Sanjay Ghodawath University,

Kolhapur

First Year B.Tec. Engineering (Sem.-I)

Matrix and Multivarible Calculus

Unit 2: Matrix

Department of Mathematics

Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions,

Atigre

August 24, 2018

F.Y. B. Tech.

Contents
1 Matrix-II 2
1.1 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Properties of Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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1 Matrix-II
1.1 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors
Definition 1.1. We define n dimensional vector as on ordered set of n element
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn and is denoted by
x1
 
 x2   
X=  ...  or X = x1 x2 . . . xn


xn
The elements x1 , x2 , . . . , xn are called components of X .
Note 1.1. Any row or column matrix is called as a vector and elements are called as
scalars.
Definition 1.2. A set of n vectors X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn is said to be Linearly Depen-
dent (L.D.) if there exist n numbers k1 , k2 , . . . , kn not all zero s.t.
k1 X1 + k2 X2 + · · · + kn Xn = 0
Definition 1.3. A set of n vectors X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn is said to be Linearly Indepen-
dent (L.I. if every relation of the type
k1 X1 + k2 X2 + · · · + kn Xn = 0 ⇒ k1 = k2 = · · · = kn = 0
Properties:
1. If a set of vectors is linearly dependent then at least one member can be
expressed as a linear combination of the remaining vectors.
2. If a set of vectors is linearly independent then no member of the set can be
expressed as a linear combination of the other members.
3. Any set of vectors containing a zero vector is always L.D.
Example 1.1. Examine for linear dependence or independence of the vectors, if
dependent find relation between them:

1) X1 = (1 2 3); X2 = (3 − 2 1), X3 = (1 −6 − 5)

Solution: Consider
k1 X1 + k2 X2 + k3 X3 = 0
k1 (1 2 3) + k2 (3 − 2 1) + k3 (1 − 6 − 5) = 0
k1 (1 2 3) + k2 (3 − 2 1) + k3 (1 − 6 − 5) = (0 0 0)
(k1 + 3k2 + k3 2k1 − 2k2 − 6k3 3k1 + k2 − 5k3 ) = (0 0 0)

k1 + 3k2 + k3 = 0
2k1 − 2k2 − 6k3 = 0
3k1 + k2 − 5k3 = 0

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Above system of homogeneous equation can written in matrix form

    
1 3 1 k1 0
2 −2 −6 k2 = 0
3 1 −5 k3 0

Let AX = O
consider the augmented matrix
 
1 3 1 0
[A, O] = 2 −2 −6 0
3 1 −5 0

1
R2 −→ R2
2  
1 3 1 0
∼ 1 −1 −3 0
3 1 −5 0
R2 −→ R2 − R1 , R3 −→ R3 − 3R1
 
1 3 1 0
∼ 0 −4 −4 0
0 −8 −8 0

1 1
R2 −→ − R2 , R3 −→ − R3
4 8
 
1 3 1 0
∼ 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0

R3 −→ R3 − R2  
1 3 1 0
∼ 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
Here ρ(A) = 2 <number of unknowns= 3
Let k3 = t

k1 + 3k2 + k3 = 0
k2 + k3 = 0

By back substitution we get k2 = −t; k1 = 2t

In-particular take t = 1 then k1 = 2, k2 = −1, k3 = 1. Thus there exists
scalars k1 , k2 , k3 not all zero simultaneously s.t. k1 X1 + k2 X2 + k3 X3 = 0.

Hence the vectors X1 , X2 , X3 are L.D.

To obtain linear combination put the values of scalar in linear combination.

