Single Variable Calculus

Subhamay Saha
Department of Mathematics
IIT Guwahati

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann Integration
The geometric problem that leads to the concept of Riemann integral is
that of finding the area of the region bounded by the graph of a function
and the lines x = a and x = b.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann Integration
The geometric problem that leads to the concept of Riemann integral is
that of finding the area of the region bounded by the graph of a function
and the lines x = a and x = b.

If f : [a, b] → R is such that f (x) ≥ 0 for each x ∈ [a, b], the Riemann
integral addresses the problem of finding the area of the region given by
the set of points

S(f ) = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : a ≤ x ≤ b, 0 ≤ y ≤ f (x)}.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann Integration
The geometric problem that leads to the concept of Riemann integral is
that of finding the area of the region bounded by the graph of a function
and the lines x = a and x = b.

If f : [a, b] → R is such that f (x) ≥ 0 for each x ∈ [a, b], the Riemann
integral addresses the problem of finding the area of the region given by
the set of points

S(f ) = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : a ≤ x ≤ b, 0 ≤ y ≤ f (x)}.

This can be done by first breaking up the interval [a, b] into finitely many
subintervals, and then underestimating and overestimating the area over
each subinterval by computing rectangular areas. The sum of these two
areas over all subintervals then produces lower and upper estimates of the
required area, and we hope that as we pass these two sums over the limit
as the number of subintervals tends to infinity, we arrive at the area we
seek.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

S. Saha SVC (2025)
The theory of Riemann integration is based on bounded
real-valued functions defined on a closed and bounded interval.
Thus consider f : [a, b] → R such that m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for
some real numbers m, M, and for all x ∈ [a, b].

S. Saha SVC (2025)

The theory of Riemann integration is based on bounded
real-valued functions defined on a closed and bounded interval.
Thus consider f : [a, b] → R such that m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for
some real numbers m, M, and for all x ∈ [a, b].

Partition: A partition P of an interval [a, b] is a finite set

{x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } of points satisfying
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn = b.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

The theory of Riemann integration is based on bounded
real-valued functions defined on a closed and bounded interval.
Thus consider f : [a, b] → R such that m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for
some real numbers m, M, and for all x ∈ [a, b].

Partition: A partition P of an interval [a, b] is a finite set

{x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } of points satisfying
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn = b.

The above partition P breaks up an interval into n subintervals

[xi−1 , xi ], with 1 ≤ i ≤ n. We denote by ∆xi the length of the
ith subinterval, and by ∥P∥ the largest of these subinterval
lengths. We call ∥P∥ the norm of P.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

The theory of Riemann integration is based on bounded
real-valued functions defined on a closed and bounded interval.
Thus consider f : [a, b] → R such that m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for
some real numbers m, M, and for all x ∈ [a, b].

Partition: A partition P of an interval [a, b] is a finite set

{x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } of points satisfying
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn = b.

The above partition P breaks up an interval into n subintervals

[xi−1 , xi ], with 1 ≤ i ≤ n. We denote by ∆xi the length of the
ith subinterval, and by ∥P∥ the largest of these subinterval
lengths. We call ∥P∥ the norm of P.

Thus, ∆xi = xi − xi−1 and ∥P∥ = maxi ∆xi .

S. Saha SVC (2025)

For a fixed partition P of [a, b], set

Mi = sup f (x); mi = inf f (x);

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]
X n X n
U(f , P) = Mi ∆xi and L(f , P) = mi ∆xi .
i=1 i=1

S. Saha SVC (2025)

For a fixed partition P of [a, b], set

Mi = sup f (x); mi = inf f (x);

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]
X n X n
U(f , P) = Mi ∆xi and L(f , P) = mi ∆xi .
i=1 i=1
U(f , P) is called the upper sum of f for P and L(f , P) is
called the lower sum of f for P.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

For a fixed partition P of [a, b], set

Mi = sup f (x); mi = inf f (x);

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]
X n X n
U(f , P) = Mi ∆xi and L(f , P) = mi ∆xi .
i=1 i=1
U(f , P) is called the upper sum of f for P and L(f , P) is
called the lower sum of f for P.
Since m ≤ mi ≤ Mi ≤ M for each i, we have
n
X n
X n
X n
X
m ∆xi ≤ mi ∆xi ≤ Mi ∆xi ≤ M ∆xi .
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
Hence, m(b − a) ≤ L(f , P) ≤ U(f , P) ≤ M(b − a)
for every partition P of [a, b].

