y su ácido conjugado.
Su función principal es mantener el pH
relativamente constante, aun cuando
se añadan pequeñas cantidades de
ácidos o bases.
Ejemplos: ácido acético/acetato,
bicarbonato/CO₂, amoníaco/amonio.
Aplicaciones en biotecnología
En fermentación
En cultivos celulares, Se utilizan microbiana, neutralizan
el pH fisiológico (7,2– bicarbonato-CO₂ y los ácidos y bases
7,4) es esencial para HEPES para conservar generados por el
la viabilidad. condiciones estables. metabolismo.
Buffers en laboratorios moleculares
TBE y TAE Tris-HCl
TBE y TAE: mantienen el pH en Tris-HCl: estabiliza proteínas y
electroforesis, permitiendo una mantiene enzimas activas en
migración uniforme de ADN y experimentos de biología
ARN. molecular.
Son esenciales para obtener resultados
reproducibles y proteger biomoléculas de la
degradación.
Buffers en alimentos
Controlan la acidez, el Ejemplo: el citrato en
sabor y el color de los bebidas regula la acidez y
alimentos. mejora el perfil sensorial.
Previenen la oxidación y
la rancidez de grasas, Prolongan la vida útil y la
manteniendo el valor calidad de los productos
nutritivo. alimenticios.
Buffers en cosmética y
productos de higiene
La piel mantiene un pH natural de 4,5–5,5.
Los buffers en cosméticos y productos de
higiene ayudan a preservar este equilibrio.
Evitan irritación cutánea y protegen la
microbiota natural.
Presentes en champús, cremas, jabones
líquidos y pastas dentales.
Diseño de buffers en investigación
La selección depende de: Tris (pKa 8,1)
Tris (pKa 8,1), ampliamente usado en
pKa cercano al pH de trabajo.
biología molecular.
Rango de amortiguación adecuado.
Un diseño apropiado evita errores y
Compatibilidad con enzimas, células o
asegura resultados confiables.
moléculas.
Ejemplo práctico:
preparación en laboratorio
Buffer fosfato (PBS): combinación
de NaH₂PO₄ y Na₂HPO₄.
Se ajusta la proporción de sales
hasta lograr el pH deseado (7,2–7,4).
El valor final se verifica con un pH-
metro.
Usos frecuentes: cultivos celulares,
biología molecular y conservación
de muestras.
Buffers fisiológicos en el
organismo
El sistema bicarbonato/ácido carbónico
regula el pH sanguíneo (7,35–7,45).
La anhidrasa carbónica acelera el equilibrio
entre CO₂ y HCO₃⁻.
La hemoglobina también actúa como buffer,
facilitando el transporte de oxígeno (efecto
Bohr).
Son ejemplos de amortiguadores naturales
que garantizan la homeostasis.
Síntesis general y
relevancia
BIBLIOGRAFIAS
Atoms are the smallest units of
matter that make up all substances,
including living things.
When atoms bond together, they
form molecules—essential
compounds like water (H₂O) and
carbon dioxide (CO₂) that are vital
for life.
BIBLIOGRAFIAS
Atoms are the smallest units of
matter that make up all substances,
including living things.
When atoms bond together, they
form molecules—essential
compounds like water (H₂O) and
carbon dioxide (CO₂) that are vital
for life.
¡GRACIAS
por su atención !