2X1 − X2 + X3 = 0 ⇒ X2 = 2X1 + X3

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2) (1 −2 − 3 4); (−2 4 − 1 3); (−1 2 7 6)

Solution:
Let X1 = (1 −2 − 3 4); X2 = (−2 4 − 1 3); X3 = (−1 2 7 6)
Consider
k1 X1 + k2 X2 + k3 X3 = 0

k1 − 2k2 − k3 = 0
−2k1 + 4k2 + 2k3 = 0
−3k1 − k2 + 7k3 = 0
4k1 + 3k2 − 5k3 = 0

Above system of homogeneous equation can written in matrix form

1 −2 −1   0
   
k1
−2 4 2 0
−3 −1 7  k2 = 0
k3
4 3 6 0

AX = O
1 −2 −1 0
 
−2 4 2 0
Consider [A, O] = 
−3 −1 7 0
4 3 6 0
R2 −→ R2 + 2R1 , R3 −→ R3 + 3R1 , R4 −→ R4 − 4R1

1 −2 −1 0
 
0 0 0 0
∼
0 −7 4 0
0 11 10 0

R2 −→ R2 ↔ R4
1 −2 −1 0
 
0 11 10 0
∼
0 −7 4 0
0 0 0 0
R3 −→ 11R2 + 7R2
1 −2 −1 0
 
0 11 10 0
∼
0 0 114 0
0 0 0 0
Here ρ(a) = 3=number of unknowns. So given system of equation has unique
trivial solution.
k1 = k2 = k3 = 0

Hence the vectors X1 , X2 , X3 are L.I.

Example 1.2. For what value of p the vectors (1 3 2); (2 p + 7 4); (−1 −
3 p − 3) are linearly dependent

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Solution: Let X1 = (1 3 2); X2 = (2 p + 7 4); X3 = (−1 − 3 p − 3)

Consider
k1 X1 + k2 X2 + k3 X3 = 0

k1 + 2k2 − k3 = 0
3k1 + (p + 7)k2 − 3k3 = 0
2k1 + 4k2 + (p − 3)k3 = 0

Above system of homogeneous equation can written in matrix form

    0
1 2 1 k1
0
3 (p + 7) −3  k2 =  
0
2 4 (p − 3) k3
0

AX = O
 
1 2 1 0
Consider [A, O] = 3 (p + 7) −3 0
2 4 (p − 3) 0
For vectors to be linearly dependent system should have non-zero solution. For this
we require |A| = 0

1 2 1
3 (p + 7) −3 = 0
2 4 (p − 3)
1(p2 + 4p − 21 + 12) − 2(3p − 9 + 6) − 1(12 − 2p − 14) = 0
p2 + 4p − 9 − 6p + 6 + 2 + 2p = 0
p2 − 1 = 0
p = ±1

The given vectors are L.D. if p = ±1

Exercise No. 1
1) Examine the following set of vectors for linearly dependent or independent if
dependent find the relation X1 = (2, 3, 4, −2)T , X2 = (−1, −2, −2, 1)T ,
X3 = (1, 1, 2, −1)T
2) Examine for linear dependence or linear independence of vectors
(1 2 1); (2 1 4); (4 5 6)
3) Examine for linear independence of the vectors (1 3 4 2), (3 −5 2 6), (2 −1 3 4).
If dependent find relation between them.
4) Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors
[1, 1, −1, 1]; [1, −1, 2, −1]; [3, 1, 0, 1]
5) Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors [3, 1, 1] [2, 0, −1] [4, 2, 1].
If dependent find the relation between them.

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6) Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors [2 − 1 3 2];

[1 3 4 2]; [3 − 5 2 2]. If dependent find the relation between them.
7) Examine the following system of vectors for linear dependence, if dependent find
relation between them [1 1 1 3]; [1 2 3 4]; [2 3 4 7]
8) Examine the following system of vectors for linear dependence, if dependent find
relation between them [1 2 4]; [2 − 1 3]; [0 1 2]
9) Examine the following system of vectors for linear dependence, if dependent find
relation between them [1 2 −1 0]; [1 3 1 2]; [4 2 1 0]; [6 1 0 1]

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1.2 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Definition 1.4. Characteristic Matrix of A: Let A be any square matrix of
order n × n, λ is a scalar and I the unit matrix of the same order.
a11 a12 · · · a1n
 a21 a22 · · · a2n 
i.e. Let A = 
 ... .. .. .. 
. . . 
an1 an2 · · · ann
Consider
a11 a12 · · · a1n 1 0 ··· 0
   
 a21 a22 · · · a2n  0 1 · · · 0
A − λI =  .
 .. .
.. ... . 
..  − λ . . .
 .. .. . . ... 


an1 an2 · · · ann 0 0 ··· 1

a11 − λ a12 ··· a1n
 
 a21 a22 − λ · · · a2n 
= 
 .. . .
.. .. .. 
. . 
an1 an2 · · · ann − λ

Then the matrix A − λI is called characteristic matrix of A.

