Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Abstract
This project work represents the design and construction of an oil expeller,
performance test of it with several raw materials e.g. coconut, rape seed, sesame, sunflower
seed and structural analysis of the screw. There are several processes to extract oil from these
e.g. chemical, centrifuge and mechanical. A mechanical oil expeller press was designed,
constructed with design software (CATIA V5).The machine components are screw, casing,
bearing, flywheel, hopper, and machine frame. Locally available material (mild steel) was
used in manufacturing of the expeller. The rpm of screw is maintained between 30 to 50
rpm. A screw rotates inside the barrel of the press which creates pressure for the extraction of
oil. Raw material is feeded through hopper & compressed inside the barrel for oil extraction
and the cake is discharged through a choke mechanism outside.The power required to crush
the seeds is determined using the formulae. The screwshaft is a single square-threaded power
screw having an increasing root diameter from inlet to exit. There in total clearance of nearly
1.5mm is between the casing and screw-shaft.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 1

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-1

Introduction
The Oil extraction technology has been in use for a very long time in India and the
techniques that are followed for expelling oil are very laborious and relatively inefficient.
There has not been any significant improvement in the oil extraction processes and even
today a century old technology such as single screw press, ghani, hydraulic presses are being
used in various parts of the country. Mechanical screw presses are ideally preferred for oil
extraction as they are economical and continuous production can be achieved. Any
improvement in the technique of oil extraction tends to bridge the technological gap and
increase availability of feedstock for extraction of oil.

Fats and oils are one of the five essential ingredients of human diet and the others
are protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. In a balanced diet, the oils and fats
requirement per person per day is 35 g for vegetarians, 39 g for non-vegetarian and 38
g for average diet.

Oilseeds and animals are the main sources of fat. Though India has the largest
number of animals compared to any single country of the world, but the animal fats are
not preferred and our efforts to exploit fats of land and marine animals are negligible. The
major responsibility of oil production in India, both for edible and industrial usages
depends on vegetable oil seeds production. In the global context, India is one of the major
producers of oilseeds which are the second major agricultural crop in terms of tonnage and
value. In fact India enjoys a premier position in the world, occupying over 15 percent of
its cropped area, accounting 10 percent of the total global output of the vegetable oils
and fats.

The major oilseeds of India are groundnut, rape seed mustard, linseed, sesamum
and castor. Groundnut and rape seed mustard account about 85 percent of the total
production of oilseeds in the country. In other words, groundnut among the major oilseeds
is accounted as about two-third, mustard seed one fourth of linseed and sesamum five
parent of castor. and three percent of total produc.tion. Soyabean, sunflower, cotton seed
and coconut are the other important oilseeds produced in India.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 2

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Oil can be produced from coconut, sesame, sunflower seed, rice, canola, camelina,
soybeans, sugar cane, wood and rape seed. But oils aren’t get directly & so easily from these
sources. They must be extracted in a process having particular purity factors so that they
remain usable. Several extraction processes evolved over time & the main two of them are
mechanical & chemical extraction. Oil expeller is a device which can produce pressure by
rotating feed to expeller screw manually or automatically. Screw press method for oil
extraction is a mechanical method for extracting oil from raw materials. Oil extracted by
screw pressing is used either as a food product or as an industrial product. Food products
include raw oil in dressings and made up to corn oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil etc. One of the
disadvantages of screw pressing is the low oil recovery when process in gun treated seeds.
But major concern is on it because it requires less capital & it can be used for low production.
Food oils typically found in the markets are refined, bleached & deodorized known as RBD
oils. In screwpress method seed is confined in barrel through hopper and extraction of the oil
is accomplished by exerting sufficient force on confined seed. Under this condition pressure
is high enough to rupture the cells and force oil from the seed to come out. Extraction is
accomplished by compressing the material in a container that has small perforations, either
round or slotted that allow the liquid component to leave. The residue of the material from
which oil has been expressed exits from the unit and is known as the cake. The seeds are
continuously fed to the expeller screw which grinds crushes and presses the oil out as it
passes through the machine. During this operation for high friction co-efficient it generates a
higher amount of heat. Pressure involved in expeller pressing creates heat in the range of 140-
210°F (60-99°C). For this heat generation it faces some common problem including
overheating, excessive thermal stress, dimensional stability and other thermal related factors.
By analyzing through simulating software design verification of parts used in screw presser
can be modified and increase performance efficiency.

Extraction of oil from oil-bearing products could be done in two major ways;
traditional and improved methods. The traditional method is usually a manual process and
involves preliminary processing and hand pressing. The improved method consists of
chemical extraction and mechanical expression. The chemical extraction method requires the
use of organic solvents to recover the oil from the products. Mechanical method involves the
application of pressure to already pre-treated oil-bearing products. It employs the use of
devices like screw and hydraulic presses as a means of applying the pressure. Other
mechanical devices include oil expellers and improved ghanis which are used for seeds and

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 3

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

nuts because of the high pressure required to express the oil. Whichever method is employed,
(Norris, 1964; Ward, 1976; Khan and Hanna, 1983; Adekola, 1991) reported that the yields
and quality of the oil extracted depend on the content adjustment, heating time, pressure
application, operating temperature, etc.

1.1 Present study

We have many methods to extract oil from diferent oil expellers. It is by manually and
power operated. Power operated oil expellers are not ecnomical for domestic purpose hence
there is a need to improve the efficiency of manual operated expellers by improving the
screw design. Based on this realization we are planning to make the device that simplifies an
important process as well as increases the Effeciency of the oil expeller. This new mechanism
will indirectly boost any economy that relies on oil expellers.

