EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Lecture 2: Introduction (Continue)
B.K. MAHESHWARI
Professor, Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee
E-mail:
[email protected] 1
Major Issues during Earthquakes
During earthquakes, the foundations and surrounding soil are
subjected to time varying dynamic loads, its behavior is
different than that during static loads.
• The behavior of soil may be nonlinear
• Excessive or Large Settlement
• If foundation is on loose saturated cohesionless soil, there
may be problem of Liquefaction
• Landslides in sloping grounds
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Damages during the Past Earthquakes
During past earthquakes there are numerous examples
in which foundations damaged causing collapse of
buildings, bridges, dams and many other structures.
These are discussed in next few slides
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Seismic Damages
The Niigata earthquake (1964, M7.5) resulted in dramatic
damage due to liquefaction. At the time of EQ, there were
approximately 1500 reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata
City, and about 310 of these buildings were damaged, of
which approximately 200 settled or tilted rigidly without
appreciable damage to the superstructure.
Liquefaction-induced Bearing Capacity Failure
Kawagichi-cho apartment buildings, Niigata EQ (Japan)
Liquefaction-induced Settlement & Tilting
Settlement & tilting of an apartment building, Niigata EQ
Damages due to Lateral Spreading
Lateral spreading caused bridge pier foundation to move and rotate sufficiently for
simply supported bridge span to fall (Niigata Earthquake)
Damages due to Lateral Spreading
Lateral spreading of the soil at the abutment buckled the bridge deck following
1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M8.1), Japan
Role of Pile Foundation in EQ Mitigation
Storage tank supported by concrete piles, soil underneath liquefied, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)
Damage of Bridges in Past EQs
Higashi-Nada Viaduct collapse due to foundation failure, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)
Damage of Bridges in Past EQs
Nishinomiya-ko Bridge approach span collapse, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)
Damage of Bridges in Past EQs
Wu-Shi Bridge pier damaged in 1999 Chi-chi (Taiwan) Earthquake (M7.6)
Damage to Pier-Cap of a Bridge in 2001 Bhuj EQ (M7.7)
Status of the Rudra Matha bridge, after 2001 Bhuj EQ (M7.7)
Lateral Spreading Next to the Well Caisson, Rudra Matha bridge, Bhuj
Damaged bridge on the river Palyar, Kerala by Tsunami due to 2004 Sumatra EQ (M9.0)
Sikkim Earthquake (2011): Landslides
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Sikkim EQ (2011): Retaining Wall Failure
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Landslides due to Nepal EQ (2015)
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Historical Earthquakes: Japan
• Kanto: (1923), M7.9, Deaths 99,000
– Major Damage in Tokyo-Yokohama Area
– Damage due to Tsunami in coastal regions
• Niigata: (1964), M7.5, Deaths 26
– Caused widespread Liquefaction
• Kobe: (1995), M6.9, Deaths 5300
– Widespread Liquefaction and Landslides
• Tohoku: (2011), M9.0, Deaths 16000
– Widespread Tsunamis in Fukushima region
Historical Earthquakes: USA
• New Madrid: (1811-12), M 7.5, 7.3, 7.8
– 3 Large EQs in 2 months, widely felt
• San Francisco: (1906), M7.9, Deaths 700
– 430 km Rupture of San Andreas Fault
– Produced up to 7 m offset
• El Centro: (1940), M7.1, Deaths 9
– Large ground displacement of Imperial Fault
– First Accelerogram for Engineering Purpose
Historical Earthquakes: USA (Cont..)
• Alaska: (1964), M9.2, Deaths 131
– The Good Friday EQ; Liquefaction, Landslides
• San Fernando: (1971), M6.6, Deaths 65
– Near collapse of Lower San Fernando Dam
• Loma Prieta: (1989), M7.1, Deaths 63
– Ground motion amplification & liquefaction
• North Ridge: (1994), M6.8, Deaths 61
– Extensive damage to buildings, lifelines
Historical Earthquakes: India
• Kutch: (1819), M8.0, Widely Felt
• Assam: (1897), M8.7
• Kangra: (1905), M8.0
• Nepal-Bihar: (1934), M8.3, Liquefaction
• Assam: (1950), M8.6
• Koyana: (1967), M6.5, Damage to Dam
• Bihar: (1988), M6.6, Deaths 1004
• Uttarkashi: (1991), M6.1, Deaths 768
Historical Earthquakes: India (Cont..)
• Killari (Latur): (1993), M6.1, Deaths 10,000
• Jabalpur: (1997), M6.0, Deaths 38
– Epicenter close to a big city
• Chamoli: (1999), M6.3, Deaths 100
• Bhuj: (2001), M7.7, Deaths 18600
– Great EQ, Watershed to cause awareness
• Sumatra EQ - Tsunami: (2004), M9.2
• Kashmir: (2005), M 7.6, Deaths > 50,000
• Sikkim: (2011), M 6.9, Deaths > 100
• Manipur: (2016), M 6.7
Historical Earthquakes: Misc.
• Italy: (1908), M7.5, Deaths 83,000
• Chile: (1960), M9.5, Deaths 2230
– The largest EQ record, widespread tsunamis
• China: (1976), M7.8, Deaths 700,000
• Mexico: (1985), M8.1, Deaths 9500
• Kocaeli (Turkey): (1999), M7.6, D. 17,000
• Chi-chi (Taiwan): (1999), M7.6, D. 2400
• Java (Indonesia): 2006, M6.2, D. > 3000
• Wenchuan (China): 2008, D > 70,000
Thank You
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