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f (x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 10 for all x ∈ [1, 4]. Then for
the partition P = {1, 2, 3, 4} of [1, 4], U(f , P) = 11 and
L(f , P) = −40.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f (x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 10 for all x ∈ [1, 4]. Then for
the partition P = {1, 2, 3, 4} of [1, 4], U(f , P) = 11 and
L(f , P) = −40.
Solution: Since f ′ (x) = 4x 2 (x − 3) for all x ∈ [1, 4], we have
f ′ (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (1, 3) and f ′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (3, 4).
Hence f is strictly decreasing on [1, 3] and strictly increasing
on [3, 4].

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f (x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 10 for all x ∈ [1, 4]. Then for
the partition P = {1, 2, 3, 4} of [1, 4], U(f , P) = 11 and
L(f , P) = −40.
Solution: Since f ′ (x) = 4x 2 (x − 3) for all x ∈ [1, 4], we have
f ′ (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (1, 3) and f ′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (3, 4).
Hence f is strictly decreasing on [1, 3] and strictly increasing
on [3, 4].
Consequently sup{f (x) : x ∈ [1, 2]} = f (1) = 7,
sup{f (x) : x ∈ [2, 3]} = f (2) = −6,
sup{f (x) : x ∈ [3, 4]} = f (4) = 10 and
inf{f (x) : x ∈ [1, 2]} = f (2) = −6,
inf{f (x) : x ∈ [2, 3]} = f (3) = −17,
inf{f (x) : x ∈ [3, 4]} = f (3) = −17.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f (x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 10 for all x ∈ [1, 4]. Then for
the partition P = {1, 2, 3, 4} of [1, 4], U(f , P) = 11 and
L(f , P) = −40.
Solution: Since f ′ (x) = 4x 2 (x − 3) for all x ∈ [1, 4], we have
f ′ (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (1, 3) and f ′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (3, 4).
Hence f is strictly decreasing on [1, 3] and strictly increasing
on [3, 4].
Consequently sup{f (x) : x ∈ [1, 2]} = f (1) = 7,
sup{f (x) : x ∈ [2, 3]} = f (2) = −6,
sup{f (x) : x ∈ [3, 4]} = f (4) = 10 and
inf{f (x) : x ∈ [1, 2]} = f (2) = −6,
inf{f (x) : x ∈ [2, 3]} = f (3) = −17,
inf{f (x) : x ∈ [3, 4]} = f (3) = −17.
Therefore U(f , P) = 7(2 − 1) + (−6)(3 − 2) + 10(4 − 3) = 11,
L(f , P) = (−6)(2 − 1) + (−17)(3 − 2) + (−17)(4 − 3) = −40.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Upper integral:
Rb
f = inf U(f , P) = inf{U(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Upper integral:
Rb
f = inf U(f , P) = inf{U(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Lower integral:
Rb
f = sup L(f , P) = sup{L(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Upper integral:
Rb
f = inf U(f , P) = inf{U(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Lower integral:
Rb
f = sup L(f , P) = sup{L(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Riemann integral: If Upper integral = Lower integral, then f is

called Riemann integrable on [a, b]. The common value is the
Rb Rb
Riemann integral of f on [a, b], denoted by f or f (x)dx.
a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Upper integral:
Rb
f = inf U(f , P) = inf{U(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Lower integral:
Rb
f = sup L(f , P) = sup{L(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Riemann integral: If Upper integral = Lower integral, then f is

called Riemann integrable on [a, b]. The common value is the
Rb Rb
Riemann integral of f on [a, b], denoted by f or f (x)dx.
a a
Notation: R[a, b] denotes the set of all Riemann integrable
functions f : [a, b] → R.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Upper integral:
Rb
f = inf U(f , P) = inf{U(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Lower integral:
Rb
f = sup L(f , P) = sup{L(f , P) : P is a partition of [a, b]}
a P