1.2 Machine description

The oil expeller consists of different parts. It mainly consists of body, hopper, main
shaft, casing and bearing. The screw shaft is supported with bearing to rotate in the casing.
The following are the parts included in the construction of oil expeller machine shown in fig
1.1

Fig 1.1 Assembled view of oil expeller

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 4

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Fig 1.2 Parts of oil expeller

a. Body
The body is as the casing of the parts of oil expeller machine. It is made of the highly
closed grained casting to ensure continued service without any vibration and accurately.

b. Hopper

The hopper is used for feeding the raw materials for extracting the oil from it. It is
directly over the grinder and maintains the flow of oil seeds during the operation.

c. Bed

The bed is provided for support to the structure of oil expeller machine. The structure
is made of the steel. This ensures the better alignment and balancing to the parts of the oil
expeller machine. The bed is provided with good vibration absorbing mechanism so that with
stand with loading capacity.

d. Main shaft
It is main part of expeller. It carries and support to handle, bearing, flywheel etc..,

e. Screw
The most essential part of modern oil milling is the shape, design and material
construction of pressing worms.

f. Bearing
All imported heavy duty bearings, taper bearings, roller bearings and thrust bearing
etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 5

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

g. Flywheel

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational

energy. Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount
of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. The way to
change flywheel stored energy is by increasing or decreasing its rotational speed by applying
a torque aligned with its axis of symmetry.

h. Handle

A handle is a partof, or attachment to, an object that can be rotate or used by hand.

1.3 Types of oil extraction

a) Hand Press Extraction

b) Early Mechanized Extraction

c) Hydraulic Press Extraction

d) Screw Press Extraction

e) Solvent Extraction

1.4 Description of oil seeds

Oil-bearing seeds and nuts are found in the roots, stems, fruits and leaves of some
tropical and subtropical plants. They are mostly grown as annual crops and constitute the
major source of vegetable oil for domestic and industrial uses. Some of the most common oil
seeds and nuts cultivated in the tropics, subtropics and temperate regions include; groundnut,
coconut, sheanut, castor, sunflower, sesame, oil palm, etc.

1.41 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Groundnut is the most common oil nut grown as an annual crop on about 19 million
hectares in tropical and subtropical regions and in the warmer areas of temperate regions of
the world, principally for its edible oil and protein rich kernels or seeds. It thrives best on
sandy loam soil. It is considered to be the second most important source of vegetable oil in

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 6

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

the world. In 1985, the recovered output of groundnut worldwide contained about 14.4
million tons of groundnut kernels, corresponding to the production of about 21 million tons in
their shell (at shelling percentage of 70%) with about 7.2 million tons of oil.

Groundnut is a major oilseed of India. Groundnut accounted for 9.5 million tonnes. It
yields 70% kernel and 28% oil (pod basis). This chapter describes various types of
strippers, grader, driers, decorticators and oil expelling units designed end developed in
India for carrying out various processing operations of this important oilseed. The chapter
also describes the drying and storage technology as well as method for control of
Atlatoxin in groundnut.

Fig 1.3 Groundnut seeds

1.42 Coconut (Cocos nucifer L.)

Coconut is cultivated all over the world in the humid tropics, mostly close to the
seashore. The world leading producers of coconut are Philippines, Indonesia, India, Malaysia
and Thailand. In tropical Africa, the crop is mostly produced in Mozambique, Cote d’Ivore,
Tanzania and Nigeria.

The matured coconut plant produces fruits after pollination. The fruit is a drupe
consisting of seed (coconut) covered by thick fibrous envelope or husk. The husk (mesocarp)
is covered by thin leathery epidermis (exocarp). The coconut has hard thick shell (endocarp),
which contains thick layer of firm, white, oily endosperm or albumen, called copra and a
central cavity partly filled with sugary coconut water (Salunke and Desai, 1986).

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 7

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

World production of copra (dried coconut meat) has been estimated at 3.3 millions per
year. This corresponds to 2.3 million tons of coconut oil (Essiamah, 1985). Green copra
consists of 40% oil, 43% water and 17% non-oil products (de Neve de Roden et al, 2001).
Studies have shown that oil contents of white meat coconut can be increased from 40% to
71% when dried to copra. The oil contains about 91% saturated fatty acids (44.1-51.3% lauric
acid, and 5.4-9.5% coprylic acid, 4.5-9.7% capric acid 13.1-18.5% myristic acid, 7.5-10.5%
palmitic acid and 1.0-3.7% stearic acid). The unsaturated fatty acid (9%) constitute about 5.0-
8.2% oleic acid and 1.02.6% linoleic acid, while the copra cake contains 20% protein. The oil
is used in margarine, baking, biscuit production and cooking. In addition, it is also used for
making soap, detergent and candle. The by-product of the copra, the coconut cake, is sold as
a valuable animal feed.

Fig 1.4 Copra nut

1.43 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower is an annual crop that grows well in many regions of the world. The largest
producers of sunflower seeds are ex-USSR, Argentina, France, Spain, China, India and USA.
While in tropical Africa, the major producers are Zimbabwe, Sudan, Tanzania, Angola and
Malawi.

After pollination, the sunflower plant produces fruit consisting of a seed (kernel) and
an adhering pericarp (hull). The average seed yield of traditional open-pollinated cultivator

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 8

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

on small scale farms is about 500kg/ha. Well managed crops of improved varieties have yield
of 1.5 tons/ha with oil yield of 700kg/ha (Ravagnan, 2001). The seed consists of seed coat,
endosperm and embryo.

The seed contains about 25 to 40% oil, 40 to 60% protein and 10% to 14% fibre. The
oil contains about 90% unsaturated fatty acids and 10% saturated fatty acids of which are
oleic and linoleic acids. Sunflower oil is used in the production of margarine, salad oil,
cooking oil, as well as non semi-drying oil in paints.

Fig 1.43 Sunflower seeds

1.44 Rape Seed and Mustard

The rape seed is the the major oil seeds of the world.The cultivation of the plant
for oil seed production is almost entirely confined to the temperate and warm temperate
zone of Asia and Europe. Rape seed thrives best in rich soil in a cool and moist climate.
Mustard seed in its various species of white, brown and black is a close relative of rape
s e e d . It has been favoured for centuries in areas such as India and Pakistan while
rapeseed is mainly grown in Canada, France, Sweden, Germany, Poland and U. K. In
India, the major rapeseed/mustard growing areas are UP, Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan and
Assam. It is grown as a mixed crop also.

