Experiment 9
Aim : Design and Tune the low pass filter using EM Simulator.
Software required: ADS (advanced design system).
Experiment Theory: A low-pass filter is an electronic circuit that allows low-frequency signals
to pass through while attenuating high-frequency signals. The filter's cutoff frequency determines the
point where the attenuation begins. The EM simulator is a software tool that allows the user to
simulate and optimize the performance of electromagnetic components and systems.
Steps:
1)Define the geometry of the filter: Decide on the shape and dimensions of the filter. You can start
with a basic rectangular waveguide filter and modify it as needed.
2) Choose the type of filter: There are different types of low pass filters such as lumped element,
waveguide, microstrip, etc. Choose a type that best fits your application.
3)Define the filter specifications: Decide on the cut-off frequency and the desired attenuation level.
4)Set up the simulation: Input the geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions into the
simulation tool. Run the simulation:
5) Run the simulation and check for any errors or convergence issues.
6) Analyze the results: Analyze the S-parameters and other output parameters to determine if the
filter meets the specifications.
7)Tune the filter: If the filter does not meet the specifications, adjust the dimensions, material
properties, or topology of the filter and rerun the simulation.
8) Optimize the filter: Once the filter meets the specifications, use optimization techniques such as
parametric sweeps or genetic algorithms to fine-tune the filter's performance.
Observations:
Circuit diagram
Result: LPF has been designed and tuned successfully.
Experiment 10
Aim: For the circuit shown below, determine the ABCD Matrix and then convert it to
S-parameters. Plot the return loss and insertion loss over frequency range of 0.1GHz to
2GHz using MATLAB.
Software Required: MATLAB.
Theory: To convert the ABCD matrix into the S-parameters matrix, you can use the following
equations:
S11 = (A + B/Z0 - CZ0 - D)/(A + B/Z0 + CZ0 + D)
S12 = 2*(AD - BC)/(A + B/Z0 + CZ0 + D)
S21 = 2/(A + B/Z0 + CZ0 + D)
S22 = (-A + B/Z0 - CZ0 + D)/(A + B/Z0 + CZ0 + D)
Once you have calculated the S-parameters matrix, you can use the following equations to calculate
the insertion loss and return loss:
Insertion loss (IL):
IL = -20*log10(abs(S21))
Return loss (RL):
RL = -20*log10(abs(S11))
Where S21 is the forward transmission parameter and S11 is the reflection parameter.
Code:
L2=9.78.*(10.^(-9));
C1=5.43.*(10.^(-12));
C3=3.09.*(10.^(-12));
f=linspace(0.1,2);
len=length(f);
w=2.*pi.*f.*(10.^9);
s11=zeros(1,len);
s21=zeros(1,len);
Z0=50;
log10s21=zeros(1,len);
log10s11=zeros(1,len);
for i=1:len
Yc=complex(0,w(i)*C1);
Xl=complex(0,w(i)*L2);
Yc3=complex(0,w(i)*C3);
TC1=[1,0;Yc,1];
Tl1=[1,Xl;0,1];
TC3=[1,0;Yc3,1];
T=TC1*Tl1*TC3*Tl1*TC1*Tl1;
den=T(1,1)+(T(1,2)./Z0)+(T(2,1).*Z0)+T(2,2);
s21(i)=abs(2./den);
log10s21(i)=log10(s21(i));
s11(i)=abs((T(1,1)+(T(1,2)./Z0)-(T(2,1).*Z0)-T(2,2))./den);
log10s11(i)=log10(s11(i));
end
figure();
plot(f,s21);
title("s21");
figure();
plot(f,log10s21);
title("insertion loss");
figure();
plot(f,s11);
title("s11")
figure();
plot(f,log10s11);
title("return loss");
Plots and Results:
Return loss Insertion loss
Conclusion:
The ABCD matrix is determined with return loss and insertion loss of the above diagram.