Riemann integral: If Upper integral = Lower integral, then f is

called Riemann integrable on [a, b]. The common value is the
Rb Rb
Riemann integral of f on [a, b], denoted by f or f (x)dx.
a a
Notation: R[a, b] denotes the set of all Riemann integrable
functions f : [a, b] → R.
Remark: If f ∈ R[a, b] and m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for x ∈ [a, b], then
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x)dx ≤ M(b − a).
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.
(a) f (x) = k for all x ∈ [a, b].

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.
(a) f (x) = k for all x ∈ [a, b].

0 if x ∈ (a, b],
(b) Let f (x) =
1 if x = a.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.
(a) f (x) = k for all x ∈ [a, b].

0 if x ∈ (a, b],
(b) Let f (x) =
1 if x = a.
Solution of (b): Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of
[a, b]. Then mi = 0 and M1 = 1, Mi = 0 for i = 2, ..., n and so
L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = x1 − x0 = x1 − a.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.
(a) f (x) = k for all x ∈ [a, b].

0 if x ∈ (a, b],
(b) Let f (x) =
1 if x = a.
Solution of (b): Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of
[a, b]. Then mi = 0 and M1 = 1, Mi = 0 for i = 2, ..., n and so
L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = x1 − x0 = x1 − a.
Rb
Hence f (x) dx = 0.
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.
(a) f (x) = k for all x ∈ [a, b].

0 if x ∈ (a, b],
(b) Let f (x) =
1 if x = a.
Solution of (b): Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of
[a, b]. Then mi = 0 and M1 = 1, Mi = 0 for i = 2, ..., n and so
L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = x1 − x0 = x1 − a.
Rb
Hence f (x) dx = 0.
a

Rb
Again, f (x) dx = inf U(f , P) = inf{x1 − a : x1 ∈ (a, b)} = 0.
a P

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: The following functions are Riemann integrable.
(a) f (x) = k for all x ∈ [a, b].

0 if x ∈ (a, b],
(b) Let f (x) =
1 if x = a.
Solution of (b): Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of
[a, b]. Then mi = 0 and M1 = 1, Mi = 0 for i = 2, ..., n and so
L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = x1 − x0 = x1 − a.
Rb
Hence f (x) dx = 0.
a

Rb
Again, f (x) dx = inf U(f , P) = inf{x1 − a : x1 ∈ (a, b)} = 0.
a P

Rb
Therefore f is Riemann integrable on [a, b] and f (x) dx = 0.
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f : [a, b] → R be defined by
1 if x is rational,
f (x) =
0 if x is irrational.
Then f is not Riemann integrable.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f : [a, b] → R be defined by
1 if x is rational,
f (x) =
0 if x is irrational.
Then f is not Riemann integrable.

Solution: Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of [a, b].

Since every interval contains a rational as well as an irrational
number, we get Mi = 1 and mi = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f : [a, b] → R be defined by
1 if x is rational,
f (x) =
0 if x is irrational.
Then f is not Riemann integrable.

Solution: Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of [a, b].

Since every interval contains a rational as well as an irrational
number, we get Mi = 1 and mi = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n.
Therefore, L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = b − a.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f : [a, b] → R be defined by
1 if x is rational,
f (x) =
0 if x is irrational.
Then f is not Riemann integrable.

Solution: Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of [a, b].

