Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)

(SSC)

DESIGN OF CANTILIVER RETAINING WALL WITH FLAT BACKFILL

A cantilever-retaining wall is required to retain earth 3.7 m high above the ground level. The backfilled
soil has a unit weight of 19 KN/m3 and an angle of internal friction of 30°. The exposure condition is
moderate. Assume that the SBC of soil is 120 KN/m2 and that the coefficient of friction between the soil
and concrete is 0.6. Design the RC retaining wall. [Take Materials M25 and Fe 500 as for concrete and
steel respectively]

GIVEN DATA
Height of earth to retain, = 3.7 m
Unit weight of soil, = 19 KN/m3 Angle of internal friction, = 30 degree
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil, = 120 KN/m2 Coefficient of friction between soil & concrete, = 0.6
Materials: M25 and Fe 500

STEP 01: DETERMINING THE DEPTH OF THE BASE & SETTING OUT INITIAL SIZES OF
RETAINING WALL

qa 1 − sin∅ 2 120 1 − sin30 2

Depth of base = [ ] = [ ] = 0.70 (Assuming, D𝑓 = 1.0 m)
γs 1 + sin∅ 19 1 + sin30

Overall depth of retaining wall, H = 1.0 + 3.7 = 4.7 m

Width of footing, B = 0.5 H to 0.7 H Therefore, = 0.5 × 4.7 to 0.7 × 4.7 = 2.35 m to 3.29 m;

(Adopting B = 3.3 m)

Width of heel = 0.5 x B = 0.5 × 3.3 = 1.65 m; 225

(Adopting 1.7 m)

H 4700
Thicknss of base slab = = =
12 12
Stem

391.7 mm; (Adopting 400 mm)

4300

Adopt stem thickness at base = 400 mm W3 W4

(Minimum 0.3 m as per recommendation)

W2
Adopt stem thickness at top = 225 mm
1000

(Minimum 0.2 m as per recommendation)

400

Toe W1 Heel
Height of stem = 4700 − 400 = 4300 mm 1200 400 1700
0
Fig.01 Dimension of the Cantilever Retaining wall
Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

STEP 2: CALCULATING ALL FORCES ALONG WITH EARTH PRESSURE

Earth pressure coefficients,

1 − sin 30 1 + sinØ 1 + sin30

Ka = = 0.3333 Passive Coefficient, K p = = = 3.0
1 + sin 30 1 − sinØ 1 − sin30

Force due to active earth pressure,

K a x γe x H 2
Pa = with H = 4.7 m
2

0.3333 × 19 × 4.72
Pa = ≅ 69.95 KN (per meter length of wall)
2

Table.01 Forces and moments over one-meter length of retaining wall

Resisting
Gravity Force Lateral Force Distance From
Item Moment
(KN) (KN) Toe (m)
Mr (KN-m)
W1 – Footing
0.4 x 3.3 x 25 = 33 - 3.3/2 = 1.65 54.45
(Rectangle)
(0.40 − 0.225)/2 x 4.3 x 1.2 + 0.175 x 2/3
W2 - Stem (Triangular) - 12.38
25 = 9.41 = 1.32

1.2 + (0.40-0.225)
W3 - Stem (Rectangle) 0.225 x 4.3 x 25 = 24.19 - 35.98
+ 0.225/2 = 1.49
W4 - Soil on heel 1.2+ 0.40 + 1.7/2
1.7 x 4.3 x 19 = 138.89 - 340.28
(Rectangle) = 2.45
W5 - Active Force 69.95
- 4.7/3 = 1.57 -
Component (Ph) (Refer step 2)
Sum = 205.49 69.95 - 443.09

Over Turning Moment, Mo = 69.95 x 1.57 = 109.82 KN-m

Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

STEP 3: CHECK FOR STABILITY OF RETAINING WALL

(IS 456-2000, Cl.20, Page. 33)

(A) AGAINST OVERTURNING

Overturning Moment, Mo = 109.82 KN − m (Refer Step-02)

Resisting Moment, Mr = 443.09 KN˗m (Refer Table. 01)

Mr 443.09 (A) OVERTURNING

FOSoverturning = 0.9 x = 0.9 x = 3.63 > 1.4
Mo 109.82

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠.

W
(B) AGAINST BEARING PRESSURE
Pa
Distance of resultant reaction from Toe
R
(∑ M − Mo ) 443.09 − 108.72
x1 = = = 1.62 m
∑W 205.49
qmin
qmax
B 3.3 B
Eccentricity, e = − x1 = − 1.63 = 0.03 m < = 0.55 m e
2 2 6 x1
B/2 B/2
Hence, the resultant reaction is within middle third of the base.

6e 0.03
=6x = 0.06
B 3.2

∑W 6e 205.49
qmax = (1 + ) = (1 + 0.06)
B B 3.3

≅ 66.00 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2 (SBC of soil )

205.49
qmin = (1 − 0.06) ≅ 59.00 KN/m2 > 0 KN/m2
3.3

Hence, there is no tension in the soil below the footing. (B) SOIL BEARING

120
FOSBearing = 0.9 x = 1.64 > 1.4
66.00

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠.

