Topics to be discussed
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Quantization noise and signal to quantization noise ratio
Companding (A law and μ law)
Differential pulse code modulation
Delta modulation.
2
Introduction
Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the message signal.
The message signal is the signal which is being transmitted for communication and the
carrier signal is a high frequency signal which has no data, but is used for long distance
transmission.
Modulation is performed by the device known as a modulator, and this technique is mainly
used to overcome the interference of the signal.
Modulation is of two types:
1. Analog Modulation
2. Digital modulation
3
Introduction
In analog modulation, a continuously varying sine wave is considered a carrier wave.
This wave modulates the data signal.
In amplitude modulation, three parameters can be altered, they are: frequency, amplitude
and phase.
Types of analog modulation are:
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
3. Phase modulation (PM)
4
Introduction
In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete signal.
The process of encoding affects the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and its robustness to
channel impairments.
In digital modulation, a message or information is converted into the amplitude, phase, or
frequency of the transmitted signal.
In the encoding process, the signal is converted from analog to digital form and then the
modulated signal is carried by using a carrier wave.
Digital modulation is of the following types:
1. Pulse Amplitude modulation (PAM)
2. Pulse width modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse code modulation (PCM)
5
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
A signal is pulse code modulated to convert its analog information into a binary sequence,
i.e., 1s and 0s.
The output of a PCM will resemble a binary sequence.
6
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Instead of a pulse train, PCM produces a series of numbers or digits, and hence this process
is called as digital.
Each one of these digits, though in binary code, represent the approximate amplitude of the
signal sample at that instant.
In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses.
This message signal is achieved by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and
amplitude.
Pulse code modulations are of two types:
1. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)
2. Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM)
7
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
PCM consists of three steps to digitize an analog signal:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Binary encoding
Before we sample, we have to filter the signal to limit the maximum frequency of the signal as
it affects the sampling rate.
Filtering should ensure that we do not distort the signal, ie remove high frequency
components that affect the signal shape.
8
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
9
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Basic Elements of PCM
The transmitter section of a Pulse Code Modulator circuit consists of Sampling,
Quantizing and Encoding, which are performed in the analog-to-digital converter section.
The low pass filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of the message signal.
The basic operations in the receiver section are regeneration of impaired signals,
decoding, and reconstruction of the quantized pulse train.
10
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
TRANSMITTER SECTION
Low Pass Filter
This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input analog signal which
is greater than the highest frequency of the message signal, to avoid aliasing of the message
signal.
Sampler
This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data at instantaneous values of
message signal, so as to reconstruct the original signal.
The sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency component W of the
message signal, in accordance with the sampling theorem.
11
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Quantizer
Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data.
The sampled output when given to Quantizer, reduces the redundant bits and compresses
the value.
Encoder
The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder.
It designates each quantized level by a binary code.
The sampling done here is the sample-and-hold process.
12
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
13
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Regenerative Repeater
This section increases the signal strength.
The output of the channel also has one regenerative repeater circuit, to compensate the
signal loss and reconstruct the signal, and also to increase its strength.
RECIEVER SECTION
Decoder
The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original signal.
This circuit acts as the demodulator.
14
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Reconstruction Filter
After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative circuit and the decoder,
A low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to get back the original signal.
Hence, the Pulse Code Modulator circuit digitizes the given analog signal, codes it and
samples it, and then transmits it in an analog form.
This whole process is repeated in a reverse pattern to obtain the original signal.
15
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
These four sections LPF, Sampler, Quantizer and Encoder will act as an analog to digital
converter. Encoding minimizes the bandwidth used.
16
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Low Pass Filter: Nyquist sampling rate for low-pass and bandpass signals
17
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Sampling: Three different sampling methods for PCM
18
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Amplitude quantizing: Mapping samples of a continuous amplitude waveform to a finite
set of amplitudes.
Out
In
Average quantization noise power
Signal peak power
Quantized
values
Signal power to average quantization noise power
19
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
A uniform linear quantizer is called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
Pulse code modulation (PCM): Encoding the quantized signals into a digital word (PCM word
or codeword).
Each quantized sample is digitally encoded into a 𝑛𝑏 bits codeword where L in the number of
quantization levels and
𝒏𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝑳
20
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
amplitude
x(t)
111 3.1867
110 2.2762 Quant. levels
101 1.3657
100 0.4552
011 -0.4552 boundaries
010 -1.3657
001 -2.2762 x(nTs): sampled values
xq(nTs): quantized values
000 -3.1867
Ts: sampling time
PCM t
21
codeword 110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011 PCM sequence
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Bit rate and bandwidth requirements of PCM:
The bit rate of a PCM signal can be calculated form the number of bits per sample x the
sampling rate
𝑩𝒊𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝒏𝒃 × 𝒇𝒔
The bandwidth required to transmit this signal depends on the type of line encoding used.
A digitized signal will always need more bandwidth than the original analog signal.
22
