Kinematics: Circular Motion

Lana Sheridan

De Anza College

Jan 22, 2020

Last Time

• relative motion example

• uniform circular motion

Overview

• uniform circular motion, angular speed

• nonuniform circular motion

Uniform Circular Motion

The magnitude of the acceleration is given by

v2
ac =
r

If the constant speed is v , then the time period for one complete
orbit is

2πr
T =
v

(f = 1/T is the frequency, or the rate of revolutions in time.)

 Remember the Radian In rota-
tional equations, you must use the same angle u. Therefor
Uniform Circular Motion angles expressed in radians.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
object as well as with an ind
position of a rigid object in
We can also consider the rate
angles at which
measured the
in degrees in angular coordinate is
the object, such as a line co
rotational equations.
changing: angular position of the rigi
the object and the fixed refe
y
Such identification is similar
lational motion as the dista
", t f which is the origin, x 5 0. T
motion that the position x d
r As the particle in questio
!,ti tion " in a time interval Dt
sweeps out an angle Du 5 u
uf
placement of the rigid objec
ui
x
O
The rate at which this angu
Figure 10.2 A particle on a rotat- spins rapidly, this displacem
ing rigid object moves from ! to slowly, this displacement occ
" along∆θ = of
the arc θfa circle.
− θi In the
time interval Dt 5 tf 2 ti , the radial
rates can be quantified by d
Then we can define the
lineangular speed,
of length r moves through ω,anas omega) as the ratio of the a
angular displacement Du 5 uf 2 ui . val Dt during which the disp
dθ
ω=
dt speed
Average angular
Uniform Circular Motion
ω gives the amount by which the angle θ advances in radians, per
unit time. Therefore,
2π
ω=
T
where T is the period (time for one revolution).
Uniform Circular Motion
ω gives the amount by which the angle θ advances in radians, per
unit time. Therefore,
2π
ω=
T
where T is the period (time for one revolution).
2πr
Putting in the expression for T (T = v ):

v
ω = 2π
2πr
v
ω =
r
Uniform Circular Motion
ω gives the amount by which the angle θ advances in radians, per
unit time. Therefore,
2π
ω=
T
where T is the period (time for one revolution).
2πr
Putting in the expression for T (T = v ):

v
ω = 2π
2πr
v
ω =
r
This gives us another expression for the centripetal acceleration:

ac = ω 2 r
Radial and Tangential Accelerations

Quick Quiz 4.41 A particle moves in a circular path of radius r

with speed v . It then increases its speed to 2v while traveling
along the same circular path.
(i) The centripetal acceleration of the particle has changed by
what factor?

A 0.25
B 0.5
C 2
D 4

1
Page 93, Serway & Jewett
Radial and Tangential Accelerations

Quick Quiz 4.41 A particle moves in a circular path of radius r

with speed v . It then increases its speed to 2v while traveling
along the same circular path.
(i) The centripetal acceleration of the particle has changed by
what factor?

A 0.25
B 0.5
C 2
D 4 ←

1
Page 93, Serway & Jewett
Radial and Tangential Accelerations

Quick Quiz 4.41 A particle moves in a circular path of radius r

with speed v . It then increases its speed to 2v while traveling
along the same circular path.
(ii) From the same choices, by what factor has the period of the
particle changed?

A 0.25
B 0.5
C 2
D 4

1
Page 93, Serway & Jewett
Radial and Tangential Accelerations

Quick Quiz 4.41 A particle moves in a circular path of radius r

with speed v . It then increases its speed to 2v while traveling
along the same circular path.
(ii) From the same choices, by what factor has the period of the
particle changed?

A 0.25
B 0.5 ←
C 2
D 4

1
Page 93, Serway & Jewett
n be modeled as a particle. If it moves Examples:
Uniform Circular Motion Summary
constant speed v, the magnitude of its
The velocity vector points along a tangent to the circle r
B
SPDL
UXJS
of constan
(4.14) S
ac S
r
B
QMBOFU
US
v
fectly circu
motion is given by r
B
DIBSHFE

form magn
(4.15) r r
BO
FMFDUSPO
e is nucleus in
hydrogen
(4.16)
For uniform circular motion:
• the radius is constant
• the speed is constant

ripetal Acceleration of the Earth AM

2
• the magnitude of the acceleration is constant, ac = vr = ω2 r
angential acceleration component causes a change in the speed v of the part
component is parallelCircular
Non-Uniform to the instantaneous
Motion velocity, and its magnitude is give
dv
at 5 ` ` (4
dt

Path of
particle at "

S
a ar #
ar S ar at
a

! at S
a
n at 5 ` `
dt
Radial and Tangential Accelerations
Path of
particle at "
a
rved S
a ar
he ar S
ent a
ion
nts at
!
-
dial

#»
a = #»
a t + #»
ar
#»
a = at θ̂ − ac r̂ (defining ac +ve)
Let θ̂(t) be a unit vector in the direction of the velocity. Note that
its direction changes with time!
#»
v (t) = v (t) θ̂(t)
Radial and Tangential Accelerations

#» d #»
v #»
a = ; v (t) = v (t) θ̂(t)
dt

Find the acceleration using the product rule:

#»
a =
dv
θ̂ + v
dθ̂
dt dt
Radial and Tangential Accelerations

#» d #»
v #»
a = ; v (t) = v (t) θ̂(t)
dt

Find the acceleration using the product rule:

#»
a =
dv
θ̂ + v
dθ̂
dt dt

 
The term dv dt θ̂ is all in the tangential component of the
acceleration.
 