Since every interval contains a rational as well as an irrational
number, we get Mi = 1 and mi = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n.
Therefore, L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = b − a.
Rb Rb
Hence f (x) dx = 0 and f (x) dx = b − a.
a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Example: Let f : [a, b] → R be defined by
1 if x is rational,
f (x) =
0 if x is irrational.
Then f is not Riemann integrable.

Solution: Let P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xn } be any partition of [a, b].

Since every interval contains a rational as well as an irrational
number, we get Mi = 1 and mi = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n.
Therefore, L(f , P) = 0 and U(f , P) = b − a.
Rb Rb
Hence f (x) dx = 0 and f (x) dx = b − a.
a a

Rb Rb
Since f (x) dx ̸= f (x) dx, f is not Riemann integrable.
a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

A refinement P ∗ of a partition P is a partition of [a, b]
containing all the points of P.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

A refinement P ∗ of a partition P is a partition of [a, b]
containing all the points of P.

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let P ∗ be a

refinement of P. Then

L(f , P) ≤ L(f , P ∗ ) ≤ U(f , P ∗ ) ≤ U(f , P).

S. Saha SVC (2025)

A refinement P ∗ of a partition P is a partition of [a, b]
containing all the points of P.

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let P ∗ be a

refinement of P. Then

L(f , P) ≤ L(f , P ∗ ) ≤ U(f , P ∗ ) ≤ U(f , P).

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let P and Q be any

two partitions of [a, b]. Then
L(f , P) ≤ U(f , Q).

S. Saha SVC (2025)

A refinement P ∗ of a partition P is a partition of [a, b]
containing all the points of P.

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let P ∗ be a

refinement of P. Then

L(f , P) ≤ L(f , P ∗ ) ≤ U(f , P ∗ ) ≤ U(f , P).

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let P and Q be any

two partitions of [a, b]. Then
L(f , P) ≤ U(f , Q).

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Then

Zb Zb
f ≤ f.
a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let there exist a
sequence (Pn ) of partitions of [a, b] such that L(f , Pn ) → α
Rb
and U(f , Pn ) → α. Then f ∈ R[a, b] and f = α.
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let there exist a
sequence (Pn ) of partitions of [a, b] such that L(f , Pn ) → α
Rb
and U(f , Pn ) → α. Then f ∈ R[a, b] and f = α.
a
2
Example: Let f (x) = x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Then f : [0, 1] → R
R1
is Riemann integrable on [0, 1] and f (x) dx = 31 .
0

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let there exist a
sequence (Pn ) of partitions of [a, b] such that L(f , Pn ) → α
Rb
and U(f , Pn ) → α. Then f ∈ R[a, b] and f = α.
a
2
Example: Let f (x) = x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Then f : [0, 1] → R
R1
is Riemann integrable on [0, 1] and f (x) dx = 31 .
0

Solution: For each n ∈ N, Pn = {0, n1 , . . . , nn = 1} is a

partition of [0, 1].

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let there exist a
sequence (Pn ) of partitions of [a, b] such that L(f , Pn ) → α
Rb
and U(f , Pn ) → α. Then f ∈ R[a, b] and f = α.
a
2
Example: Let f (x) = x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Then f : [0, 1] → R
R1
is Riemann integrable on [0, 1] and f (x) dx = 31 .
0

Solution: For each n ∈ N, Pn = {0, n1 , . . . , nn = 1} is a

partition of [0, 1].
(n−1)2
L(f , Pn ) = n1 (0 + 1
n2
+ ··· + n2
) = (1 − n1 )( 31 − 1
6n
) → 13 .

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let there exist a
sequence (Pn ) of partitions of [a, b] such that L(f , Pn ) → α
Rb
and U(f , Pn ) → α. Then f ∈ R[a, b] and f = α.
a
2
Example: Let f (x) = x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Then f : [0, 1] → R
R1
is Riemann integrable on [0, 1] and f (x) dx = 31 .
0

Solution: For each n ∈ N, Pn = {0, n1 , . . . , nn = 1} is a

partition of [0, 1].
(n−1)2
L(f , Pn ) = n1 (0 + 1
n2
+ ··· + n2
) = (1 − n1 )( 31 − 1
6n
) → 13 .
n2
U(f , Pn ) = n1 ( n12 + · · · + n2
) = (1 + n1 )( 13 + 1
6n
) → 31 .