Definition 1.5. Characteristic Polynomial of A: The determinant |A − λI| is
called Characteristic Polynomial of A.

a11 − λ a12 ··· a1n

a21 a22 − λ ··· a2n
|A − λI| = .. .. .. ..
. . . .
an1 an2 · · · ann − λ
= a0 λn + a1 λn−1 + a2 λn−2 + · · · + an−1 λ + an

which is called characteristic polynomial of A.

Definition 1.6. The equation |A − λI| = 0 is called the Characteristic equation of
A.
i.e. a0 λn + a1 λn−1 + a2 λn−2 + · · · + an−1 λ + an = 0
Definition 1.7. Characteristic roots or Eigen values or Proper Values: The
roots of the characteristic equation are called Characteristic roots or Eigen values
or Proper values of matrix A.
Definition 1.8. Characteristic vectors or Eigen values or proper values:
For every characteristic root (value), (A − λI)X = 0 will have a nontrivial solution.
Let Xi be the solution vector of (A − λI)X = 0 corresponding to characteristic root
λi , then Xi is called characteristic vector or Eigen Vector associated with the root
λi .
 
1 2
Example 1.3. Let A = . find eigen values and eigen vectors.
4 3

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Solution:
Characteristic Matrix: The characteristic matrix of A is
   
1 2 1 0
A − λI = −λ
4 3 0 1
 
1−λ 2
=
4 3−λ
Characteristic Polynomial:The characteristic polynomial of A is
1−λ 2
|A − λI| =
4 3−λ
= 3 − 4λ + λ2 − 8
= λ2 − 4λ − 5
Characteristic Equation:The characteristic equation of A is |A − λI| = 0
i.e. λ2 − 4λ − 5 = 0
Characteristic Values or Eigen Values:The eigen values are roots of character-
istics equation
λ2 − 4λ − 5 = 0
(λ − 5)(λ + 1) = 0
⇒ λ = 5, λ = −1
Eigen values of matrix A are λ1 = 5, λ2 = −1
Characteristic Vectors: to find the characteristic Vectors consider the matrix
equation
[A − λI]X = 0
    
1−λ 2 x1 0
= (1)
4 3 − λ x2 0
Case 1: Eigen vector corresponding to λ1 = 5 From equation (1), we get
    
−4 2 x1 0
=
4 −2 x2 0
R2 −→ R2 + R1     
−4 2 x1 0
=
0 0 x2 0
i.e. −2x1 + x2 = 0
1
Let x2 = t then x1 = t
2  
1
Take t = 2 then X1 =
2
Case 2: Eigen vector corresponding to λ1 = −1 From equation (1), we get
    
2 2 x1 0
=
4 4 x2 0
R2 −→ R2 − R1

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2 2 x1 0
=
0 0 x2 0
i.e. x1 − x2 = 0
Let x2 = t then x1 = −t  
−1
Take t = 1 then X2 =
1

1.3 Properties of Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Properties of Eigen Value
1) Trace of A: The sum of the entries on the main diagonal of n × n matrix A is
called the trace of the matrix.
2) The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is the sum of the elements of the principal
diagonal
i.e. Trace of A = a11 + a22 + · · · + ann = λ1 + λ2 + · · · + λn
3) The eigen values of upper or lower triangular matrix are the elements on its main
diagonal.
4) The product of the eigen values of a matrix equals to the determinant of of the
matrix.
i.e.λ1 × λ2 × · · · × λn = |A|
1 1 1
5) If λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are eigen values of A then , ,..., are eigen values of
λ1 λ2 λn
A−1 (provided each λi different from zero)
|A| |A| |A|
6) If λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are eigen values of A then , ,..., are eigen values
λ1 λ2 λn
of adj(A).
7) If λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are eigen values of A then kλ1 , kλ2 , . . . , kλn are eigen values
of kA, where k 6= 0
8) If λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are eigen values of A then kλm m m
1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are eigen values
m
of A .
9) The eigen values of symmetric matrix are real.
10) The eigen values of A and AT are the same.
11) The inverse A−1 exists iff λ1 6= 0, λ2 6= 0, . . . , λn 6= 0
Properties of Eigen Vector:
1) If X is an eigen vector of a matrix A corresponding to an eigen value λ, then kX
with k 6= 0 is also eigen vector corresponding to eigen value λ.
2) Let λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn be distinct eigen values of n × n matrix then corresponding
eigen vectors X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn form linearly independent set.