Presently India produces over 2.64 million tonnes of rape seed and mustard over
an area of 3.8 mha. The oil content of the seed {undried) is around 40%. The spicy
background flavour of the oil obtained from their seeds has ever been highly
appreciated. This chapter describes the technology and equipment developed for drying,
cleaning/ grading, storage of seed, oil expression and storage of oil.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 9

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Fig 1.5 Mustard seeds

1.45 Soybean
Soybean contains about 40% protein and 20% oil. Soy-protein is the most
economical protein produced in the world. The high quality of soy-protein is
illustrated by its content of all the essential amino-acids with the exception of sulphur
containing amino-acids. This imbalance is adequately offset in a traditional cereal
based mixed diet in India. Supplementation of the cereal based diet with soy-protein
gives an amino-acid complementation which results in increased protein quality and
quantity approaching to that of animal protein.

Although soybean was introduced in India primarily as a prote in food crop but it
turned out to be a commercial crop exploited for oil while the protein rich meal is
exported to be used as animal feed. As of now, India produces about 1.8 million
tonnes soybean seeds, 0.088 million tonnes soybean oil and 1.4 million tonnes of oil
meals out of which about 1.05 million tonnes of meal is exported (1989-90) annually.

This chapter describes threshing, drying, cleaning-cum-grading, seed treatment.

Dehulling, milling, blanching, flaking, storage and oil extraction technologies as well
as reports about various equipment developed for carrying out these operations. The
chapter also reports various technologies developed for utilization of soy protein in
different forms.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 10

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Fig 1.6 Soybean seeds

1.46 Castor (Ricinus Communis L.)

Castor is grown as an annual crop in Tropical and Mediterranean climate zones. The
major producers of castor seed and oil are India, Brazil, China, USA and Thailand with small
contribution from African countries such as Ethopia, Tanzania, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria,
etc.

At maturity castor plant produce fruits which are globular with at least 3- lobed
capsules. Each capsule usually contains three shiny seeds. The seed consists of brittle testa, a
copious endosperm and a small embryo with papery cotyledons.

The primary products of castor seed are oil and seed cake. The seed contains about 40
to 55% oil and 14 to 21% protein (TPI, 1971). The oil constitutes about 90% recinoleic acid
of the entire fatty acid. The proteins (pomace) contain the toxic substances ricin and allerge.
The oil is used as a purgative in medicine and as an illuminant. In industries, castor oil is used
for making cosmetics, plastics, resins, dyes, paints and lubricants. The pomace is widely used
as organic fertilizer.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 11

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Fig 1.7 Castor seeds

1.5 Advantages
 Expellers can be used with almost any kind of oilseeds and nuts
 The process is relatively simple and not capital-intensive.
 Less land occupation.
 Less labor consumption: screw oil press will save labor 60% less than the other oil
presses because just one or two people can operate it.
 High oil pressing rate: the oil yield of screw oil press maybe 2-3% higher than the old
types, which has a sound economic benefit.
 Energy saving: of equal output, screw oil press will save 40% power than other kinds.
 Multifunction: screw oil press can be used for pressing over 30 kinds of materials
such as the peanuts, benne, sesame, rapeseed, sunower, cottonseed, soybean, etc.
 It is user friendly, rapid and can be operated safely.
 Can be operated by anyone regardless of age.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 12

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

1.6 Disadvantages
 It is relatively low yield of oil recovery.
 Even the most powerful presses cannot reduce the level of residual oil in the press-
cake below 3 to 5%.
 Improper fitting and alignment of Shaft.
 Hard materials jammed between the Screw and crushing chamber.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 13

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-2

Literature Survey
Ketan s. tekale [1] investigated that in rural areas due to load shedding automated
machinery are rarely used which is operated on electric power.So by using the human power,
we can extract oil .This type of concept is useful for small-scale capacity.The groundnut is
extracted by using three actions ie.shearing action, blowing action and separating action and
the main certain parameter is clearance which is provided for compression effect. Akerele O.
V. ET. Al.have studied design and construction of oil expeller. As we know that, Ground oil
is extracted by two methods such as manual and improved methods. This improved method
includes solvent oil press extraction method. They have identified the need of small locally
fabricated oil expeller which gives efficiency upto 72.94% having the capacity of 61.4kg/hr.
R.Subramanium ET. Al. have studied that Membrane process for premium quality expeller
pressed vegetable oils. They are observed the mainly vegetable oil is the mixture of solvent
and extracted oil. The membrane process is other of refining oil from vegetables. In this
process, oil is obtained by removing solvents and also in tocopherols in oil. The materials
used in this method are groundnut, unhulled and hulled sunflower.J.O.Olajide ET. al. [5]
have studied the prediction of oil yield from groundnut kernels in a hydraulic press using an
artificial neural network (ANN). In this technique, the hydraulic press is used for removing
the oil from oil seeds by pressing.

Sunil G. Rajput [2] have studied that finite element analysis values are under the
limit or not and also different stresses are developed on the twin screw surface.He finished
his work with creating the simple model of finite element analysis of twin screw extruder by
using software like CATIA and Hypermesh. Ali Nur Ahmad Siregaret et.al. have studied that
finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics of single screw extruder by using
software like ANSYS and POLYFLOW and also predicted that residence time distribution
and specific mechanical energy on the geometry of single screw.Highest velocity leads to the
high speed of screw but this is not efficient without using nozzle at the end of the barrel.

