CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

1. Introduction
2. History
3. Classification
4. Experiment
5. Effects
6. Alternatives

INTRODUCTION

In the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in the yields of
crops to meet the demand of over growing population achieved by using
pesticides and insecticides these are chemicals that are sprayed over crops
to protect them from pests for example DDT bhc zinc phosphide mercuric
chloride etc. pesticides are proven to be effective against a variety of insects
weeds and fungi most of the pesticides are non biodegradable and remain
penetrated in plants fruits and vegetables from plants they transfer to
animals birds and human beings inside the body they get accumulated and
Cause serious health problems these days preference is given to
biodegradable insecticides like malathion the presence of insecticide
residues in our food has aroused the concern of agricultural administrators
and health officials to put a cheque over the use of insecticides

HISTORY

The first known pesticide was elemental sulphur used in summers about
4500 years ago N ancient Mesopotamia

by the 15th century toxic chemicals such Arsenic mercury and lead for used
as insecticides

In 1940s manufacturers begin to produce large amounts of synthetic

pesticides such as DDT bhc diazinon, dinitrophenol etc. This helped to
increase the productivity manifold to meet the increasing demand due to
overpopulation however the use of insecticides led to many harmful effects
on the environment therefore now emphasis is laid on reduced use of these
chemicals

CLASSIFICATION

The 4 main types of pesticides are as follows

 Herbicides – They are commonly called weed killers and are used to
control unwanted plants herbicides are further classified as: a)selective
herbicides: They control specific weed species while leaving the
desired crop relatively unharmed.
b) Non selective herbicides: They killed all plant material with which
they come in contact.
 Fungicides-They are biotical chemical compounds used to kill parasitic
fungi or their sports. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture
resulting in critical loss of yield quality and profit. Fungicides are used
both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. They
inhibit the growth of fungi, and hence protect the crops against
damage from fungal infections and help to boost productivity.
 Rodenticides- These are pesticides which kill rodents. Rodents include
not only rats and mice but also squirrels, chipmunks, porcupines etc. .
Although rodents play important roles in nature, they may sometime
require control. They can damage crops, violate losing codes transmit
diseases and in some cases cause ecological damage.
 Insecticides- These are chemicals used to kill insects. They include
ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and Laval respectively.
Many are toxic for humans and animals, and become concentrated as
they spread along the food chain . Insecticides are ghost in
agriculture ,medicine and industries.

REQUIREMENTS

1. Mortar and pestle

2. Beakers
3. Funnel
4. Glass rod
5. Filter paper
6. china dish
7. water bath
8. tripod stand
9. fusion tubes
10. Knife
11. test tube
12. samples of fruits and vegetables
13. Alcohol
14. sodium metal
15. ferric chloride solution
16. ferrous sulphate crystals
17. distilled water
18. Dilute sulphuric acid

PROCEDURE

1. Take different kinds of fruits and vegetables and cut them into small
pieces secretary
2. transfer the cut pieces in mortar and crush them
3. Take different bakers for each kind of fruits and vegetables and place
the crushed fruits and vegetables in these beakers and add 10 ml of
alcohol to each of these. Stir well and filter. Collect the filtrate in
separate China dishes.
4. Evaporate the alcohol by heating China dishes one by one over a water
bath and let the residue dry in an oven
5. heat a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tube till 8 melts then add
one of the above residues from China dish to this fusion tube and heat
till red hot deep the hot fusion tube in a China dish containing 10 ml of
distilled water break the tube and boil the contents of the China dish
for 5 minutes cool and filter the solution and collect the filtrate.
6. to the filtrate add one ml of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution
then add 2 to 3 drops of ferric chloride solution and acidify with dilute
HCL SA blue or green ppt or Coloration is obtained 8 indicates the
presence of nitrogen containing insecticide
7. repeat the test of nitrogen for residue obtained from other fruits and
vegetables and record the observations.
 OBSERVATIONS

Sno. Name of fruit or Test for presence Presence of

vegetable of nitrogen insecticide
1 Apple
2 banana
3 tomato
4 potato

CONCLUSION

Das from this experiment we conclude that fruits and vegetables that we
consume especially apples banana tomato and potato contain nitrogen
containing insecticides and pesticides which r harmful for consumption and
can cause serious health problems das we must carefully consume these
food items.

ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES

Organophosphates and carbamates are a class of chemicals commonly used

in pesticides these chemicals adversely affect the nervous system the
following organophosphates are commonly used in pesticides:

 Ethion
 Malathion
 Parathion
 Fenthion

ORGANOCHLORINE

Organochlorine compounds work on insecticides by opening the sodium ion

channel in the nervous system or nerve cells of the insects causing them to
fire spontaneously the insect will go into sparse and eventually die the
following organochlorine Are commonly used in pesticides:

 DDT
 Methoxy chlorine
 Chlordane
 Benzene hexachloride(BHC)
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES

 Environmental effects: Pesticides pollute the environment when

pesticides are applied onto a surface they travel outside their
intended area of use by air soil or water this can lead to contamination
of surface water eutrophication and injury to non target species
 Effects on soil and crops: Use of pesticides depicts the quality of soil
and nutritional value of food pesticide residues have been found in
various food items such as apple lemons potatoes etc. They enter into
the food chains and get concentrated at each trophic level a process
referred to as bio magnification
 Health effects: Pesticides have been linked to a disease its exposure is
linked to health risks such as cancer nervous system diseases asthma
and many more progressing to organic replants can help reduce the
chances of diseases.

ALTERNATIVES

There are alternatives to using pesticides these are generally known as

sustainable agriculture or alternatives agriculture these methods include the
following:

 Crop rotation
 Polyculture
 trap crops which attract pests away from valuable crops
 organic farming
 Biological pest control
 Genetic engineering practices such as insect breeding
 Hand picking