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3) If two or more eigen values are equal then corresponding eigen vectors may or
may not be linearly independent.
Rule to find Characteristic Equation
 
a11 a12
Rule 1 Let A =
a21 a22
Then the characteristic equation is

λ2 − S1 λ + |A| = 0

Where S1 = sum of diagonal elements= a11 + a22

|A| = determinant of A
 
a11 a12 a13
Rule 2 Let A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33
Then the characteristic equation is

λ3 − S1 λ2 − S2 λ − |A|

Where

S1 = sum of diagonal elements

= a11 + a22 + a33
S2 = Sum of minor of diagonal elements
= minor of a11 + minor of a22 + minor of a33
|A| = determinant of A
 
−2 −9 5
Example 1.4. If λ1 , λ2 , λ3 are eigen values of the matrix A = −5 −10 7 
−9 −21 84
find λ1 + λ2 + λ3 and λ1 × λ2 × λ3
Solution:We know that
1) λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = Trace of A = −2 − 10 − 14 = −8
2) λ1 × λ2 × λ3 = |A| = 248
 
1 −6 4
Example 1.5. Find eigen values for A, A−1 , A4 , adjA, where A = 0 −1 2
0 0 3
Solution:
1) Given matrix is in upper triangular matrix, so eigen values of A are diagonal
elements i.e 1, -1, 3
1
2) Eigen values of A−1 are 1, -1,
3
3) Eigen values of A4 are 1, 1, 81

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4) Eigen values of adj(A) are 3, -3, 1

 
2 1 1
Example 1.6. Find eigen values of A = 2 3 2 and hence find eigen values for
3 3 4
−1
A and (3A)
Solution: The Character equation is given by

λ3 − S1 λ2 − S2 λ − |A| = 0

Where

S1 = sum of diagonal elements = 9

S2 = Sum of minor of diagonal elements = 15
|A| = determinant of A = 7

λ3 − 9λ2 − 15λ − 7 = 0
Eigen Values of A are 7, 1, 1
Eigen values of A−1 are 1/7, 1, 1
Eigen Values of A are 21, 3, 3
 
6 −2 2
Example 1.7. Find eigen values of A = −2 3 −1 and hence find eigen values
2 −1 3
−1
for A and adj(A)
Solution: Characteristic equation is λ3 − 12λ2 − 36λ − 32 = 0
Eigen Values of A are 2, 2, 8
Eigen values of A−1 are 1/2, 1/8, 1/8
Eigen Values of adj(A) are 16, 4, 4
 
2 1 1
Example 1.8. Find eigen values of A = 1 2 1 and hence find eigen values for
0 0 1
−1
A and adj(A)
Solution: Characteristic equation is λ3 − 5λ2 − 7λ − 3 = 0
Eigen Values of A are 3, 1, 1
Eigen values of A−1 are 1/3, 1, 1
Eigen Values of adj(A) are 1, 3, 3
 
8 −6 2
Example 1.9. Find eigen values of A = −6 7 −4 and hence find eigen values
2 −4 3
for (2A)

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Solution: Characteristic equation is

λ3 − 18λ2 − 45λ0
Eigen Values of A are 15, 3, 0
Eigen Values of (2A) are 30, 0, 0
 
1 0 −1
Example 1.10. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for A = 1 2 1 
2 2 3
Solution: The characteristic equation is λ3 − S1 λ2 + S2 λ − |A| = 0

WhereS1 = Sum of the diagonal elements

= 1+2+3
= 6
S2 = sum of minors of diagonal elements
2 1 1 −1 1 0
= + +
2 3 2 3 1 2
= 4+5+2
= 11
|A| = 1(4) − 1(−2) = 6

