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Python for Data Science

Part 1: Fundamentals

By: Võ Văn Hải

Email: [email protected]

Advanced Data Types

Python Collections

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Python Collections
Introduction
▸There are four collection data types in the Python programming
language:
- List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
- Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
- Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed. No duplicate
members.
- Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No duplicate
members.

• *Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove and/or add items whenever
you like.
• **As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier,
dictionaries are unordered.

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Python Collections
Python List

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List
Introduction
▸Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
▸Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of
data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities
and usage.
▸Lists are created using square brackets:
fruit_list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Use the len()
function to
▸Characteristics determine the list's
- Ordered - They maintain the order of elements. number of items.
- Mutable - Items can be changed after creation.
print(len(fruit_list))
- Allow duplicates - They can contain duplicate values.
fruit_list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
fruit_list.append("banana")
fruit_list.remove("cherry")

print(fruit_list) # ->['apple', 'banana', 'apple', 'cherry', 'banana']

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List
Create list
▸We can use the built-in list() function to convert other iterable (strings,
dictionaries, tuples, etc.) to a list.

x = "axz" # note the double round-brackets

# convert to list fruit_list = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))
result = list(x) print(fruit_list) # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
print(result) # ['a', 'x', 'z']

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List
Access List Elements

Index of List Elements

▸We use these index numbers to access list items.

languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']
# Access the first element
print(languages[0]) # Python
# Access the third element
print(languages[2]) # C++

▸Negative Indexing in Python

- Python also supports negative indexing. The index of the last element is -1, the
second-last element is -2, and so on.
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']
# Access item at index 0
print(languages[-1]) # C++
# Access item at index 2
print(languages[-3]) # Python

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List
Slicing of a list
▸It is possible to access a section of items from the list using the slicing
operator :
my_list = ['p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm']

# items from index 2 to index 4

print(my_list[2:5]) # ->['o', 'g', 'r']

# items from index 5 to end

print(my_list[5:]) # ->['a', 'm']

# items beginning to end

print(my_list[:]) # ->['p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm']

Note: If the specified index does not exist in a list, Python throws the IndexError exception.

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List
Modify a list
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']
# using append method to add item add the end of list
The list slice technique
fruits.append('cherry') # ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'cherry'] can be used to modify
list items.
# insert 'cherry' at index 2
fruits.insert(2, 'grape') # ['apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'orange', 'cherry']

# changing the third item to ‘mango'

fruits[2] = 'mongo' # ->['apple', 'banana', ‘mango', 'orange', 'cherry'] Change the values "banana" and "cherry"
with the values "blackcurrant" and
# remove 'banana' from the list (first occurrence) "watermelon":
fruits.remove("banana") # ->['apple', ‘mango', 'orange', 'cherry']
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange",
# deleting the second item "kiwi", "mango"]
del fruits[1] # ->['apple', 'orange', 'cherry'] fruits[1:3] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]

# deleting items from index 0 to index 2

del fruits[0:2] # ->['cherry']
# the extend() method can be used to add elements to a list from other
iterables.
odd_numbers, even_numbers = [1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]
# adding elements of one list to another
odd_numbers.extend(even_numbers) # ->[1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6]
print('Updated Numbers:', odd_numbers)

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List
Sort lists
▸Sort the list alphanumerically
fruits = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
fruits.sort() # ->['banana', 'kiwi', 'mango', 'orange', 'pineapple']
▸Sort descending (use the keyword argument reverse = True)
fruits = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
fruits.sort(reverse=True) # ->['pineapple', 'orange', 'mango', 'kiwi', 'banana']
▸Case Insensitive Sort
fruits = ["orange", "Mango", "kiwi", "Pineapple", "banana"]
fruits.sort() # ->['Mango', 'Pineapple', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'orange']
fruits.sort(key=str.lower) # ->['banana', 'kiwi', 'Mango', 'orange', 'Pineapple']
fruits.sort(key=len) # ->['kiwi', 'Mango', 'orange', 'banana', 'Pineapple']

▸The sort() vs. sorted() methods:

- The sort() method doesn’t return anything, it modifies the original list (i.e. sorts in-
place). If you don’t want to modify the original list, use sorted() function. It returns a
sorted copy of the list.
new_list = sorted(fruits)
print(new_list)

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List
Copy Lists
▸DO NOT copy a list by using the assign operator
list2 = list1,
▸Cause: list2 will only be a reference to list1, and changes made in list1
will automatically also be made in list2.

