PATHFIT 3 – DANCE

PREPARED BY: LOUANNE V. CADAYDAY

CHAPTER 1.
I. INTRODUCTION TO DANCE

 DANCE
- Dance is the artistic form of movement used to express emotions, ideas, or
stories, often in sync with music or rhythm.
- It involves movement and expression and is a recognized performing art.

 DANCING
- Dancing is the act of performing or participating in dance through physical
movement, often guided by rhythm and music.
- It involves actively engaging in the art form, whether in practice, social settings,
or performance.

 HISTORY OF DANCE
- Dance has been an integral part of human culture since ancient times, evolving
from ritualistic and ceremonial practices to a diverse art form. Initially tied to
religious ceremonies, celebrations, and storytelling, early dance forms were
deeply embedded in cultural and spiritual rituals. For example, ancient
Egyptians performed dances in honor of gods during religious festivals, while
Native American tribes used dance to connect with nature and spirits. Evidence
of these practices can be found in cave paintings and historical records.

As time progressed, dance diversified into various styles, each reflecting

different cultural influences, social contexts, and artistic expressions. For
instance, Ballet evolved in European courts during the Renaissance, focusing on
grace and technical precision, while Modern Dance, pioneered by artists like
Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham, rejected classical ballet’s restrictions in
favor of emotional freedom and self-expression. Similarly, Jazz dance emerged
alongside jazz music in the early 20th century, characterized by energetic and
improvisational movements, while Hip-hop dance, born from urban street
culture in the 1970s, brought a new focus on rhythm, creativity, and social
expression.

- Isadora Duncan brought a more natural, free-flowing, and expressive approach

to dance, moving away from rigid ballet techniques.
- Martha Graham introduced a structured technique focused on emotional depth
through contraction and release, turning dance into an art of psychological
expression and theatrical storytelling.

 PURPOSE OF DANCE
- Dance serves a multitude of purposes, varying across cultures, societies, and
individual preferences. It is much more than just movement—it has deep
emotional, social, and cultural significance.
1. Expression of Emotions
o Emotional Release: Dance allows individuals to express feelings that
may be hard to articulate with words. It’s a medium for expressing
joy, sorrow, love, anger, or any other emotion.

Example: Contemporary dance often involves powerful movements that

convey intense emotional experiences, such as grief or passion.

2. Communication
o Non-Verbal Communication: Dance transcends language, enabling
people to communicate across cultural or linguistic barriers.
Movements, gestures, and body language can convey meanings and
tell stories.

Example: Ballet and modern dance use movement to convey abstract ideas
or emotional states without relying on words.

3. Cultural Identity and Tradition

o Cultural Expression: Dance serves as a way for people to connect
with their heritage, reflect on their roots, and preserve traditions.
Many dances are passed down through generations, and each
cultural group has distinct forms of dance that hold special
meaning.

Example: Flamenco in Spain, Samba in Brazil, or Hula in Hawaii are all

deeply tied to their respective cultures and traditions.

4. Social Bonding and Connection

o Community and Socializing: Dance often serves as a social activity,
helping individuals build connections and interact with others. It is a
communal activity that strengthens social bonds and brings people
together.

Example: Ballroom dancing, salsa, or swing dancing are all social dances that
promote connection between partners and communities.

o Celebrations and Festivals: Dance is a central part of many

celebrations, such as weddings, parties, and festivals. It creates a
festive atmosphere and brings people together in shared joy.

Example: Weddings often feature traditional dances, like the waltz or first
dance, to celebrate union and joy.

5. Fitness and Physical Health

o Physical Exercise: Dance is a great form of physical exercise,
enhancing flexibility, strength, endurance, and coordination. It
 improves cardiovascular health, tones muscles, and increases
overall body awareness.

Example: Zumba, hip-hop dance, and ballet are all forms of dance that
contribute to fitness and well-being.

o Posture and Body Awareness: Through dance, individuals gain a

better understanding of how to control and move their bodies,
improving posture and coordination.

6. Artistic and Aesthetic Appreciation

o Artistic Expression: Dance is a creative outlet for individuals to
express aesthetically pleasing movements. It is an art form that
requires skill, imagination, and technical ability.

Example: Ballet and contemporary dance performances are highly artistic,

using movement to evoke beauty, emotion, or meaning.

7. Entertainment
o Performance and Entertainment: Dance is a form of entertainment
that engages audiences through live performances or through visual
media like television, film, and digital platforms.

Example: Musicals like "West Side Story" “wicked” and dance-based reality
shows like "world of dance Philippines" highlight dance as a major form of
entertainment.