Mr. Mangesh A. Panchkawadeb [3] has studied the failure of existing worm shaft
assembly of oil expeller. They have investigated the reasons for the failure of the main shaft
and worm assembly by considering the cotton seeds oil expeller plant studied at Yavatmal
MIDC. Failure of shaft usually caused by power failure with pressing material jammed

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 14

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

between screw and barrel, improper fitting and alignment of shaft, etc. After analyzing the
unit they have listed the factors leads to a breakdown of the shaft and worm assembly. Due to
the impossible changes in dimensions of the shaft their study suggest to use ENS steel instead
of mild steel which has good tensile strength, hardness, and machinability.

S. Isobe [4] has studied anew twin press design of oil extraction of dehulled
sunflower seeds. They have observed the effects of the single screw and twin screw on the
efficiency of oil expeller, oil quality, power consumption, etc. It was found that use of twin
screw oil expeller is beneficial which provides high efficiency. Superior oil quality omits the
pre-treatment of cooking, etc. Ph. Evon et.al. Investigate the extraction of oil from jatropha
seeds using a twinscrew extruder. The seed of Jatropha is toxic. Firstly they used single screw
presses with barrel slowly rotates and they observe some problems occurs in this. For that
problem, a twin screw is used because of high force. They conducted 13 experiments for
expression of oil from jatropha seed in twin screw extruder. The maximum oil yield of 71%
obtained under operating condition.I. Amalia Kartika et.al mentioned that operating condition
and discussed about the screw configuration.They also investigate screw configuration
allowing oil extraction from oil seed material using twin screw expeller unit.

Olawale J. Okegbile [5] has studied Fabrication and testing of a combined groundnut
roasted and oil expeller machine. They tested factors affected to the performance of the
roaster and expelling unit. After testing they conclude a combination of groundnut oil. The
performance of the extraction and roasting unit were efficiency 66.9% and 66.7% and
combine efficiency is about 66.8%. The seeds being pressed should be heated because it was
found that enough friction can not be obtained in screw barrel arrangement without
heating.The pressure at oil-point should not be less than 20Mpa. Jaswant Singh, P.C.Bargale
studied that instead of single screw compression they use single feed double stage
compression to improve the efficiency of existing oil expeller and we also recovered oil about
90% from the cake when oilseed material is passed through two stage for extracting the oil
from the seed.There are certain parameters used for to increase the oil extraction efficiency
ie.pressure which is developed, the temperature of compression and moisture content in
oilseed material.

Aremu A. K [6] presented the design of an oil expeller machine for kenaf.The
designed machine having the capacity of 36.5 Kg/hr and capable to extracted oil efficiency

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 15

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

up to 62.2 %.The designed machine is provided with the best lubrication and easily
maintained.

Shankar Haldar [7] presented the research study on the information about the oil
expellers including the availability of raw materials .This study mainly emphasis on the
different issues related with used o oil; expeller its design feature and process and the
developing the site for oil expeller industries.

M. Zamanzadeh [8] presented the different failures analysis methods and the
materials selection for oil expellers. In this research paper various subsets of the design
materials are taken in to consideration applicable to the study. This study includes mainly on
the failures in the, paints and coatings, plastics and electronics, as well as failure caused by
corrosion and principles of root cause determination within that particular field.

Deli S [9] carried out the research study effects of physical parameters in screw press
machine. In this study Sativa seeds were studied using a KOMET Screw Oil Expeller. The
study is carried out with different sizes of nozzle and at the different speed of shaft; also the
different diameter of the shaft is taken into consideration for the study. It is found that the
shaft diameter with 8mm shows low yields output but the diameter of shaft 11 mm with speed
of 65 RPM shows the good performance. The nozzle size of 12 mm recorded the same
percentages of yields. The most of results obtained are varying with the changes in the
physical parameters, the optimum conditions of parameters recorded 22.27 % oil yields with
8mm diameter and 19.05% with 11mm diameter of expeller shaft.

S Sreenatha Reddy [10] developed the mini model of the oil expeller screw shaft and
finding out the effect with variation of compression ratio of oil chamber along with speed of
screw shaft. The experimentation is carried out with Pongamia and Jatropha seeds and the
compression ratio is maintained at 14:1 to 21.5:1 with alternating speed of shaft between 35
to 654 RPM.The results of the study concluded that the compression ratios has significant
impact on the performances of oil expeller screw.

Adesoji M. Olaniyan [11] designed an oil expeller screw press and tested with
extraction of oil in palm kernel and soybean .The expeller is powered with 15 Hp three phase
motor. The average extraction efficiency of 13.48 and 22.79 % obtained with designed
expeller screw. The results concluded that the mini expeller can be useful in production of oil
for soybean and palm extraction for community.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 16

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

A.Ibrahim [12] carried out the review on the different technologies for oil extraction
from agricultural product.The presented study included the used of different techniques for
pre-processing conditions including the removal of hulls and shells, pre-processing
conditioning such as size reduction, moisture content adjustment, heat treatment and pressure
application, as well as the methods employed in the extraction, namely; traditional and
modern (improved) methods discussed in this paper.

Mehul.K.Modh [13] presented the thrust ball bearing analysis in the oil expeller.
The thrust bearing are designed with analytical treatment and then Pro-E software. The
analysis of bearing are conducted for calculating the life of existing bearing using the
ANSYS software and finally results are concluded with comparison between the analytical
and computational stiudy.The analysis results the Principle stress, Principle strain and axial
deformation found to be reduced.

V. S. Khangar [14] addressed the different techniques in failures analysis of shat

used in oil expeller. Roll shaft failure can be prevented primarily by introduction of better
material design optimization & by using correct manufacturing processes. The comparison of
the different methodology used, their application & limitation presented for concluding the
results.

Amruthraj M [15] carried out the research work on the design of twin screw oil
expeller from extracting the oil from pongamia pinnata seeds. In this paper, a counter rotating
twin screw expeller is designed for extraction of oil from the Pongamia pinnata seeds. This
paper focuses on comparison between the twin screw and single screw press technology
based on both technical and economical appraisals, study is been carried out on how twin
screw technology is better compared to single screw.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 17

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-3
Experiments and Data Collection.