▸Make a copy of a list

- With the copy() method
- By using the built-in method list()
- By using the : (slice) operator.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

new_list_1 = fruits.copy()
new_list_2 = list(fruits)
new_list_3 = fruits[:]

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List
List methods
▸Iterating tthrough a List
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'] fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# iterate through the list # looping using list comprehension
for fruit in fruits: [print(x) for x in fruits]
print(fruit)
▸List methods
Method Description
append() Adds an item to the end of the list
extend() Adds items of lists and other iterables to the end of the list
insert() Inserts an item at the specified index
remove() Removes item present at the given index
pop() Returns and removes item present at the given index
clear() Removes all items from the list
index() Returns the index of the first matched item
count() Returns the count of the specified item in the list
sort() Sorts the list in ascending/descending order
reverse() Reverses the item of the list
copy() Returns the shallow copy of the list
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List
Exercises

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Python Collections
Python Tuple

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Tuple
Introduction
▸Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
▸A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
▸A tuple can be created by
- placing items inside parentheses ().
fruits = ("orange", "Mango", "kiwi", "Pineapple", "banana")

- using a tuple() constructor.

tuple_constructor = tuple(('Jack', 'Maria', 'David'))

▸Tuple Characteristics
- Ordered - They maintain the order of elements.
- Immutable - They cannot be changed after creation (ie. Unchangeable).
- Allow duplicates - They can contain duplicate values.

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Tuple
Access Tuple Items
▸Each item in a tuple is associated with a number, known as a index.
- The index always starts from 0, meaning the first item of a tuple is at index 0, the
second item is at index 1, and so on.

languages = ('Python', 'Swift', 'C++')

print(languages[1])

▸Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search from the end of
the tuple:
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
# returns the items from index -4 (included) to index -1 (excluded)
print(fruits[-4:-1]) # ->('orange', 'kiwi', 'melon')
▸Check if an Item Exists in the Tuple
print('grape' in fruits) # False
print('cherry' in fruits) # True

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Tuple
Update Tuple
▸Tuples are immutable (unchangeable)→ cannot change the values
▸We can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert the list
back into a tuple. ☺
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x) y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi" y.remove('apple')
x = tuple(y) x = tuple(y)
print(x) # -> ('apple', 'kiwi', 'cherry') print(x) # ->('banana', 'cherry')

▸It is allowed to add tuples to tuples

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
new_fruits = ("orange", "kiwi", "melon")
fruits += new_fruits # ->('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'melon')

▸Iterate through the tuple fruits = ('apple','banana','orange')

for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

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Tuple
Unpacking a Tuple
▸In Python, there is a very powerful tuple assignment feature that assigns
the right-hand side of values into the left-hand side.
▸In another way, it is called unpacking of a tuple of values into a variable.
▸In packing, we put values into a new tuple while in unpacking we extract
those values into a single variable.
characters = ("Aragorn", "Gimli", "Legolas") # python tuple packing line
(human, dwarf, elf) = characters # python tuple unpacking line
print("Human :", human)
print("Dwarf :", dwarf)
print("Elf :", elf)

characters = ("Aragorn", "Gimli", "Legolas", "Elrond", "Galadriel")

(human, dwarf, *elf) = characters
print("Human :", human)
print("Dwarf :", dwarf)
print("Elf :", elf)

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Tuple
Tuple methods
▸Check if an Item Exists in the Tuple
colors = ('red', 'orange', 'blue')
print('yellow' in colors) # False
print('red' in colors) # True
▸Deleting the tuple
animals = ('dog', 'cat', 'rat')
del animals

▸Get the index of an item on Tuple

vowels = ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u')
index = vowels.index('e')

▸Count the number of times the specified element appears in the tuple.
vowels = ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'i', 'u')
# counts the number of i's in the tuple
count = vowels.count('i') # -->2

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Tuple
Exercises
▸Write a Python program
- to create a tuple of numbers and print one item.
- to unpack a tuple into several variables.
- to add an item to a tuple.
- to find the index of an item in a tuple.
- to find the repeated items of a tuple

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Python Collections
Python Set