(C) AGAINST SLIDING

Sliding Force = Pa = 69.95 KN

Let us neglect the passive pressure on the toe side.

(C) SLIDING
Fig.02 Stability Checks
Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

Resisting force, F = µ ∑ W = 0.6 x 205.49 = 123.3 KN

0.9 x F 123.3
FOSSliding = = 0.9 x = 1.59 > 1.4
Pa 69.25

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠.

STEP 04 - (A): DESIGN OF TOE SLAB

The loads considered for the design of toe slab are shown in Fig. 03. The net pressure is obtained by
reducing the pressure due to self-weight of toe slab (10 KN/m2) from gross pressure at base.

91.7
10

0.4 m

0.3 m

By the similarity of triangle:

1200 400 1700
7.0 × 2.1
Z1 = = 4.45 KN/m2
Pmin 59 3.3

Z2 7.0 × 1.7
Z1 Z2 = = 3.61 KN/m2
Pmax = 66.0 62.61 3.3
63.45
7.0

(a)
32.7
29.09

53.45
56.0

(b)
2
Fig.03 Gross and Net Pressure Below the Base Slab (KN/m )
2
(a) Pres-sure below footing (KN/m )
2
(b) Net pressure diagram (KN/m )

Pressure due to self-weight of toe slab = 25 x 0.4 =10 KN/m2

The net upward pressure varies from 56.0 KN/m2 to 53.45 KN/m2.
Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

Assuming a clear cover of 75 mm and 12 mm bars,

Effective depth of footing, d = 400 − 75 − 6 = 319 mm

Using a load factor of 1.5, the design shear force at d (319 mm) from the face of the stem is,

(56.0 + 53.45 )
Vu = 1.5 × [ ] × (1.2 − 0.319) = 72.32 KN/m
2

Vu 72.39 × 103
Nominal shear stress, τv = = = 0.23 MPa
bd 1000 × 319

The bending moment at the face of the stem is,

(53.45 × 1.22 ) 2
Mu = 1.5 × [ + 0.5 × 1.2 x (56.0 − 53.45) x (1.2 × )] = 59.56 KN˗m/m
2 3
32.7
29.09
0.5 x fck 4.6 Mu
Ast˗required = [1 − √1 − ]xbx d
fy fck x b x d2 53.45
56.0

0.5 x 25 4.6 x 59.56 x 106

Ast˗required = × [1 − √1 − ] x 1000 x 319 = 442 mm2
500 25 x 1000 x 3192

Ast−min = 0.12% b D = 0.12 % x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2 > 442 mm2

Using ∅12 mm bars, A∅ = 113.1 mm2

113.1
Spacing, S= x 1000 = 235.62 mm Hence providing, S = 200 mm c/c
480

Providing, ∅12 @ 200 mm c/c the bottom of the toe slab.

113.1
Ast−provided = x 1000 = 565.5 mm2
200

Ast 565.5
Pt = 100 x = 100 x = 0.177 %
bxd 1000 x 319

As per IS 456 − 2000, Page. No. 73, Table 19

Provided % of reinforcement is Pt = 0.17 % and Grade of Concrete, Fck = 25

After doing linear interpolation, the critical shear stress will be.

τc = 0.304 MPa

τv = 0.23 MPa < τc = 0.304 MPa … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫.

Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

Distribution steel = 0.12% x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2

Using ∅10 mm bars, A∅ = 78.5 mm2

78.5
Spacing, S= x 1000 = 163.5 mm … … … … … … … Hence providing, S = 150 mm c/c
480

Providing distribution reinforcement as ∅10 @ 150 mm c/c.

78.5
Ast−provided = x 1000 = 523 mm2
150

Ast 523
Pt = 100 x = 100 x = 0.163 % > 0.12 % (Minimum Required)
bxd 1000 x 319

STEP 04 - (B): DESIGN THE HEEL SLAB

The distributed loads acting downwards on the heel slab are as follows:

(a) Due to soil = 19 x 4.3 = 81.7 KN/m2

(b) Due to self-weight = 25 x 0.4 = 10 KN/m2

Total = 91.7 KN/m2

The net pressure acting downwards varies between 29.09 KN/m2 and 32.7 KN/m2 as shown in Fig.03

Considering a load factor of 1.5, the design shear force at the earth face of the stem

(29.09 + 32.7 ) 32.7

Vu = 1.5 x [ x 1.7] = 78.8 KN/m 29.09
2
53.45
Vu 78.8 x 103 56.0
Nominal shear stress, τv = = = 0.25 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 319

(29.09 x 1.72 ) 2
Mu = 1.5 x [ + 0.5 x 1.7 x (32.7 − 29.09) x (1.7 x )] ≅ 68.27 KN − m/m
2 3

0.5 x fck 4.6 x Mu

Ast˗required = [1 − √1 − ]xbx d
fy fck x b x d2

0.5 x 25 4.6 x 68.27 x 106

Ast˗required = √
x [1 − 1 − ] x 1000 x 319
500 25 x 1000 x 3192

Ast−required = 508.43 mm2

Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

Ast−min = 0.12% b D = 0.12 % x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2 < 508.43 mm2

Using ∅12 mm bars, A∅ = 113.1 mm2

113.1
Spacing, S= x 1000 = 222.4 mm Hence providing, S = 200 mm c/c
508.43

Providing, ∅12 @ 200 mm c/c on the top face of the heel slab.