8. Therapy and Healing

o Dance Therapy: Dance has been shown to have therapeutic
benefits, helping individuals cope with emotional, psychological,
and physical challenges. Dance therapy uses movement to promote
healing and well-being.

Example: Dance/movement therapy (DMT) is used to help individuals with

conditions such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD (Post-traumatic stress
disorder) by allowing them to express their feelings through movement.

o Healing and Rehabilitation: Dance is used in physical rehabilitation

to regain strength, improve movement, and increase motor
coordination after injury or illness.

9. Personal Growth and self-discovery

o Self-Expression and Confidence: Dance allows individuals to explore
their own identity, build confidence, and find self-expression. It can
be an empowering activity that helps people grow emotionally and
mentally.
 Example: Many people use dance to express their personal identity,
whether through hip-hop or contemporary dance, often making it a journey
of self-discovery.

 BENEFIT OF DANCE
1. Physical Health: Improves cardiovascular health, strength, flexibility, and
balance.
2. Mental Health: Reduces stress, anxiety, boosts mood, and enhances cognitive
function.
3. Emotional Health: Provides a platform for self-expression, increases self-
confidence, and promotes emotional release.
4. Social Health: Fosters social connections, improves communication skills, and
promotes inclusivity.
5. Cognitive Development: Enhances memory, focus, problem-solving, and motor
skills.
6. Spiritual/Psychological: Promotes mindfulness, healing, and a sense of
belonging.

II. FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS

- There are five fundamental or basic position in dance that are commonly
termed as 1st position, 2nd position, 3rd position, 4th position, and 5th position of
the feet and arms.

1st Position
Feet: Heels close together; toes apart within an angle of around 45 degrees.
Arms: Both arms are raised forward in a circle in front of the chest with the fingertips
about an inch apart.

2nd Position
Feet: Point the right toe sideward; bring down the heel of the right foot.
Arms: Both arms are raised sideward with graceful curve at shoulder level.
 3rd Position
Feet: Heel of one foot is close to in step of other foot.
Arm: Left arm is raised sideward as in 2nd position; right arm raise upward.

4th Position
Feet: Point the right toe forward; bring down the heel of the right foot.
Arms: Left arm is raised in front as in first position; right arm raised overhead.

5th Position
Feet: The heel of the front foot is placed close to the big toe of the back foot.
Arm: Left arm is raised in front as in first position; right arm raised overhead. Close the
right foot to the left by circling and return to the first position.

III. BASIC NATURAL MOVEMENTS

1. LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS
- Are those that move the body in space in any direction with the feet as the
moving base
Example: walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, leaping, galloping and
sliding.
 2. NON-LOCOMOTOR
- Are those in which various parts of the body move in space with a fixed base.
These base may be standing, kneeling, sitting or lying.

Non-locomotor movements
 Flexing – bending or shortening of a body part occurring at a joint.
 Extension – turning, twisting or circling.
 Pendular – swinging/ swaying arms forward, backward or sideward.
 Percussive – striking and hitting: pushing and pulling.
 Vibratory – shaking and beating.
 Sustained – a slow, smooth flowing movement with a balance of
movement throughout the entire series.
 Suspended – a sharp movement followed by a series of slow or
prolonged movement unit a peak is reached.

IV. MINOR AND MAJOR ELEMENT OF DANCE

- In dance, elements refer to the fundamental components that make up any
movement or performance. These can be categorized into major and minor
elements, each serving a specific purpose in creating a well-rounded dance
experience.

Major Elements of Dance

1. Body
The body is the instrument through which dance is performed. This element refers to how
the body moves, the shapes it creates, and how it reacts to different types of movement.
- Body parts: Specific areas of the body, like arms, legs, head, and torso, used in
various ways.
- Movement qualities: The style and energy of movements (e.g., sharp, soft,
smooth).

2. Space
Space defines where and how the body moves within a given area. It relates to the location,
direction, size, and level of movement.
- Levels: Movement can occur at low, middle, or high levels (e.g., crawling,
standing, and jumping).

3. Time
Time refers to the rhythm, tempo, and duration of movement in a dance. It involves the
timing of each movement and how it fits within the flow of music or the tempo of the
dance.
- Tempo: The speed of the movement (e.g., fast or slow).
- Rhythm: The timing of movements in relation to the beat of the music.
- Duration: How long a movement lasts and its relationship to other movements.

4. Energy
 Energy describes the force or power behind each movement. It reflects how the movement
is executed, whether it's sharp, smooth, strong, or light.
- Flow: The continuity or interruption in movement (e.g., fluid, sudden).
- Force: The intensity of the movement (e.g., gentle, powerful, heavy).
- Dynamics: The contrast between movements that are soft or forceful, quick or
slow.