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Python Set
Introduction
▸A Set in Python programming is an unordered collection data type that is
iterable and has no duplicate elements.
▸sets are created by placing all the elements inside curly braces {},
separated by commas. Create an Empty Set
# create a set of integer type # create an empty set
student_id = {112, 114, 116, 118, 115} empty_set = set() # type(empty_set)==> <class 'set'>
# create a set of string type
vowel_letters = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'} # create an empty dictionary
# create a set of mixed data types empty_dictionary = {} # type(empty_dictionary)==><class 'dict'>
mixed_set = {'Hello', 101, -2, 'Bye'}
Duplicate items in Set
▸Typecasting list to set # typecasting list to set numbers = {2, 4, 6, 6, 2, 8}
my_set = set(["a", "b", "c"]) print(numbers) # ==> {8, 2, 4, 6}

my_set = {"university", "economic", "HCMC"}

▸Immutable set: # Adding element to the set
my_set.add("CTD")
# values of a set cannot be changed
my_set[1] = "Academy" # -->TypeError: 'set' object does not support item assignment

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Python Set
Update Python Set
▸Update Python Set
- The update() method is used to update the set with items other collection types
(lists, tuples, sets, etc). companies = {'Lacoste', 'Ralph Lauren'}
tech_companies = ['apple', 'google', 'apple']
companies.update(tech_companies)
▸Remove an Element from a Set
- The discard() method is used to remove the specified element from a set.
languages = {'Swift', 'Java', 'Python'}
print('Initial Set:', languages)
# remove 'Java' from a set
removedValue = languages.discard('Java')
print('Set after remove():', languages) # -->{'Python', 'Swift'}

▸Frozen sets in Python are immutable objects that only support

methods and operators that produce a result without affecting the
frozen set or sets to which they are applied.
fruits = frozenset(["apple", "banana", "orange"])
fruits.append("pink") # -->AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'append'
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Python Set
Python Set Operations
A, B = {1, 3, 5}, {1, 2, 3}

print('Union using |:', A | B) The union of two sets A and B includes all
print('Union using union():', A.union(B)) the elements of sets A and B.

The intersection of two sets A and B include the common elements between set A and B.

print('Intersection using &:', A & B)

print('Intersection using intersection():', A.intersection(B))

The difference between two sets A and B include elements of set A that are not present on set B.
print('Difference using &:', A - B)
print('Difference using difference():', A.difference(B))
The symmetric difference between two sets A and B includes all elements of A and B without the
common elements.
print('Symmetric Difference using ^:', A ^ B)
print('Symmetric Difference using symmetric_difference():', A.symmetric_difference(B))

A, B = {1, 3, 5}, {5, 3, 1}

if A == B:
Check if two sets are print('Set A and Set B are equal')
equal else:
print('Set A and Set B are not equal')
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Python Set
Python Set methods
Method Description Method Description
add() Adds an element to the set Returns True if another set
issubset()
Removes all elements from contains this set
clear()
the set Returns True if this set
issuperset()
copy() Returns a copy of the set contains another set

Returns the difference of two Removes and returns an

difference() pop() arbitrary set element. Raises
or more sets as a new set
KeyError if the set is empty
Removes all elements of
difference_update() Removes an element from the
another set from this set
remove() set. If the element is not a
Removes an element from member, raises a KeyError
the set if it is a member. (Do
discard() Returns the symmetric
nothing if the element is not
in set) symmetric_difference() difference of two sets as a
new set
Returns the intersection of
intersection() Updates a set with the
two sets as a new set symmetric_difference_update
symmetric difference of itself
Updates the set with the ()
and another
intersection_update() intersection of itself and
another Returns the union of sets in a
union()
new set
Returns True if two sets have
Isdisjoint() Updates the set with the
a null intersection update()
union of itself and others

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Python Set
Exercises
1. Write a Python program to find the maximum and minimum values in a
set.
2. Write a Python program to check if a given value is present in a set or
not.
3. Write a Python program to check if two given sets have no elements in
common.
4. Write a Python program to find all the unique words and count the
frequency of occurrence from a given list of strings. Use Python set
data type.
5. Given two sets of numbers, write a Python program to find the missing
numbers in the second set as compared to the first and vice versa. Use
the Python set.

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Python Collections
Python Dictionary

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Python Dictionary
Introduction
▸A Python dictionary is a data structure that stores the value in key:value pairs.

dict_var = { key1: value1’, key2: ‘value2’, ...}

▸Python dictionaries are ordered and can not contain duplicate keys.
# creating a dictionary
country_capitals = {
"Germany": "Berlin",
"Canada": "Ottawa",
"England": "London"
}
# printing the dictionary
print(country_capitals)
# {'Germany': 'Berlin', 'Canada': 'Ottawa', 'England': 'London'}

▸Keys of a dictionary must be immutable (Immutable objects can't be changed

once created.).
▸The keys of a dictionary must be unique. If there are duplicate keys, the later
value of the key overwrites the previous value.