113.1
Ast−provided = x 1000 = 565.50 mm2
200

Ast 565.50
Pt = 100 x = 100 x = 0.177 %
bxd 1000 x 319

As per IS 456 − 2000, Page. No. 73, Table 19

Provided % of reinforcement is Pt = 0.177 % and Grade of concrete, Fck = 25

Sr. No. Pt (%) τc (MPa)

1 0.15 0.29

2 0.177 ?

3 0.25 0.36

τc = 0.3089 MPa

τv = 0.25 MPa < τc = 0.3089 MPa … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫.

Distribution steel = 0.0012 x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2/m

Using ∅10 mm bars, A∅ = 78.5 mm2

78.5
Spacing, S= x 1000 = 163.5 mm Hence providing, S = 150 mm c/c
480

Providing distribution reinforcement as ∅10 @ 150 mm c/c.

78.5
Ast−provided = x 1000 = 523 mm2
150

Ast 523
Pt = 100 x = 100 x = 0.164 % > 0.12 % (Minimum Required)
bxd 1000 x 319
Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

STEP 04 - (C): DESIGN THE VERTICAL STEM

(A) Design For Flexure

Height of cantilever = 4.3 m Assuming clear cover of 50 mm and 12 mm bars

Effective depth d at the base of stem = 400− 50 − 6 = 344 mm

Force due to active earth pressure

1
Pa = x K a x γe x H 2 ; Where H = 4.3 m
2

1
Pa = x 0.33 x 19 x 4.32 ≅ 58 KN/m
2

H 4.3
Bending Moment, Mu = 1.5 x Pa x = 1.5 x 58 x ≅ 125 KN − m/m
3 3

0.5 x fck 4.6 Mu

Ast˗required = [1 − √1 − ]xbx d
fy fck x b x d2

0.5 x 25 4.6 x 125 x 106

Ast˗required = √
x [1 − 1 − ] x 1000 x 344
500 25 x 1000 x 3442

Ast−required = 880.9 mm2

Using ∅12 mm bars, A∅ = 113.09 mm2

113.09
Spacing, S= x 1000 = 128.3 mm Hence providing, S = 100 mm c/c
880.9

Providing, ∅12 @ 100 mm c/c the vertical stem.

113.09
Ast−provided = x 1000 = 1130.97 mm2
100

Ast 1130.976
Pt = 100 x = 100 x = 0.328 %
bD 1000 x 344

(B) Check For Shear

Critical section is at d = 344 mm above the base, that is, at Z = 4.3 − 0.344 = 3.956 m below top edge.

Shear force at 3.956 m = 1.5 x [0.33 x 19 x (3.956)2/2] ≅ 74 KN/m

74 x 103
τv = = 0.22 MPa
1000 x 344
Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

As per IS 456 − 2000, Page. No. 73, Table 19

Provided % of reinforcement is Pt = 0.328 % and Grade of concrete, Fck = 25

Sr. No. Pt (%) τc (MPa)

1 0.25 0.36

2 0.328 ?

3 0.50 0.49

τc = 0.40 MPa

τv = 0.22 MPa < τc = 0.40 MPa … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . . 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫.

Distribution steel = 0.0012 x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2/m

Using ∅10 mm bars, A∅ = 78.5 mm2

78.5
Spacing, S= x 1000 = 163.5 mm Hence providing, S = 150 mm c/c
480

Providing distribution reinforcement as ∅10 @ 150 mm c/c.

78.5
Ast−provided = x 1000 = 523 mm2
150

Ast 523
Pt = 100 x = 100 x = 0.15 % > 0.12 % (Minimum Required, Hence SAFE)
bD 1000 x 344
Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall (Flat back-fill)
(SSC)

SCHEDULING AS PER DESIGN RESULTS

Sr. No. Item Location Main R/F Distribution R/F

Curtailment ∅12 @ 100 c/c -
Earth-Phase
Continues ∅12 @ 200 c/c ∅10 @ 150 c/c
1 Stem
Curtailment - -
Opposite-Phase
Continues ∅10 @ 150 c/c ∅10 @ 150 c/c
Top ∅12 @ 200 c/c ∅10 @ 150 c/c
2 Base
Bottom ∅12 @ 200 c/c ∅10 @ 150 c/c

DETAILING AS PER DESIGN RESULTS

200
225

T12@200 c/c
2150

100 100
T10@150 c/c
Ld

T12@100 c/c
4300
mm

T10@150 c/c
T10@150 c/c
2150

T12@200 c/c
T10@150 c/c
T12@200 c/c
400

1200 400 1700

Fig.03 Detailing of Stem, Toe, Heel Slab (Side View) Fig. 04 Continue. (Sectional View)