3.1 Seed Composition

Plants store the required food for their seedlings in the form of oil in their seeds.
Thus the oil is used by the seedlings during germination and early growth. The oil content of
the seed sustains the seedling until the leaves develop chlorophyll and start producing their
own. Food by the process of photosynthesis. The mother plant takes sufficient care to see
that the oil in the seed is properly protected from external influences. Oil is placed well
spread in all the cells of the seed in very tiny ultramicroscopic droplets in the form of an
emulsion. Each droplet is surrounded by the albuminoid cell matter composed of proteins
and carbohydrates. The cell is again enveloped by a cell wall. To undo all these care
taken by the mother plant is the first stage of oil extraction. The cells which are so
compactly arranged are to be exposed, their walls ruptured and the oil droplet lodged
inside is expelled.Table describes the oil contents of various oil seeds produced in India.

Oil seeds Oil content in % Uses

Groundnut 35-50 Cooking oil, soap making

Coconuts:
Dried copra 64 Cooking oil,body or hair
Fresh nut 35 cream, soap making

Sunflower 25-40 Cooking oil, soap making

Castor 35-55 Paints, lubricants.

Rape/Mustard 40-45 Cooking oil

Sesame 35-50 Cooking oil

Soybean 19-21 Cooking oil

Table 3.1 Percentage of oil contents in oil seeds and nuts and their uses

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 18

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

3.2 Composition of Oil and their Characteristics

In order to enable the best possible conditions for seed processing, storing and
transportation, informations on their characterist ics are needed. The important
characteristics required in design and development of processing equipment are size,
shape, bulk density, specific grdvity, porosity, static coefficient of friction, angle of
repose, rheological properties etc.Table 2.2 describes these characteristics for various oil
seeds produced in India.

Fats and oils are basically esters of glycerol and fatty acids, most of which have
an even number of carbon atoms. The fatty acids found in the oils may be either
saturated, i.e... each carbon atoms in the chain is linked by a single bond to other
carbon atoms or to hydrogen atoms or they may be unsaturated having one or more
carbon atoms in the chain joined by double bond.

The natural flavour and odour of oils are due to the presence of non-fatty matter.
Their colour is due to the presence of small amounts of fat, soluble pigments such as
cartoenoids and chlorophyll or sometimes due to oxidation and polymerisation
products of the fatty acids.

Fat in the diet serves to increase the palatability and flavour of foods. They provide
a lubricating action and delay the onset of hunger. They also improve the texture of food
items.

Oil seed Length (mm) Breadth (mm) Thickness (mm) Size (mm)

Groundnut 15.85 7.56 6.84 9.36

Soybean - - - 6.77

Musterd - - - 2.09

Sunflower 8.93 4.67 4.33 5.65

Castor 9.98 6.85 5.07 7.02

Table 3.2 Engineering characteristics of major oil seeds

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 19

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Description Traditional ghani Improved ghani Oil expellers

Energy required
for oil seeds 125 105 70
KWh

%energy
requierment over 100 84 56
traditional
ghanies

Oilseed crushing
per unit energy 8 9.5 14
Kg/KWh

Increased amount
of oil seed 100 118.75 175
explled per unit
(KWh) energy
over traditional
ghanies,%

Table 3.3 Enery requirement for oil expelling in different system

3.3 Objectives of the project work

 To study the potential of oil seeds.

 To study of the different types oil expelling machines.

 To model all the components using modeling software catia V5.

 To increase the efficiency.

 To develop a low cost machine which can be used for domestic purpose.

 It satisfies the need of village people to earn more money.

 To design and fabrication of manual operated oil expelling machine

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 20

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

3.4 Methodology of the project work

The expeller consists of the different parts as shown above figure. The seeds of the
crop from which the oil extracted is fed into the hopper and then to the grinder. The grinder
in the oil expeller is in the form of screw on the shaft. This screw shaft is rotated in the
parallel direction and crushing the oil seeds. The arrangement of the screw and its shaft is
made in the way that the material is rogressively compressed as it moves on, discharge at end
of the cylinder. The effect compression can be achieved, by means of decreasing the
clearance between the cage and the screw shaft or by sinking the length of the screw flight in
the direction of the axial movement. The extracted oil seeds collectively form a cake structure
on another extremity of machine.

Continuous pressing by means of expellers (also known as screw press) is a widely

applied process for the extraction of oil from oil seeds and nuts. It replaces the historical
method for the batch wise extraction of oil by mechanical or hydraulic pressing. The expeller
consists of a screw (or worm), rotating inside a cylindrical cage (barrel). The material to be
pressed is fed between the screw and barrel and propelled by the rotating screw in a direction
parallel to the axis. The configuration of the screw and its shaft is such that the material is
progressively compressed as it moves on, towards the discharge end of the cylinder. The
compression effect can be achieved, for example by decreasing the clearance between the
screw shaft and the cage (progressive or step-wise increase of the shaft diameter) or by
reducing the length of the screw flight in the direction of the axial movement. The gradually
increasing pressure releases the oil which flows out of the press through the slots provided on
the periphery of the barrel, while the press cake continues to move in the direction of the
shaft, towards a discharge gate installed at the other extremity of the machine.

Fig 3.1 Working principle of oil expeller

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 21

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

3.5 Methods of oil extraction

3.51 Methods

Based on the type of actuation, oil extraction machines are divided into these categories.
1. Hand Press Extraction
2. Early Mechanized Extraction
3. Hydraulic Press Extraction
4. Screw Press Extraction
5. Solvent Extraction

In the case of manual oil expeller machines, all operations are carried out manually.
In the case of house hold purpose, manually operated extraction machines generally suits
best.

3.52 Hand Press Extraction

Documented oil extraction dates back to 1650 B.C. when ripened olives were pressed
by hand in Egypt using wooden pestles and stone mortars. The extracted olive oil was filtered
through goat hair filters and used as a lubricant. Sesame, linseed, and castor oils were
recovered in Egypt by hand pressing as far back as 259 B.C.