Minor Elements of Dance

1. Gesture
- Gestures are smaller, often more expressive movements of the body, typically
involving the arms, hands, or face.
- They can convey emotion, intent, or meaning, and may be symbolic or decorative.

2. Posture
- Posture refers to the alignment of the body at rest or during movement. It
influences balance, aesthetic appearance, and safety.
- Proper posture ensures efficient movement and prevents injury while dancing.

3. Balance
- Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium while performing movements, whether
on one foot or during complex rotations.
- It is a minor element that impacts the control of a dance and its visual appeal.

4. Focus
- Focus refers to the concentration of the dancer’s attention, typically on a specific
point, direction, or object.
- It affects the expressive quality of the dance and enhances its communication,
creating a deeper connection with the audience.

5. Breath
- Breath is often considered a minor element, although it can influence the overall
flow and rhythm of a dance. Breathing patterns help manage energy and express
emotions.
- It provides cadence to movements and assists in controlling body tension.

6. Transitions
- Transitions are the small movements or shifts that connect one position or step to
another. They provide fluidity between different parts of a dance, making it feel
cohesive.
- Proper transitions ensure the dance flows smoothly without abrupt interruptions.

V. PHASES OF DANCE EDUCATION PROGRAM

 1. Creative Rhythms
- Exploring basic rhythmic patterns through body percussion and movement to
develop timing and coordination.
Example: Clapping and stomping to create rhythms, then moving the body to match or
improvise.

2. Folk/Ethnic Dance
- Learning traditional dances from diverse cultures, understanding their history and
cultural significance.
Example: Practicing the Indian Garba or Irish jig with group formations.

3. Social and Ballroom Dance

- Introducing partner dances that focus on posture, connection, and social
interaction.
Example: Learning basic Waltz steps and simple partner sequences.

4. Recreational Dance
- Engaging in fun, easy-to-learn dance styles for fitness and enjoyment.
Example: Performing the “Electric Slide” line dance or a beginner Zumba routine.

5. Creative Dance
- Using improvisation and choreography to express stories or emotions through
original movement.
Example: Creating short dance pieces based on themes like “nature” or “feelings.”

VI. OBJECTIVES OF RHYTMIC ACTIVITIES

1. Develop skills necessary recreational enjoyment.

2. Maintain good posture and physical efficiency.
3. Promote emotional freedom.
4. Develop a balance and well-coordinated body.

VII. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD DANCE

1. Unity: The dance should have a cohesive theme or idea that ties all movements and
elements together, creating a sense of completeness and harmony.

2. Continuity and Development: Movements should flow smoothly from one to

another, showing progression or evolution in the dance’s narrative or energy,
keeping the audience engaged.

3. Variety and Contrast: Incorporating different movements, speeds, levels, or moods

prevents monotony and adds interest, highlighting distinct sections or emotions
within the dance.

4. Transition: Effective transitions ensure that changes between movements or

segments are seamless, maintaining the flow and preventing abrupt disruptions.
 5. Climax: The dance often builds toward a high point or peak moment, which serves
as the emotional or dynamic highlight, leaving a strong impression on the audience.

VIII. WHAT MAKES A GOOD DANCE

 Conveys a meaningful message or significant idea

 Reflects life experiences
 Uses abstract or symbolic forms to express emotion and meaning
 Engages and moves the audience during the performance
 A good dance has a clear beginning, middle, and end.
 The beginning can be a shape, pose, or entrance.
 The middle develops or explores the main idea.
 Dance requires an orderly arrangement of elements with clear meaning and
purpose.
 A good dance must have a sense of direction.
 Effective choreography depends on having a defined shape or form.

WHAT IS FORM?
 A form arranges ideas into a clear, logical order, creating unity and helping express the
content. It organizes any work or dance piece.
 A form arranges ideas into a clear, logical order, creating unity and helping express the
content. It organizes any work or dance piece.

WHAT IS PHRASE?
 A phrase is the smallest dance unit. Single movements combine into units, units form
sections, and sections create a full dance. Dancers and choreographers use phrasing to
build dances.

WHAT IS MOTIF?
 A motif is a theme that expresses meaning to the audience.
 Good dance motifs repeat, vary, and develop movements by changing their elements.

EVALUATING A GOOD DANCE

 Choreographers: Evaluate dance as part of developing a personal style that balances

spontaneity and organization.

 Dancers: Assess based on the specific demands the performance places on them.

 Audiences: Judge according to the context in which the dance is presented.

STAGES IN ASSESSING A DANCE CRIITIQUE

 Description: Observe all elements, characteristics, and components of the dance closely.
  Interpretation: Appreciate the ideas, content, images, and style within the dance.

 Evaluation: Assess how effectively the dance's features and context are used in the
performance to convey content and quality.