Characteristic equation is

λ3 − 6λ2 + 11λ − 6 = 0
Here we can observe λ = 1 is root of the equation. By synthetic division

1 −6 11 −6
1 1 −5 6
1 −5 6 0

(λ − 1)(λ2 − 5λ + 6) = 0
(λ − 1)(λ − 2)(λ − 3) = 0

λ = 1, 2, 3

Eigen values of matrix A are λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2, λ3 = 3

To find eigen vector consider

[A − λI]X = O
    
1−λ 0 −1 x1 0
 1 2−λ 1  x2  = 0 (2)
2 2 3 − λ x3 0

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Case 1: If λ = λ1 = 1
From equation (2) we write
    
0 0 −1 x1 0
1 1 1  x2  = 0
2 2 2 x3 0
By Creamers rule
x1 −x2 x3
= =
0 −1 0 −1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
x1 −x2 x3
= =
1 1 0
 
1
Thus the vector is X1 = −1

0
Case 2: If λ = λ2 = 2
From equation (2) we write
    
−1 0 −1 x1 0
 1 0 1  x2  = 0
2 2 1 x3 0
By Creamers rule
x1 −x2 x3
= =
0 1 1 1 1 0
2 1 2 1 2 2
x1 −x2 x3
= =
−2 −1 2
 
−2
Thus the vector is X2 = 1 

2
Case 3: If λ = λ3 = 3
From equation (2) we write
    
−2 0 −1 x1 0
 1 −1 1  x2  = 0
2 2 0 x3 0
By Creamers rule
x1 −x2 x3
= =
0 −11 −2 −1 −2 0
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
x1 −x2 x3
= =
−1 −1 2
 
−1
Thus the vector is X2 =  1 
2

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 
−2 2 −3
Example 1.11. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for A =  1 2 −6
−1 −2 0
Solution: The characteristic equation is λ3 − S1 λ2 + S2 λ − |A| = 0
WhereS1 = Sum of the diagonal elements
= −2 + 1 + 0
= −1
S2 = sum of minors of diagonal elements
1 −6 −2 −3 −2 2
= + +
−2 0 −1 0 2 1
= −12 − 3 − 6
= −21
|A| = −2(−12) − 2(−6) − 3(−3) = 45
Characteristic equation is
λ3 + λ2 − 21λ − 45 = 0
Here we can observe λ = −3 is root of the equation. By synthetic division

1 1 − 21 − 45
−3 −3 6 45
1 −2 − 15 0

(λ − 3)(λ2 − 2λ − 15) = 0
(λ + 3)(λ + 3)(λ − 5) = 0
λ = −3, −3, 5
Eigen values of matrix A are λ1 = 5, λ2 = −3, λ3 = −3
To find eigen vector consider
[A − λI]X = O
    
−2 − λ 2 −3 x1 0
 2 1 − λ 6  x2  = 0 (3)
−1 −2 −λ x3 0
Case 1: If λ = λ1 = 5
From equation (2) we write
    
−7 2 −3 x1 0
 2 −4 −6 x2  = 0
−1 −2 −5 x3 0
By Creamers rule
x1 −x2 x3
= =
−4 −6 2 −6 2 −4
−2 −5 −1 −5 −1 −2

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x1 −x2 x3
= =
8 −16 −8
   
8 1
Thus the vector is X1 =  16  = 8  2 
−8 −1

Case 2: If λ = λ2 = λ3 = −3
From equation (2) we write
    
1 2 −3 x1 0
2 4 −6 x2  = 0
−1 −2 3 x3 0
R2 − 2R1 , R3 + R1
    
1 2 −3 x1 0
0 0 0  x2  = 0
0 0 0 x3 0

x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 0
Let x3 = t and x2 = s. Then x = −2s + 3t
     
−2s + 3t −2 3
X=  s  =s  1  + t 0

t 0 1
   
−2 3
Let X2 =  1  and X2 = 0
0 1

Excercise No. 2
 
2 1 1
1) Find the Eigen values of the matrix A =  2 3 2  and hence find Eigen values
3 3 4
−1
of A and 3A
 
1 1 1
2) Find the Eigen values of the matrix A =  1 2 1  and Eigen vector corre-
3 2 3
sponding to the smallest Eigen value.
 