Early Mechanized Extraction

Oil can be extracted by pressing softer oilseeds and nuts, such as groundnuts and shea
nuts, whereas harder, more fibrous materials such as copra and sunflower seed can be
processed using ghanis. Pulped or ground material is loaded into a manual or hydraulic press
to squeeze out the oil-water emulsion. This is more efficient at removing oil than traditional
hand squeezing, allowing higher production rates. Fresh coconut meat is removed from the
shell using a manual or motorised grater. See Technical Brief on Coconut Processing for
details of wet processing of coconuts.

By 184 B.C., the Romans developed more sophisticated technology such as edge-
runner mills and screw and wedge presses. These technologies combined leverage and the use
of animal power to aid in the milling and extraction of the oil. From Roman times until the
eighteenth century, similar technology was used for oil extraction.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 22

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

In the eighteenth century, wind and water power largely replaced animal power to
assist in oil extraction. Large wind-driven stamper mills became popular in Europe. The wind
turned a vane outside the oil mill, and the rotational energy was transmitted into the mill via
shafts and gears, eventually rotating a horizontal cam shaft. The horizontal cam shaft had
vertical stamper shafts connected to it. The initial stamper shafts were used as mortars to beat
the oilseeds into a pulp inside a wooden pestle. The pulp was then transferred into filter bags
woven from horse hair and placed vertically between opposing wedges. Additional stampers
pounded the wedges together, squeezing the oil through the filter bags, where it could be
collected. Hundreds of such oil mills sprung up across Europe.

3.53 Ghani

The ghani consists of a large mortar and pestle, the mortar being fixed in the ground
and the pestle being moved within the mortar by animal traction (donkey or mule) or (more
commonly) a motor. Oilseeds are placed in the mortar and the pestle grinds the material to
remove the oil. The oil runs out of a hole in the bottom of the mortar and the cake is scooped
out by hand. This method is slow and requires two animals, replacing the tired one with
another after about 3-4 hours of work.

Motorised ghanis are faster than manual or animal types but are more expensive and
their higher capital and operating costs will require a larger scale of production for
profitability.

The width of this gap, which can be varied using an adjustable pressure cone, controls
the operating pressure of the press. The design of the press is such that it can achieve
operating pressures in excess of those obtained in most manually operated cage presses and
as high as those in small expellers. The ram press has a low seed throughput but has the
advantage of continuous operation. The ram press was developed in Tanzania specifically for
processing a thin shelled high oil content variety of sunflower seed. The technique can also
be used for copra, groundnuts and sesame.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 23

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Fig 3.2 Ghani oil extraction process

3.54 Hydraulic Press Extraction

In 1795, J. Bramah of England invented the hydraulic press for oil extraction.
Oilseeds were milled, cooked, and wrapped in filters cloths woven from horse-hair. The
oilseeds wrapped in filter cloths were manually loaded into perforated, horizontal boxes
below the head block and above the ram of the press. The boxes were pressed together using
upward hydraulic pressure on the ram. The oil was pressed out through the filter cloths
surrounding the oilseeds. The filter cloths and spent cake were manually removed from the
hydraulic press. The residual oil in spent cake was approximately 10%. In 1801, the first
cottonseed oil mill was constructed in the United States using hydraulic presses. By the
1870s, American technology in hydraulic pressing had outpaced European technology. Large
hydraulic presses with up to 16 press boxes and up to 400 tons of force were being used. In
1874, Rose, Down, and Thompson of Hull, England, began marketing the American-designed
hydraulic presses with the advantage of preforming the cakes to increase productivity.
Facilities using this joint technology were commonly referred to as Anglo-American oil
mills.

In the late 1800s, German companies were producing hydraulic cage presses, with
rams pressing the oilseeds inside of vertical slotted barrels that did not require filter cloths.
By the end of the nineteenth century, hydraulic press oil mills were the standard technology
for oil extraction. In 1900, Alfred French founded the French Oil Mill Machinery Company
in Piqua, Ohio, for the purpose of advancing hydraulic press technology. He was awarded a
patent for the automatic cake-trimming machine for automating the sizing of the cakes prior
to pressing. He also developed and patented the ‘‘change valve’’ in 1905, which allowed the
hydraulic press to change pressures near the end of the pressing cycle to squeeze additional

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 24

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

oil. The continuous stacked cooker was patented in 1907 along with an innovative cake
former. Twopass pressing was another of French’s developments, taking final residual oil in
cake below 5%. French hydraulic presses became the industry standard in the United States
in the 1920s. Figure indicates a typical French hydraulic press of that era.

Hydraulic press oil mills remained in use as late as the 1950s before the last of them
were replaced with continuous screw presses and continuous solvent extraction plants, both
of which required far less labor and could process at much higher rates.

The olive oil industry is the only oilseed industry still using hydraulic presses today.
This is possible because of the price premium paid for natural olive oil, processed without the
use of heat or chemicals.

Fig 3.3 Hydraulic Press Extraction

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 25

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

3.55 Screw Press Extraction

In 1900, Valerius D. Anderson invented the mechanical screw press in Cleveland,
Ohio. He was awarded a U.S. patent for the apparatus. The mechanical screw press was a
radical departure and significant technological advancement over the hydraulic presses being
used at the time. The mechanical screw press used a vertical feeder and a horizontal screw
with increasing body diameter to impart pressure on the oleaginous material as it proceeded
along the length of the screw. The barrel surrounding the screw was slotted along its length,
allowing the increasing internal pressure to first expel air and then expel the oil through the
barrel. The expelled oil was collected in a trough under the screw, and the de-oiled cake was
discharged at the end of the screw. The primary advantage of the mechanical screw press was
that it allowed continuous oil extraction and could process large quantities of oleaginous
materials with minimal labor. Figure 2 illustrates an early Anderson Expeller1 (trademark for
Anderson mechanical screw press).

In the early 1900s, a number of European companies developed variations of the V.