IX. VARIOUS DANCE FORMS

1. FOLK DANCE
 Traditional dances passed down through generations.
 Reflects culture, customs, and everyday life.
Examples: Tinikling (Philippines), Bhangra (India), Sirtaki (Greece)

2. Festival Dance
 Performed during celebrations or religious festivals.
 Shows devotion, gratitude, or cultural pride.
Examples: Sinulog (Philippines), Obando Dance (Philippines), Ghoomar (India)

3. Line Dance
 Choreographed dance with repeated steps in lines or rows.
 Dancers perform in unison without partners.
Examples: Electric Slide, Cupid Shuffle, Boot Scootin' Boogie

4. Social/Ballroom Dance
 Partner dances for social interaction or formal events.
 Structured with elegant, coordinated movements.
Examples: Waltz, Foxtrot, Cha-Cha, Tango

5. Ballet
 Classical, highly technical dance form.
 Emphasizes grace, posture, and fluidity.
Examples: Swan Lake, Giselle, the Nutcracker

6. Modern Dance
 Breaks away from ballet rules; uses natural movement.
 Grounded, expressive, and innovative.
Examples: Martha Graham technique, Horton, Cunningham

7. Interpretative/Contemporary Dance
 Expresses ideas or emotions through movement.
 Focuses on storytelling and fluidity.
Examples: Abstract or emotional solo and group pieces

8. Jazz Dance
 Energetic and expressive, often syncopated with jazz music.
 Combines technique with rhythm and style.
 Examples: Broadway jazz, Street jazz, Funk jazz
 9. Popular Dance
 Trendy, modern dances seen in media and pop culture.
 Easy to follow and often viral.
Examples: TikTok dances, Shuffle, Dougie

10. Hip-Hop Dance

 Street-style dance known for bold, freestyle movement.
 Highly rhythmic and expressive.
Examples: Breaking, Popping, Locking, Krumping

X. CHOREOGRAPHIC FORMS IN DANCE

- Selecting the structure which expresses the dance idea is fundamental (Rickett-
Young, 1998)
- Compositional forms are traditional frameworks which have a set patterns
categorized as:
 Sequential
 Contrapuntal
 Episodic
 And other compositional form.

1. SEQUENTIAL FORMS
These are common types of musical forms where sections follow a specific sequence:

AB Form (Two-Part Form or Binary Form)

 This form has two contrasting sections:
 Section A: The first musical idea or theme.
 Section B: A contrasting idea that differs in tone, mood, or quality.
Examples of contrast: light and dark, happy and sad, strong and soft.

ABA Form (Three-Part Form or Ternary Form)

 Section A introduces the main theme.
 Section B presents a contrasting idea.
 Section A returns, repeating the original theme.
 This creates a sense of unity and balance.

ABACA (Rondo Form)

 A main theme (A) alternates with contrasting sections (B, C, etc.).
 The form follows a pattern like: A – B – A – C – A.
The A theme returns at least three times, sometimes with variations.
Theme and Variations Form
 Begins with a clear theme.
 That theme is repeated several times, each time with variations.
 Variations may include changes in:
 Dynamics (loud/soft)
  Mood (happy/sad)
 Tempo (fast/slow)
 Space (in choreography)
 While the core theme remains recognizable, each repetition brings a new twist.

2. CONTRAPUNTAL FORM
Several themes are woven together in the choreography to form a complex structure.
a) Ground bass
b) Round or canon
c) Fague or accumulation
d) Suite
3. EPISODIC FORM
Narrative form is an episodic form that tells a story or conveys an idea and all the
sequence of the story determines the structure of the dance.

4. OTHER COMPOSITION FORM

 Natural structures – season, life, cycles, everyday
 Collage-series of movements brought together to create a single dance.
 Tableau-moving snapshots
 Chance-it is done indifferent order and therefore has different appearance.

XI. FORMATION COMMONLY USED IN RHYTMIC ACTIVITIES

1. Single circle, facing clockwise
2. Single circle partners facing
3. Single circles, facing counterclockwise
4. Single circle, facing center
5. Double circle, partners facing
6. Double circle, facing clockwise
7. Double circle, couples facing
8. Square or quadrille formation
9. Semi-circle or half moon
10. Double line, facing front
11. Double line partners facing
12. Long open formation

XII. RHYTHM AND TIMING

 Rhythm is the pattern of beats or movements in music and dance.

o It tells us when to move or play a note.
o It can be fast or slow
o It can be regular (even) or irregular (mixed)

 Timing is about doing movements at the right moment.

o It means staying on beat with the rhythm or music.
o Timing is about doing movements at the right moment.
o It means staying on beat with the rhythm or music.