6 −2 2
3) Find the Eigen Values of the matrix A =  −2 3 −1  and hence determine
2 −1 3
−1
the Eigen values of A and adjA.
4) Find the Eigen values and Eigen vector of matrix for greatest Eigen value of
matrix  
4 2 −2
 −5 3 2 
−2 4 1

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 
2 1 1
5) Find the Eigen values of the  1 2 1  and hence find Eigen values of AT , adjA, A−1
0 0 1
 
3 10 5
6) Find Eigen vector for least Eigen value of the matrix A =  −2 −3 −4 
3 5 7
 
5 0 1
7) Find Eigen vector for least Eigen value of the matrix A =  0 −2 0 
1 0 5
 
8 −6 2
8) Find Eigen values of the matrix A =  −6 7 −4  and Eigen values of
2 −4 3
−1
A , adjA and 2A matrices.
9) Find Eigen values and
 Eigen vector
 corresponding to smallest Eigen value only,
−2 5 4
for the matrix A =  5 7 5 
4 5 −2
 
4 6 6
10) Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of A =  1 3 2
−1 −4 −3
 
0 1 1
11) Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 1 0 1
1 1 0
 
0 1 0
12) Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of A = 0 0 1
1 −3 3

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1.4 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

Statement: Every Square matrix satisfy its own characteristic equation.
The theorem states that if |A − λI| = 0 i.e. an λ3 + an−1 λn−1 + · · · + a0 = 0 is
characteristic equation of a square matrix A, then A satisfy

an An + an−1 An−1 + · · · + a0 I = O

Example 1.12. Verify Cayley-Hamilton

  Theorem for the matrix A and use it to
2 −1 1
find A−1 and A4 , where −1 2 −1
1 −1 2
Solution The characteristic equation is λ3 − S1 λ2 + S2 λ − |A| = 0

WhereS1 = Sum of the diagonal elements

= 2+2+2
= 6
S2 = sum of minors of diagonal elements
= 3+3+3
= 9
|A| = 6−1−1=4

Characteristic equation is

λ3 − 6λ2 + 9λ − 4 = 0
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to prove

A3 − 6A2 + 9A − 4I = 0 (4)

First we calculate A2 and A3

  
2 −1 1 2 −1 1
A2 = −1 2 −1 −1 2 −1
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
 
6 −5 5
= −5 6 −5
5 −5 6
  
2 −1 1 6 −5 5
A3 = −1 2 −1 −5 6 −5
1 −1 2 5 −5 6
 
22 −21 21
= −21 22 −21
21 −21 22

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F.Y. B. Tech.

Now, consider
       
22 −21 21 6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
LHS = −21 22 −21 − 6 −5 6 −5 + 9 −1 2 −1 − 4 0 1 0
21 −21 22 5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1
 
22 − 36 − 18 − 4 −21 + 30 − 9 21 − 30 + 9
=  −21 + 30 − 9 22 − 36 + 18 − 4 −21 + 30 − 9 
21 − 30 + 9 −21 + 30 − 9 22 − 36 + 18 − 4
 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0

0 0 0
= 0
= RHS

Thus A3 − 6A2 + 9A − 4I = 0. Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified.

1) To find A−1 : Multiplay equation (4) byA−1 , we get

A−1 A3 − 6A−1 A2 + 9A−1 A − 4A−1 I = A−1 0

A2 − 6A + 9I − 4A−1 = 0

1 2
A−1 = [A − 6A + 9I]
4

     
1 
 6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0 
A−1 = −5 6 −5 − 6 −1 2 −1 + 9 0 1 0
4  5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1 
 
1 
 6 − 12 + 9 −5 + 6 5 − 6 
= −5 + 6 6 − 12 + 9 −5 + 6 
4 5−6 −5 + 6 6 − 12 + 9 
 
1 
 3 1 −1 
= 1 3 1
4  −1 1 3 

2) To find A4 : Multiply equation (4) byA, we get

AA3 − 6AA2 + 9AA − 4AI = A0

A4 − 6A3 + 9A2 − 4A = 0

A4 = A3 − 9A2 − 4A

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F.Y. B. Tech.

