Data Communication
Introduction
Data Communication Definition
(Modified)
Data Communication is the exchange
of data (in the form of 0’s and 1’s)
between two devices (computers) via
some form of the transmission
medium.
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Data Communication
❑ 1883: Samuel Morse & Alfred Veil invent Morse Code Telegraph
System
❑ 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone
❑ 1930: Development of ASCII Transmission Code
❑ 1950: IBM releases its first computer IBM 710
❑ 1960: IBM releases the First Commercial Computer IBM 360
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Elements of Communication
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Elements of Communication
■ What are the elements?
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Elements of Communication over
Networks
• Devices (Sender/Receiver)
• These are used to communicate with one another
• Medium
• This is how the devices are connected together
• Messages
• Information that travels over the medium
• Rules/Protocols
• Governs how messages flow across network
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Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
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NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.
Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Physical Structures
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
Networks supporting the way we
learn.
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Networks supporting the way we
learn.
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Networks supporting the way we
work.
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Networks supporting the way we
play.
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Networks- Purpose???
■ Communication.
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Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
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Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
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Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
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Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
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Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
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Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
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Elements of Communication over
Networks
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Network Elements/Components
■ Network Devices
■ Hardware (Devices and Media)
■ Software (Services and Processes)
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Devices
■ Two Types:
■ End Devices
■ Intermediary Devices
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End Devices and their Role
■ End devices form interface with human
network & communications network
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Intermediary devices
■ Provides connectivity between end devices.
■ Manages data as it flows through the network.
■ Examples?
Routers
Switches
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Intermediary devices
Hub
Router
Wireless Router
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Software
■ Services :
■ provides information in response to a request.
■ For example e-mail hosting services and web
hosting services.
■ Processes :
■ Provide the functionality that directs and
moves the messages through the network.
■ Processes are less obvious to us but are critical
to the operation of networks.
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Processes and Services
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Messages- Data Representation
■ Information today comes in different forms
such as
■ text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
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Data Representation-Text
■ Text : Different sets of bit patterns are
designed to represent text symbols. Each
set is called a code.
■ ASCII
■ American Standard Code for Information
Interchange: 7-bit code/char, 1 bit for parity.
■ Unicode - 16 bit codes to represent a symbol.
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Data Representation-Text
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Text- Data Representation
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Data Representation
■ Images –
■ Also represented by bit patterns.
■ Mechanism different. Matrix of Pixels used. Each pixel
is assigned to a bit pattern.
■ Color images uses RGB or YCM methods.
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Data Representation
Audio- Continuous, not
■
discrete. Converted to
digital or analog signal.
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Rules - Protocols
■ A set of predetermined rules that govern
communication.
■ Defines:
■ What is communicated??
■ How it is communicated??
■ When it is communicated??
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Network Types
■ PAN
■ LAN
■ MAN
■ WAN
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Personal Area Networks (PAN)
■ A network that connects computers, peripherals
and other devices within a personal operating
space.
■ Eg. Bluetooth
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Local Area Networks (LAN)
■ Connects computers,
peripherals and other devices
within a building (e.g. office,
home) or in a limited area.
■ Typical coverage 50 to 300
meters.
■ Ex. Ethernet, Wireless LANs
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
■ Is a city wide network.
■ The coverage limitation is not strict, but real
implementation may have range of up to 50 km
in urban, suburban, or rural area.
■ Ex. WiMax
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Wide Area Networks (WANs)
■ A network that spans larger geographical area.
■ LANs separated by geographic distance are
connected by a Wide Area Network (WAN)
■ PSTN, Cellular Networks (GSM etc)
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Internet
■ The internet is defined as a global mesh
of interconnected networks.
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Internet
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THE END