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Result: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let there exist a
sequence (Pn ) of partitions of [a, b] such that L(f , Pn ) → α
Rb
and U(f , Pn ) → α. Then f ∈ R[a, b] and f = α.
a
2
Example: Let f (x) = x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Then f : [0, 1] → R
R1
is Riemann integrable on [0, 1] and f (x) dx = 31 .
0

Solution: For each n ∈ N, Pn = {0, n1 , . . . , nn = 1} is a

partition of [0, 1].
(n−1)2
L(f , Pn ) = n1 (0 + 1
n2
+ ··· + n2
) = (1 − n1 )( 31 − 1
6n
) → 13 .
n2
U(f , Pn ) = n1 ( n12 + · · · + n2
) = (1 + n1 )( 13 + 1
6n
) → 31 .
R1
Hence f is Riemann integrable on [0, 1] and f (x) dx = 31 .
0

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann’s criterion for integrability: A bounded function
f : [a, b] → R is Riemann integrable on [a, b] if and only if for
each ε > 0, there exists a partition Pε of [a, b] such that
U(f , Pε ) − L(f , Pε ) < ε.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann’s criterion for integrability: A bounded function
f : [a, b] → R is Riemann integrable on [a, b] if and only if for
each ε > 0, there exists a partition Pε of [a, b] such that
U(f , Pε ) − L(f , Pε ) < ε.

Corollary: A bounded function f : [a, b] → R is Riemann

integrable on [a, b] if and only if there exists a sequence (Pn )
of partitions of [a, b] such that lim [U(f , Pn ) − L(f , Pn )] = 0,
n→∞
in which case
Zb
f (x) dx = lim U(f , Pn ) = lim L(f , Pn ).
n→∞ n→∞
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Some Riemann integrable functions:

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Some Riemann integrable functions:

(a) Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous. Then f is Riemann

integrable.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Some Riemann integrable functions:

(a) Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous. Then f is Riemann

integrable.

(b) Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. If f is continuous except at

finitely many points in [a, b], then f is Riemann integrable.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Some Riemann integrable functions:

(a) Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous. Then f is Riemann

integrable.

(b) Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. If f is continuous except at

finitely many points in [a, b], then f is Riemann integrable.

(c) If f : [a, b] → R is monotonic, then f is Riemann

integrable.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann sum: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let
P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } be a partition of [a, b], and ci ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]
for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then P̃ = (P, (ci )) is called a tagged
partition.
Xn
S(f , P̃) = f (ci )(xi − xi−1 )
i=1

is called the Riemann sum of f with respect to the tagged

partition P̃.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann sum: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let
P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } be a partition of [a, b], and ci ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]
for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then P̃ = (P, (ci )) is called a tagged
partition.
Xn
S(f , P̃) = f (ci )(xi − xi−1 )
i=1

is called the Riemann sum of f with respect to the tagged

partition P̃.

Result: A bounded function f : [a, b] → R is Riemann

integrable on [a, b] if and only if lim S(f , P̃) exists in R.
∥P∥→0

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Riemann sum: Let f : [a, b] → R be bounded. Let
P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } be a partition of [a, b], and ci ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]
for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then P̃ = (P, (ci )) is called a tagged
partition.
Xn
S(f , P̃) = f (ci )(xi − xi−1 )
i=1

is called the Riemann sum of f with respect to the tagged

partition P̃.