But how to find what v ddtθ̂ is? We need to find how θ̂ changes
with time. (It rotates, but at what rate?)
Radial and Tangential Accelerations: How do the
perpendicular axes change?
Let’s find out!
θ̂ is changing, so let us say that θ̂i is the initial tangential unit
vector and θ̂f is the final tangential unit vector.
Radial and Tangential Accelerations: How do the
perpendicular axes change?
θ̂ is changing, so let us say that θ̂i is the initial tangential unit
vector and θ̂f is the final tangential unit vector.
θ̂ changes at the same rate as θ itself.
ds = r dθ
S
ˆ vθi i
" ! Svθˆ
S ff
!r
S
ˆ vθi
S S
S !v
Δθ̂
ri rf !u
!q
u Sˆ
vθff
Radial and Tangential Accelerations: How do the
perpendicular axes change?
θ̂ is changing, so let us say that θ̂i is the initial tangential unit
vector and θ̂f is the final tangential unit vector.
θ̂ changes at the same rate as θ itself.
ds = r dθ
S
ˆ vθi i
" ! Svθˆ ds dθ
S
!r
ff =r
S
dt dt
ˆ vθi
S S
S !v
Δθ̂
ri rf !u
!q
u Sˆ
vθff
Radial and Tangential Accelerations: How do the
perpendicular axes change?
θ̂ is changing, so let us say that θ̂i is the initial tangential unit
vector and θ̂f is the final tangential unit vector.
θ̂ changes at the same rate as θ itself.
ds = r dθ
S
ˆ vθi i
" ! Svθˆ ds dθ
S
!r
ff =r
S
dt dt
ˆ vθi
S
ri S
S
!v
Δθ̂ dθ 1 ds
rf !u =
!q
u Sˆ
vθff dt r dt
dθ v
=
dt r

This tells us how fast the tangential

unit vector changes in direction.
Radial and Tangential Accelerations: How do the
perpendicular axes change?

d v
θ̂ =
dt r
This tells us how fast the tangential unit vector changes in
direction.
Radial and Tangential Accelerations: How do the
perpendicular axes change?

d v
θ̂ =
dt r
This tells us how fast the tangential unit vector changes in
direction.

Now consider that the direction of change must be radial!

d v
θ̂ = − r̂
dt r
S
ˆ vθi i
" ! Sˆ
vθf f
!rS
S
ˆ vθi
S S
S !v
Δθ̂
ri rf !u
!q
u Sˆ
vθff
Radial and Tangential Accelerations
#» d #»
v d
a = = (v θ̂)
dt dt

Find the acceleration using the product rule:

#»
a =
dv
θ̂ + v
dθ̂
dt dt
dv  v 
= θ̂ + v − r̂
dt r
dv v2
= θ̂ − r̂
dt r
tangen. radial
We said #»
a = at θ̂ − ac r̂ so,

v2
ac =
r
 Radial and Tangential Accelerations

pg 105, #41 Problems 105

10 cm 41. A train slows down as it rounds a sharp horizontal

minate M turn, going from 90.0 km/h to 50.0 km/h in the 15.0 s
cen- it takes to round the bend. The radius of the curve is
be at 150 m. Compute the acceleration at the moment the
te the train speed reaches 50.0 km/h. Assume the train con-
tinues to slow down at this time at the same rate.
ate of 42. A ball swings counterclockwise in a vertical circle at
small the end of a rope 1.50 m long. When the ball is 36.9°
edge). past the lowest point on its way up, its total acceleration
earch is 1 222.5 i^ 1 20.2 j^ 2 m/s2. For that instant, (a) sketch a
ontal, vector diagram showing the components of its acceler-
n Fig- ation, (b) determine the magnitude of its radial accel-
in a eration, and (c) determine the speed and velocity of
away. the ball.
cond, 43.
Page(a)
1
93, Can
Serwaya &particle
Jewett moving with instantaneous speed
 Radial and Tangential Accelerations

pg 105, #41 Problems 105

10 cm 41. A train slows down as it rounds a sharp horizontal

minate M turn, going from 90.0 km/h to 50.0 km/h in the 15.0 s
cen- it takes to round the bend. The radius of the curve is
be at 150 m. Compute the acceleration at the moment the
te the train speed reaches 50.0 km/h. Assume the train con-
tinues to slow down at this time at the same rate.
ate of 42. A ball swings counterclockwise in a vertical circle at
small the end of2a rope 1.50 m long.2 When the ball is 36.9°
edge). at = −0.741
past them/s ; apoint
lowest on its m/s
r = −1.29 way up,(calling outward
its total positive)
acceleration
earch is 1 222.5 i^ 1 20.2 j^ 2 m/s . For that instant, (a) sketch a
2

ontal, vector
a =diagram
#» 1.48 m/sshowing
2
inwardthe components
at an angle 29.9◦of its acceler-
n Fig- ation, (b) determine the magnitude of its radial accel-
in a eration, and (c) determine backwardthefrom
speed
the and velocity
direction of
of travel
away. the ball.
cond, 43.
Page(a)
1
93, Can
Serwaya &particle
Jewett moving with instantaneous speed
Summary

• uniform circular motion

• nonuniform circular motion

(Uncollected) Homework Serway & Jewett,

• Ch 4, Problems: 40, 43, 70 (nonuniform circular motion)