D. Anderson design concepts and began manufacturing mechanical screw presses. In the
1930s, after the U.S. patent had expired, other American firms did the same. These machines
were able to replace large numbers of hydraulic presses. Figure 3.15. Hydraulic press.
Courtesy of French Oil Mill Machinery Company. Evolution Of Oil Extraction 59 In 1951,
the V.D. Anderson Company was again the pioneer in mechanical screw pressing, being first
to patent the process of using a mechanical screw press to continuously prepress oleaginous
materials ahead of continuous solvent extraction plants. The company was awarded U.S.
Patent 2,551,254.

In the past 100 years, the primary improvement in mechanical screw press design has
been developing materials of construction that extend wearing part life. Screw and barrel
parts that once lasted three months before requiring replacement may now last up to two
years. Additionally, mechanical screw presses have been built to much larger scale, going
from initial capacities of 5 tons per day up to present-day capacities of over 100 tons per day
for full pressing and over 800 tons per day for prepressing applications.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 26

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Fig 3.4 Screw Press Extraction process

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 27

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-4

Design and Fabrication of Parts

4.1 General

This chapter reviews about the major parts involved in manual operated oil expelling
machine. The uses of those parts in this machine along with the drawings are to be explained
in detail. These parts are explained along with the dimensions as required for this machine.

4.11 Material Selection

Material selection will be done considering following factors

 Availability
 The cost of material
 Suitability of material for the application.
 Considering Chemical, Physical and mechanical properties of material suitable for the
application.

4.12 Design Criteria

 Properties of the materials to be threshed dependent on type, variety, moisture

content, addition of green matter etc.
 Technical conditions dependent on drum selection, peripheral speed of drum, number
of beaters etc.
 Delivery of material to the drum dependent on feed rate, positioning, point of contact
on delivery with the circumference etc.
 High oil extraction efficiency
 Low extraction loss
 Better quality of oil
 Availability of construction materials
 Ensure maximum pressing of worm shaft

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 28

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

4.2 Components
 Screw
 Casing
 Handel
 Bearing
 Fly wheel
 Hopper
 Base
 End cap

4.3 Design and Fabrication

4.31 Screw Design
The most essential part of modern oil milling is the shape, design and material
construction of pressing worms.

Fig 4.1 Screw shaft

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 29

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

 Material: Mild steel.

 Model: First design the Screw using catia V5 software as shown in the above
Figure.
 Operations: Turning, Step turning, taper turning, Threading, Filing.
 Procedure: First the shaft is turned to required dimensions and simultaneously
tapered the shaft with threading with equal pitches.

Calculation

Length of the screw = 160mm.

Screw dia = 49.3mm.

Taper angle = 3.0deg.

Width of thread = 5mm.

Pitch = 20mm.

Fig4.2 screw shaft

Assuming,

Load required to crush the 10500 kg of seeds per hour = 100 N

Then, load required to crush the 1 kg of seeds per hour = 105 N

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 30

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Torque:

Torque = F * L (N-m)

Where,
F = load in N
L = lenth of handle in mm

T = 100*300

T = 30 N-m

Power:

2  𝑁𝑇
P= Watts
60
Where,
P = power in watts.
N = number of revloutions in rpm
T = torque in N-m

2∗ ∗50∗100∗300
P=
60000

P = 157 Watts

Angle of Threading:

𝑜𝑝𝑝
Tan = in degree.
𝑎𝑑𝑗

8.4
Tan =
145

 = 3.315 deg

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 31

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

4.32 Casing
The body is as the casing of the parts of oil expeller machine. It is made of the highly
closed grained casting to ensure continued service without any vibration and accurately.

Fig 4.3 Casing

Casing description

Material G I steel

Model Catia v5 software

Length 160mm

Inner dia 59.6mm

Outer dia 60.2mm

Thickness 3mm

Nominal weight 4.15 kg/m

Table 4.1 specification of casing

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 32

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

4.33 Bearing

All imported heavy duty bearings, taper bearings, roller bearings and thrust bearing etc.

Fig 4.4 Bearing

4.34 Fly wheel

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational
energy. Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount
of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. The way to
change a flywheel's stored energy is by increasing or decreasing its rotational speed by
applying a torque aligned with its axis of symmetry.

Fig 4.5 Flywheel

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 33

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Caluclation:
Let,
m = mass of flywheel in kgs
k = radius of gyration of the flywheel in meters
I = mass moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of rotation in kg-m2
N1 and N2 = max and min speeds during the cycle in rpm (30, 50 respt)
1 and 2 = max and min angular speeds during the cycle in rad/sec
𝑁1+𝑁2
N = mean speed during the cycle in rpm = 2
1+2
 = mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/sec =
2
We know that; mean kinetic energy of the flywheel
1 1
E= I2 = mk2 2 in N-m or joules
2 2

𝑁1+𝑁2 30+50
N= =
2 2
N = 40 rpm

2  𝑁1 2∗  ∗30
Let, 1 = = = 3.14 rad/sec
60 60

2  𝑁2 2∗ ∗50
2 = = = 5.23 rad/sec
60 60

1+2 3.14+5.23
= = = 4.185 rad/sec
2 2

1 1
E= I2 = mk2 2
2 2

1 𝐼
250 = x m x x 2
2 𝑚

250 = 0.5 x0.5 MR2 x2

250 = 0.25x M x 0.152 x 5.232

M = 8.13 kg

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 34

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

4.35 Hopper
The hopper is used for feeding the raw materials for extracting the oil from it. It is
directly over the grinder and maintains the flow of oil seeds during the operation.

Fig 4.6 Hopper

4.36 Handel

A handle is a part of, or attachment to, an object that can be rotate or used by hand.