     
22 −21 21 6 −5 5 2 −1 1
A4 = 6 −21 22 −21 − 9 −5 6 −5 + 4 −1 2 −1
21 −21 22 5 −5 6 1 −1 2
 
132 − 54 + 8 −126 + 45 − 4 126 − 45 + 4
= −126 + 45 − 4 132 − 54 + 8 −126 + 45 − 4
126 − 45 + 4 −126 + 45 − 4 132 − 54 + 8
 
86 −85 85
= −85 86 −85
85 −85 86

Example 1.13. Verify Cayley-Hamilton

  Theorem for the matrix A and use it to
1 2 −2
find A−1 and A4 , where −1 3 0
0 −2 1
Solution The characteristic equation is λ3 − S1 λ2 + S2 λ − |A| = 0

WhereS1 = Sum of the diagonal elements

= 5
S2 = sum of minors of diagonal elements
= 9
|A| = 1

Characteristic equation is

λ3 − 5λ2 + 9λ − 1 = 0
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to prove

A3 − 5A2 + 9A − I = 0 (5)

First we calculate A2 and A3

  
1 2 −2 1 2 −2
A2 = −1 3 0  −1 3 0
0 −2 1 0 −2 1
 
−1 12 −4
= −4 7 2
2 −8 1
  
1 2 −2 −1 12 −4
A3 = −1 3 0  −4 7 2
0 −2 1 2 −8 1
 
−13 42 −2
= −11 9 10 
10 −22 −3

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F.Y. B. Tech.

Now, A3 − 5A2 + 9A − I = 0. Which verifies Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

 
3 2 6
A−1 = 1 1 2
2 2 5
 
−55 104 24
A4 = −20 −15 32 
32 −40 −23

Example 1.14. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A given below and
8 7 − 5 4 3 2
 matrixrepresented by A − 5A + 7A 3A + A − 5A + 8A − 2A + I,
hence find the
2 1 1
where A = 0 1 0
1 1 2
Solution The characteristic equation is λ3 − S1 λ2 + S2 λ − |A| = 0

WhereS1 = Sum of the diagonal elements

= 5
S2 = sum of minors of diagonal elements
= 7
|A| = 3

Characteristic equation is

λ3 − 5λ2 + 7λ − 3 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we get

A3 − 5A2 + 9A − I = 0

As

x5 +x


x3 − 5x2 + 7x − 3 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
x − 5x + 7x − 3x + x − 5x + 8x − 2x + 1
− x8 + 5x7 − 7x6 + 3x5
x4 − 5x3 + 8x2 − 2x
− x4 + 5x3 − 7x2 + 3x
x2 + x + 1

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F.Y. B. Tech.

By division theorem we write given expression as

Expression = A8 − 5A7 + 7A− 3A5 + A4 − 5A3 + 8A2 − 2A + I

= (A3 − 5A2 + 9A − I)(A5 + A) + (A2 + A + I)
2
= A
 + A +I     
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 0 1 0 + 0 1 0 + 0 1 0
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1
     
5 4 4 2 1 1 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 + 0 1 0 + 0 1 0
4 4 5 1 1 2 0 0 1
 
8 5 5
= 0 3 0
5 5 8

Exercise No. 3
 
1 2 3
1) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find A−1 if A =  2 −1 4 
3 1 −1
 
8 −8 −2
2) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A =  4 −3 −2  and show
3 −4 1
that the matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation.
 
1 2 3
3) Verify Cayley-Hamilton’s theorem for the matrix A =  2 4 5 
3 5 6
 
1 2 1
4) Verify Cayley-Hamilton’s theorem for the matrix A =  0 1 −1 
3 −1 1
 
7 −1 3
5) Find inverse of matrix by using Cayley- Hamilton theorem if A =  6 1 4 
2 4 8

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F.Y. B. Tech.