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Python Dictionary
# creating a dictionary
Actions country_capitals = {
"Germany": "Berlin",
▸Access Dictionary Items "Canada": "Ottawa"
- We can access the value of a dictionary }
item by placing the key inside square # Access items
brackets. den_cap = country_capitals["Germany"]
can_cap = country_capitals.get("Canada")
- We can also use the get() method to access
dictionary items.
▸Add Items to a Dictionary # add an item with "Italy" as key and "Rome"
as its value
- We can add an item to a dictionary by country_capitals["Italy"] = "Rome"
assigning a value to a new key.
▸Change Dictionary Items # change the value of "Italy" key to "Naples"
- Python dictionaries are mutable country_capitals["Italy"] = "Naples"
(changeable). We can change the value of a country_capitals.update({"Italy": "Rome"})
dictionary element by referring to its key.
# delete item having "Germany" key
▸Remove Dictionary Items del country_capitals["Germany"]
- We can use the del statement to remove an
element from a dictionary. # clear the dictionary
country_capitals.clear()

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Python Dictionary
Nested Dictionaries
▸Nested dictionaries are dictionaries that are stored as values within another
dictionary.
▸Ex: An organizational chart with keys being different departments and values
being dictionaries of employees in a given department. For storing employee
information in a department, a dictionary can be used with keys being employee
IDs and values being employee names. The tables below outline the structure of
such nested dictionaries and how nested values can be accessed.
Accessing nested dictionary items
company_org_chart = {
"Marketing": { print(company_org_chart["Sales"]["ID122"]) # -->David Lee
"ID234": "Jane Smith" print(company_org_chart["Engineering"]["ID321"]) # -->Maryam Samimi
},
"Sales": {
"ID123": "Bob Johnson",
"ID122": "David Lee"
},
"Engineering": {
"ID303": "Radhika Potlapally",
"ID321": "Maryam Samimi"
}
}
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Python Dictionary
Python Dictionary Methods
Method Description

dict.clear() Remove all the elements from the dictionary

dict.copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary

dict.get(key, default = “None”) Returns the value of specified key

dict.items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair

dict.keys() Returns a list containing dictionary’s keys

dict.update(dict2) Updates dictionary with specified key-value pairs

dict.values() Returns a list of all the values of dictionary

pop() Remove the element with specified key

popItem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair

set the key to the default value if the key is not specified in the
dict.setdefault(key,default= “None”)
dictionary

dict.has_key(key) returns true if the dictionary contains the specified key.

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Python Dictionary
Exercises
1. Write python program:
a) Convert two lists into a dictionary
b) Merge two Python dictionaries into one
c) Print the value of key ‘history’ from the below dict
d) Initialize dictionary with default values
e) Create a dictionary by extracting the keys from a given dictionary
f) Delete a list of keys from a dictionary
g) Check if a value exists in a dictionary
h) Rename key of a dictionary
i) Get the key of a minimum value from the following dictionary
j) Change value of a key in a nested dictionary
2. Write a Python program that counts the number of times characters
appear in a text paragraph.
3. Write a program using a dictionary containing keys starting from 1 and
values ​containing prime numbers less than a value N.

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Python Dictionary
Exercises
Restructuring the company data: Suppose you have a dictionary that contains information about
employees at a company. Each employee is identified by an ID number, and their information
includes their name, department, and salary. You want to create a nested dictionary that groups
employees by department so that you can easily see the names and salaries of all employees in
each department.
Write a Python program that when given a dictionary, employees, outputs a nested dictionary,
dept_employees, which groups employees by department.

# Input: # Resulting dictionary:

employees = { dept_employees = {
1001: {"name": "Alice", "department": "Engineering", "Engineering": {
"salary": 75000}, 1001: {"name": "Alice", "salary": 75000},
1002: {"name": "Bob", "department": "Sales", "salary": 1003: {"name": "Charlie", "salary": 80000}
50000}, },
1003: {"name": "Charlie", "department": "Engineering", "Sales": {
"salary": 80000}, 1002: {"name": "Bob", "salary": 50000},
1004: {"name": "Dave", "department": "Marketing", 1005: {"name": "Eve", "salary": 55000}
"salary": 60000}, },
1005: {"name": "Eve", "department": "Sales", "salary": "Marketing": {
55000} 1004: {"name": "Dave", "salary": 60000}
} }
}

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Summary

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Thanks for your listening!

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