Fig 4.7 Handle

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 35

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

4.4 Manual operated oil expelling machine assembly

Fig 4.8 Isometric view of machine assembly

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 36

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-5

Results and Outcome of the Project

Through this project we are able to offer, low cost oil expller machine with maximum
oil extraction ,Machine has designed in such a way that, it can be operated by a different
operator.This machine is very simple and effective tool for easy extraction of oil. It can be
used in both indoor and outdoor. A single operator is required to Handel the oil expelling
machine. The machine has capacity crush any type of oil contaning seeds. In this machine
power is not utilized. There is an efficient utilization of the by-products such as the hard shell
and the oilseed cake.

Oil seeds Oil content in % Our yield in %

Groundnut 35-50 46

Coconuts:
Dried copra 64 60
Fresh nut 35 34
Sunflower 25-40 28

Castor 35-55 35

Sesame 35-50 30

Soybean 19-21 20

Table 5.1 Oil content in the oil seeds and our yield

It is believed that with this equipment the processing of different kind of seeds the
cake produced from this procces is useful for animal feed and domestic purpous. We have
studied oil expeller and as the related extrusion process, because of good quality of oil to be
extracted from oilseed material with greater effectiveness and smooth operation.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 37

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-6

Cost Estimation

SI.NO PARTICULARS QUANTITY COST in (RS)

1 Screw 1 3000

2 Casing 1 500

3 Plumber block 2 800

4 Fly wheel 1 800

5 Frame 1 1200

6 Reducer 1 350

7 Labour - 1500

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 38

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Chapter-7

Conclusion
Many types of machinery were developed worldwide and a proper review of all the
available machines was carried out looking into all aspects of cost, ease of use and viability.
It was found that among the mechanisms one manual and one mechanized versions of oil
explling machine was selected as the most appropriate for use. In the case of manually
operated oil expelling machines screw press extraction is very popular mechanism among
low oil expelling tools available due to its simplicity, ease of operation. Even women and
young children seem to use this for domestic-level oil expelling machine. In the case of
power operated oil expellers skilled labours are required and thire is a more power
consumption for domestic purpose and cost requirement is more. The machine is
dynamically stable and able to withstand vibration. The materials under test behaved in the
same way under test conditions (parameters) but with slight variations due to size and some
other parameters that often affect its mechanical properties such as resistance to impact
loading etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 39

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

Refrences
1) Ketan S. Tekale, Yashodip K. Chaure, Akshay R. Kapre, Shailesh Kumar, Praveen K.
Mali, “design and development of groundnut oil extracting machine by human padel
flywheel motor concept”, International Research Journal of Engineering & Technology,
Vol: 04,issue:01, Jan 2017.
2) Sunil G Rajput, “Finite Element Analysis of Twin Screw Extruder”, Indian Journal of
Applied Research, Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2013.
3) Mr. Mangesh A PAchkwade, Dr. Sachin P Untawale, Prof. Pawan A. Chandak, “study
of failure of existing worm shaft assembly of oil expeller”, International Journal of
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, issues 4, vol 3, May 2014.
4) S. Isobe, F. Zuber, K. Uemura and A. Noguchi, “A New Twin Screw Press Design For
oil Extraction of Dehulled Sunflower Seeds”, Food engineering Laboratory, National
Food Research Institute, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
5) Olawale J. Okegbile, Abubakar Mohammed, Abdulkadir B. Hassan, Osigbodi Obajulu,
“Fabrication and Testing of a Combined Groundnut Roaster And Oil Expeller
Machine”, American Journal of Engineering Research, vol03,issue-04,pp-230-235.
6) Aremu, A. K and Ogunlade, C. A,(2013),” Development and Performance Evaluation
of an Extractor for Removing Oil from Soaked Kenaf Bast and Core”, International
Journal of Advanced Research, ISSN NO 2320-5407 Volume 1, Issue 4, 196-
201(2013).
7) Shankar Haldar,Aniruddha Bhattacharjee,Vineet Jain, and Sudhir Singhal,(2012) Report
submitted on “Expellers in India and Expelling Operations”, VOLUME I: Main Report
submitted to Department of Science and Technology Government of India June 2012.
8) M. Zamanzadeh, E. Larkin and D. Gibbon,(2004),Case study on“A Re-Examination of
Failure Analysis and Root Cause Determination”,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15244412-
788-1263 December 2004.
9) Deli, S.,Farah Masturah, M., Tajul Aris, Y. and Wan Nadiah, W. A.,(2011), “The
Effects of physical parameters of the screw press oil expeller on oil yield from Nigella
sativa L seeds” International Food Research Journal 18(4): 1367-1373 (2011)
10) S Sreenatha Reddy, Dr V Pandurangadu, and I Srinivas,(2010)” Studies on the effect of
compression ratio and speed on oil recovery and energy consumption in mini oil
expeller for Pongamia and Jatropha seed oil expulsion”, eNREE A quarterlyelectronic
newsletter on renewable energy and environment,volume 7,issue 2 April–June 2010.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 40

 Manual Operated Oil Expeller

11) Adesoji M. Olaniyan, Kamaldeen A. Yusuf, Adebayo L. Wahab and Kunle O.

Afolayan,(2012)” Design, Development and Testing of a Screw Press Expeller for Palm
Kernel and Soybean Oil Extraction”, Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR
Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 8, 1-9 (2012).
12) A Ibrahim and A. P. Onwualu,(2005), “Technologies For Extraction Of Oil From oil-
bearing agricultural products:A Review”,Journal of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology (JAET). Volume 13, 2005.
13) Mehul.K.Modh, J.R.Mevada,(2011) “Design, Improvement and Thrust Bearing
Analysis of Oil Expeller Machine”, Int J Engg Techsci Vol 2(3) 2011,246-252.
14) V. S. Khangar, Dr. S. B. Jaju,(2012) “A Review of Various Methodologies Used for
Shaft Failure Analysis”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering,ISSN 2250- 2459, Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012.
15) Amruthraj M, Bharath H B, Kamini S, Chethan H S,Design of twin screw oil expeller
for Pongamia Pinnata Seeds, International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com,ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008
Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GMIT, Davangere Page 41