Result: A bounded function f : [a, b] → R is Riemann

integrable on [a, b] if and only if lim S(f , P̃) exists in R.
∥P∥→0

Rb
Also, in this case, f = lim S(f , P̃).
a ∥P∥→0

S. Saha SVC (2025)

 1 1 1
Example: lim [ n+1 + n+2
+ ··· + n+n
] = log 2.
n→∞

S. Saha SVC (2025)

 1 1 1
Example: lim [ n+1 + n+2
+ ··· + n+n
] = log 2.
n→∞
1
Solution: Let f (x) = 1+x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Considering the
partition Pn = {0, n , n , . . . , nn = 1} of [0, 1] for each n ∈ N
1 2

(and taking ci = ni for i = 1, . . . , n), we find that

n    X n
X i i i −1 1
S(f , P̃n ) = f − = .
i=1
n n n i=1
n+i

S. Saha SVC (2025)

 1 1 1
Example: lim [ n+1 + n+2
+ ··· + n+n
] = log 2.
n→∞
1
Solution: Let f (x) = 1+x for all x ∈ [0, 1]. Considering the
partition Pn = {0, n , n , . . . , nn = 1} of [0, 1] for each n ∈ N
1 2

(and taking ci = ni for i = 1, . . . , n), we find that

n    X n
X i i i −1 1
S(f , P̃n ) = f − = .
i=1
n n n i=1
n+i

Since f : [0, 1] → R is continuous, f is Riemann integrable on

Pn
1
R1
[0, 1] and hence lim n+i
= lim S(f , P̃n ) = f (x) dx =
n→∞ i=1 n→∞ 0
log(1 + x)|1x=0 = log 2.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Properties of Riemann integrals

Suppose that f , g ∈ R[a, b] and α ∈ R.

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Properties of Riemann integrals

Suppose that f , g ∈ R[a, b] and α ∈ R.

(1) Then αf , f + g ∈ R[a, b] and
Z b Z b
(αf )(x)dx = α f (x)dx;
a a
Z b Z b Z b
(f + g )(x)dx = f (x)dx + g (x)dx.
a a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

(2) If f (x) ≤ g (x) on [a, b]. Then
Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≤ g (x)dx.
a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

(2) If f (x) ≤ g (x) on [a, b]. Then
Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≤ g (x)dx.
a a

(3) If f ∈ R[a, b] and a < c < b, then f ∈ R[a, c] and

f ∈ R[c, b], and
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c

S. Saha SVC (2025)

(2) If f (x) ≤ g (x) on [a, b]. Then
Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≤ g (x)dx.
a a

(3) If f ∈ R[a, b] and a < c < b, then f ∈ R[a, c] and

f ∈ R[c, b], and
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c

(4) If f ∈ R[a, b] then |f | ∈ R[a, b] and

Z b Z b
| f (x)dx| ≤ |f |(x)dx.
a a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Theorem (Mean value theorem)
If f : [a, b] → R is continuous, then there exists a point
c ∈ (a, b) such that
Z b
f (x)dx = f (c) · (b − a).
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Theorem (Mean value theorem)
If f : [a, b] → R is continuous, then there exists a point
c ∈ (a, b) such that
Z b
f (x)dx = f (c) · (b − a).
a

Theorem (First fundamental theorem of calculus)

Let f : [a, b] → R be Riemann integrable and let
Rx
F (x) = f (t) dt for all x ∈ [a, b]. Then F : [a, b] → R is
a
continuous. Also, if f is continuous at x0 ∈ [a, b], then F is
differentiable at x0 and F ′ (x0 ) = f (x0 ).

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Corollary: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous and
Rx
F (x) = f (t) dt for all x ∈ [a, b], then F is differentiable on
a
[a, b] and F ′ = f .

S. Saha SVC (2025)

Corollary: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous and
Rx
F (x) = f (t) dt for all x ∈ [a, b], then F is differentiable on
a
[a, b] and F ′ = f .
Theorem (Second fundamental theorem of calculus)
Let f : [a, b] → R be Riemann integrable on [a, b]. If there
exists a differentiable function F : [a, b] → R such that
Rb
F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ [a, b], then f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a).
a

S. Saha SVC (2025)