Solution
Exercise No. 1
1) L.D. (K1 = −t, K2 = −t, K3 = t) and X3 = X1 + X2
2) L.D.A
3) L.D. (K1 = −t/2, K2 = −t/2, K3 = t) and 2X3 = X1 + X2
4) L.D.
5)
6)
7) L.D. X3 = X1 + X2
8) L.I. 9X1 − 12X2 + 5X3 − 5X4 = 0
Exercise No. 2
1) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 9λ2 + 15λ − 7 = 0
i) Eigen Values of A are 7, 1, ,1
1
ii) Eigen Values of A−1 are , 1, , 1
7
iii) Eigen Values of 3A are 21, 3, , 3
2) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 6λ2 + 5λ = 0; Eigen Values are 1, 5, 0
Eigen vector corresponding to smallest Eigen value λ = 0 is X = (1 0 − 1)T
3) Ch.Eeq.is λ3 − 12λ2 + 36λ − 32 = 0
Eigen Values of A are λ = 2, 2, 8
1 1 1
Eigen Values of A−1 are λ = , ,
2 2 8
Eigen Values of adj(A) are λ = 16, 16, 4
4) Ch. Equation is λ3 − 8λ2 − 17λ − 10 = 0; Eigen Values are λ = 1, 2, 5
Eigen vector corresponding to greatest eigen value λ = 5 is (0, 1, 1)
5) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 5λ2 + 7λ − 3 = 0
i) Eigen Values of A are 3, 1, ,1
ii) Eigen Values of AT are 3, 1, ,1
iii) Eigen Values of adjA are 1, 3, , 3
1
iv) Eigen Values of A−1 are , 1, , 1
3
6) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 7λ2 + 16λ − 12 = 0; Eigen Values are 3, 2, 2
Eigen vector corresponding to smallest Eigen value λ = 2 is

X1 = (1 1 − 2)T , X2 = (5 2 − 5)T

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 F.Y. B. Tech.

7) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 8λ2 + 4λ + 48 = 0; Eigen Values are -2, 4, 6

Eigen vector corresponding to smallest Eigen value λ = −2 is X1 = (0 1 0)T
8) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 18λ2 + 45λ = 0
i) Eigen Values of A are 15, 3, ,0
−1
ii) Eigen Values of A are not exists
iii) Eigen Values of 2A are 30, 6, ,0
iv) Eigen Values of adjA are not exists
9) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 3λ2 − 90λ − 216 = 0; Eigen Values are -3, -6, 12
Eigen vectors are X1 = [1 − 1 1]T ; X2 = [−1 0 1]T ; X3 = [1 2 1]T
10) Eigen Values are -1, 1, 4
Eigen Vectors are [−6 − 2 7]T ; [0 1 − 1]T ; [−3 − 1 1]T
11) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 3λ − 2 = 0; Eigen Values are 2, -1, -1
Eigen vectors are X1 = [1 1 1]T ; X2 = [−1 1 0]T ; X3 = [−1 0 1]T
12) Ch. Polynomial is λ3 − 3λ2 + 3λ − 1 = 0; Eigen Values are 1, 1, 1
Eigen vector: X = [1 1 1]T
Exercise No. 3
1)
   
26 −32 −2 74 −104 10
2) Ch.Eeq.is λ3 −6λ2 +11λ−6 = 0 and A2 =  14 −15 −4 : A3 =  40 51 2 
11 −16 3 33 −52 13
   
14 25 31 157 283 353
3) Ch.Eeq.is λ3 −11λ2 −4λ+1 = 0 and A2 =  25 45 56 : A3 =  283 510 636 
31 56 70 353 636 793

4) Ch.Eeq.is λ3 − 3λ2 − λ + 9 = 0 and

   
4 3 0 4 11 1
A2 =  −3 2 −2  and A3 =  −9 −2 −7 
6 4 5 21 11 7

Hence A3 − 3A2 − A + 9I = 0
5) Ch.Eeq.is λ3 − 16λ2 + 55λ − 50 = 0
   
49 4 41 1 1  −8 20 −7
A2 =  56 11 54  and A−1 = [A2 −16A+55I] = −40 50 −10 
54 34 86 50 50 22 −30 13

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